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THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


OCT  1  9 1983 
FEB  -  1  19W 


THE   CULTIVATED  EVERGREENS 


THE    MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

NEW  YORK   •    BOSTON  •   CHICAGO  •   DALLAS 
ATLANTA   •   SAN  FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited 

LONDON   •    BOMBAY   •    CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.  OF  CANADA.  Ltb. 

TORONTO 


Plate  I.    A  group  of  old  lielil-jjines;  lieiiilock  spruce  iu  the  distance  at  the  right 


THE  CULTIVATED 
EVERGREENS 


A   HANDBOOK  OF  THE   CONIFEROUS  AND  MOST 

IMPORTANT  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS  PLANTED   FOR 

ORNAMENT  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

AND  CANADA 


EDITED   BY 

L.  H.  BAILEY 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

LONDON  :    MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd. 

1923 

All  rights  reserved 


^\y\ 


??■ 


Copyright,  1923 
By  the   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 


Set  up  aod  electrotyped 
Published  October,  1923 


Mount  l^leaaant  press 

J.  He 


UBRARY 

N,  C.  State  College 

EDITOR'S  PREFACE 

TO  MAKE  a  book  of  the  cultivated  evergreens  requires 
that  experts  be  consulted.  The  present  volume  is, 
therefore,  a  compilation  of  articles  written  by  several 
persons,  on  a  projected  plan,  brought  together  and  edited  in 
one  office.  Those  familiar  with  these  subjects  will  recognize 
the  names  and  appreciate  the  value  of  their  contributions: 
Ralph  S.  Hosmer,  Professor  of  Forestry  and  head  of  the 
Department  of  Forestry,  New  York  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture, Cornell  University;  O.  C.  Simonds,  landscape-gardener 
and  author  of  the  book,  "Landscape-Gardening";  John  Dunbar, 
Assistant  Superintendent  of  Parks  and  Arboriculturist,  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.;  George  P.  Brett,  president  of  The  Macmillan 
Company,  interested  in  the  planting  of  evergreens  on  his 
estate  in  Connecticut;  Henry  Hicks,  nurseryman  on  Long 
Island;  Frederick  Ahrens,  propagator,  Park  Department,  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  and  long  engaged  in  the  same  work  with  the  old 
firm  of  Ellwanger  &  Barry;  E.  Bollinger,  of  the  Robert 
Douglas'  Evergreen  Nurseries  in  Illinois;  W.  T.  Macoun, 
Dominion  Horticulturist,  Ottawa,  Canada;  Ernest  Braunton, 
horticulturist  in  southern  California;  C.  R.  Crosby,  Professor 
of  Extension  Entomology,  New  York  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture, Cornell  University;  J.  B.  Palmer,  Instructor  in 
Entomology,  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture,  Cor- 
nell University;  F.  Dickson,  Instructor  in  Plant  Pathology, 
New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell  University; 
Alfred  Rehder,  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity, author  of  many  contributions  on  the  botany  of  woody 
plants;  Frederick  V.  Coville,  Botanist,  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  who  has  given  special  attention  to  the 

(v) 


1^3 


vi  EDITOR'S  PREFACE 

cultivation  of  certain  ericaceous  plants;  Ralph  W.  Curtis, 
Professor  of  Ornamental  Horticulture,  New  York  State 
College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell  University. 

The  subject  of  evergreens  possesses  no  close  cohesion, 
although  it  is  recognized  as  a  department  of  knowledge  and 
practice  in  horticultural  usage.  The  subject  suggests  conifer- 
ous plants,  and  these  are  the  ones  here  chiefly  intended.  The 
reader  must  understand  that  the  phrase  "coniferous  plants," 
or  Coniferse,  as  currently  used,  includes  other  species  than  those 
that  bear  true  cones;  some  of  them,  as  junipers  and  yews, 
yield  soft  berry-like  fruits.  These  plants  agree  in  certain 
essential  floral  or  sexual  characters,  rather  than  merely  in  the 
fact  of  bearing  cones,  as  also  in  anatomical  structure  and 
evolutionary  history;  they  are  properly  known  as  gymnosperms. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  country  there  are  no  evergreen 
trees  aside  from  the  gymnosperms,  but  there  are  a  good  number 
of  broad-leaved  non-deciduous  species  of  the  stature  of  shrubs 
and  subshrubs.  The  more  prominent  of  these  plants  are 
covered  in  the  book.  They  are  mostly  "flowering  evergreens," 
being  attractive  by  their  blossoms  as  well  as  by  their  foliage; 
these  are  various  heaths,  rhododendrons,  laurels,  and  their 
kin,  and  honeysuckles.  Others  are  typically  "berry  ever- 
greens," as  hollies,  cherry-laurels,  viburnums,  cotoneaster, 
and  pyracantha. 

It  is  fi^fty-five  years  since  "The  Book  of  Evergreens," 
by  Josiah  Hoopes,  nurseryman  and  "member  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,"  was  published  in  New 
York.  It  was  long  indispensable.  A  half  century  has  brought 
us  into  a  new  atmosphere.  The  list  of  evergreens  now  has 
many  names  strange  to  that  day.  The  knowledge  of  insects 
has  vastly  increased;  and  the  science  of  plant  pathology  has 
come  into  being.    In  those  days  the  best  that  could  be  said 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE  vii 

of  one  of  the  most  "mysterious  causes  of  death  in  the  Coni- 
ferae,"  the  bhght,  was  this  sentence:  "The  most  rational  cause 
that  we  can  assign  for  the  appearance  of  bhght  in  the  family 
of  Conifers,  is  that  due  to  a  too  luxuriant  growth."  If  we 
complain  of  the  difficulties  in  these  days,  we  are  also  to  remem- 
ber that  our  resources  are  great  and  our  hope  should  be  con- 
trolling. We  should  like  to  know  what  particular  shortcoming 
is  ours,  as  it  will  be  adjudged  in  the  years  to  come. 

We  need  a  book  on  the  horticultural  evergreens,  with  results 
of  careful  experience.  The  Editor  hopes  that  this  volume  will 
be  useful. 

The  interest  in  evergreens,  particularly  in  the  more  durable 
conifers,  is  a  subject  particularly  suited  to  the  substantial 
amateur.  The  slowness  and  regularity  of  growth,  the  abiding 
quality  in  the  round  of  the  twelve  months,  the  element  of 
stability  in  these  plants,  appeal  strongly  to  the  person  who  has 
arrived  at  a  settled  purpose  in  life,  who  has  an  estate  to  develop, 
and  whose  sentiments  are  established.  We  easily  reflect  our 
human  qualities  into  them.  There  is  no  haste  in  their  nature, 
no  radical  change  of  purpose  in  their  character.  They  have  a 
strong  juvenile  habit  and  quality,  and  then  they  age  gradually 
into  a  picturesque  maturity,  each  one  with  outstanding  individu- 
ality. They  are  not  unduly  elated  over  the  advent  of  spring; 
they  are  patient  in  the  adversity  of  midsummer;  they  with- 
stand the  buffet  of  winter.  They  cover  the  margins  of  the 
landscapes  and  inclose  the  property  securely,  giving  it  a  serene 
atmosphere.  They  typify  the  strength  of  strong  men  and 
women  as  they  grow  old  with  the  advancing  years. 

The  love  of  the  conifers  is  no  passing  fancy.  It  is  not  subject 
to  change  in  fashions.  What  a  man  plants  today  will  give  him 
joy  as  long  as  he  lives,  and  the  trees  will  carry  his  memory  to 
his  children's  children;  "he  shall  grow  like  a  cedar  in  Lebanon," 


viii  EDITOR'S  PREFACE 

When  you  travel  over  roads  in  the  wooded  hills  you  come 
now  and  then  to  an  opening  margined  with  evergreens.  You 
stop,  and  enter  the  place  with  reverence.  You  feel  a  mystery 
in  it.  Instinctively  you  expect  strange  bird-notes.  You  sit  on 
a  mound,  in  a  quiet  reflective  mood.  You  note  that  some  one 
has  built  a  cooking-fire  in  the  place;  the  stones  still  show  the 
marks,  and  ends  of  old  embers  are  left.  You  see  evidences 
that  others  beside  yourself  have  worshipped  there;  this  gives 
the  spot  a  human  interest.  You  want  to  transport  this  quiet 
retreat  to  your  own  estate. 
.  But  perhaps  you  have  no  extensive  premises  to  develop. 
/  Yet  you  are  interested  in  the  trees  you  see  here  and  there.  You 
would  plant  two  or  three  trees  in  your  small  area,  hoping  that 
they  may  attain  something  of  the  character  you  see  in  the 
wood.  They  will  aid  to  give  your  enclosure  seclusion.  They  will 
provide  greenery  in  the  winter.  You  will  note  how  they  respond 
to  the  changing  seasons,  being  interested  all  the  more,  perhaps, 
because  the  response  is  not  violent.  The  interest  does  not 
inhere  in  showy  and  transient  bloom.  The  soft  growth  of  the 
spring  shoots  is  as  good  to  you  as  flowers.  Indeed,  few  flowers 
are  more  beautiful  than  the  annual  tender  new  growth  of 
several  of  the  firs  and  many  of  the  sprucesJ 

Or  perhaps  you  have  only  a  small  cit/^space  unadapted  to 
evergreens,  or  even  no  land  at  all.  In  that  case,  the  range  of  the 
native  evergreen  landscape  is  yours  to  explore  and  enjoy  as  you 
will;  and  you  will  want  to  know  the  kinds,  that  your  apprecia- 
tion may  have  direction. 

Although  to  the  unpractised  eye  most  evergreens  look  alike, 
yet  there  are  clear  distinctions  in  leaves,  and  the  identification 
of  them  cultivates  the  discriminating  faculties.  The  cones  and 
berries  are  a  never-failing  source  of  interest.  Specially  so  are 
the  seed-bearing  cones  of  pines  and  spruces  and  the  other  true 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE  ix 

conifers,  unlike  the  fruits  of  other  kinds  of  plants.  In  pines,  the 
cones  do  not  mature  till  the  second  or  even  the  third  year,  and 
in  some  species  they  persist  till  the  enlarging  limb  grows  them 
into  the  solid  wood.  This  deliberate  and  durable  quality  is 
quite  in  keeping  with  the  character  of  the  tree  itself.  These 
cones  are  of  comely  shape,  so  much  so  that  from  early  times 
they  have  been  used  as  suggestion  in  the  forms  of  art,  and  the 
shape  has  become  an  inheritance  in  literature. 

The  planter's  interest  in  evergreens  is  of  two  kinds — to 
grow  a  collection  of  different  genera  and  species,  to  incor- 
porate them  as  parts  in  a  landscape  picture.  These  two 
purposes  are  often  in  conflict,  although  either  one  is  legitimate. 
The  happiest  result  is  no  doubt  a  thoughtful  combination  of 
the  two  efforts,  unless  one  desires  to  make  only  an  arboretum; 
and  yet  the  arboretum  may  itself  have  an  artistic  quality. 

L.  H.  BAILEY. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y..  May  1, 1923. 


CONTENTS 


PART  I 

THE  PLACE  AND  CARE  OF  CONIFEROUS  (GYMNOSPERMOLS) 
EVERGREENS  GROWN  FOR  ORNAMENT 

CHAPTER  PAGES 

I.  The  Coniferous  Evergreens  in  the  Landscape    .  1-25 

The  Background  of  the  Forest  ....  Ralph  S.  Hosmer  2-6 

The  Christmas-Tree  Problem     ....  Ralph  S.  Hosmer  6-11 

The  Natural  Setting  of  Evergreens     .    .    .  0.  C.  Simonds  11-13 

Evergreens  in  the  Planted  Landscape   .    .  S.  F.  Hamblin  13-25 

11.  Cultivation  and  Propagation  of  Conifers  .   .   .  26-44 

The  General  Care  and  Handling  of  Evergreens      ....  26-37 

Soils,  manures,  and  mulches  for  conifers  .  John  Dunbar  28-30 

The  pruning  of  coniferous  evergreens  .    .  John  Dunbar  30-31 

The  transplanting  of  conifers .  John  Dunbar,  Geo.  P.  Brett  31-33 

The  moving  of  large  evergreens    ....  Henry  Hicks  33-37 
Propagation  of  Coniferous  Evergreens 

Frederick  Ahrens,  with  notes  by  E.  Bollinger  37-44 

III.  Adaptation  of  Conifers 45-121 

Coniferous  Evergreens  in  the  Northeastern  States 

John  Dunbar  45-77 
Experiences  with  Conifers  in  Southern  Connecticut 

Geo.  P.  Brett  78-82 

Evergreen  Conifers  in  Canada W.  T.  Macoun  83-102 

Coniferous  Evergreens  for  the  Middle  West .  E.  Bollinger  102-116 

Conifers  for  the  Pacific  Slope Ernest  Braunton  116-121 

IV.  The  Insects,  Diseases,  and  Injuries   of   Orna- 

mental Conifers 122-166 

Insects  of  Coniferous  Evergreens 

C.  R.  Crosby  and  J.  B.  Palmer  121-138 

Diseases  and  Injuries  of  Ornamental  Conifers  .  F.  Dickson  138-166 

Coniferous  seedling  diseases  and  injuries 140-144 

Diseases  and  injuries  of  older  coniferous  trees    ....  144-161 

Tree  surgery 161-165 

Fungicides 165-166 

(xi) 


xii  CONTENTS 

PART  II 

THE  KINDS  OF  CULTIVATED  CONIFERS  (GYMNOSPERMS) 
IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

CHAPTEB  PAGES 

V.  A  Systematic  Enumeration  of  the  Conifers  Culti- 
vated IN  North  America.  .    .    .  Alfred  Rehder  169-331 

Nomenclature,  Sequence  and  Keys 170-176 

The  Descriptions      177-331 


PART  III 

CERTAIN  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS 

VI.  General  Advice  on  Broad-Leaved  Evergreens    .    335-356 
Acid  Soils  for  Certain  Broad-Leaved  Evergreens 

F.  V.  Coville     336-341 
Diseases    and    Injuries    of    Ornamental    Broad-Leaved 

Evergreens F.  Dickson     341-345 

The  Leading  Broad-Leaved  Evergreens  and  Their  Adap- 
tation      John  Dunbar     345-353 

Broad-Leaved  Evergreen  Shrubs  for  the  Middle  West 

E.  Bollinger     354-356 

VII.  The    Main    Botanical    Kinds  of  Broad-Leaved 

Evergreens Alfred  Rehder    357-371 


PART  IV 

INVENTORY  OF  WOODY  EVERGREENS 
GROWN  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

VIII.  Check-List  or  Woody  Evergreens.    Ralph  W.  Curtis    375-412 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


HALF-TONE    PLATES  facing 

PAGE 

I.  A  group  of  old  field-pines;  hemlock  spruce  in  the  distance  at  the 

right Frontispiece 

n.  A  study  in  horizontality. — Group  of  piceas 1 

5 


m.  A  study  in  perpendicularity. — Red-cedar  (Juniperus  virginiand 
IV,  Combination  of  yew  and  pine. — Japanese  yew  ( Taxus  ctispidata 
as  a  border;  white  pine  {Pinus  Strobus)  at  the  back 
V.  Combination  of  kalmia  and  hemlock 
VI.  A  fancier's  collection. — Specimen  plantings  of  junipers  and  yews      29 

VII.  A  roadside  planting  of  firs 32 

VIII.  The  moving  of  a  big  pine 

IX.  Details  in  the  moving  of  a  big  pine 

X.  Dwarf  Japanese  yew  ( Taxus  cuspidata  var.  nana) 
XI.  Spreadmg  English  yew  ( Taxtis  baccata  var.  repandens) 
XII.  Common  juniper  {Juniperiis  communis)        .... 

XIII.  Pfitzer  juniper  (Juniperus  chinensis  var.  Pfitzeriana) 

XIV.  A  margined  walk. — {Juniperus  chinensis  var.  Sargentii)     . 
XV.  The  silver  red-cedar  (Juniperus  virginiana  var.  glauca) 

XVI.  Ground-cover  of  creeping  juniper  (Juniperus  horizo?italis) 
XVII.  A   California    group. — Monkey-puzzle    (Araucaria   araucana) 
Columnar  Italian  cypress  (Cupressus  sevipervirens  var.  stricta) 
California  incense-cedar  (Libocedrus  decurrens) 
XVIII.  Small  conifer  forms. — Dwarf  Hinoki  cypress  (Chamcecyparis  oh 
tusa  var.  nana).  Sawara  cypress  (Chavioecyparis  pisifera) 
XIX.  Lawson  cypress  (Chamcecyparis  Lawsoniana) 
XX.  American    arbor-vitse    (Thtija    occidentalis).      Left,    var.    Bu 

chananii.   Right,  var.  Columbia 

XXI.  Compact   dwarf    forms    of    arbor-vita?    (Thuja    occidentalis) 

Tom  Thumb  at  left;  var.  Woodwardii  at  right 
XXn.  Umbrella-pine  (Sciadopitys  verticillata) ,  near  and  remote  views    144 

(xiii) 


36 
45 
49 
53 
60 
65 
80 
85 
92 

97 

112 
117 

124 

129 


xiv  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING 

XXIII.  A   California   planting. — Sequoia   sertifervirens   in   center;  ^'^^^ 

Italian    cypress    {Cupressus    sempervirens    var.    stricta) 

clipped  into  formal  shape  for  about  thirty  years       .        .  149 

XXIV.  Spreading  cryptomeria  (Cr^/ptommajapomca  var.  eie^an*)  .  156 
XXV.  Nikko  fir  {Ahies  hoviolepis) 165 

XXVI.  Good  young  plant  of  Algerian  fir  {Abies  numidica)      .        .  172 

XXVII.  Cilician  fir  {Abies  cilicica) 181 

XXVIII.  White  fir  {Abies  concolor) 188 

XXIX.  Thrifty  young  specimen  of  Douglas  fir  {Pseudotsuga  taxi- 
folia)  197 

XXX.  Handsome  cones  oi  the  T>ouglas  fir  {Pseudotsuga  taxifolia)    .  204 

XXXI.  Carolina  hemlock  (r.*fM(/a  caroZmm?ia) 229 

XXXII.  Canada  hemlock  ( Tsuga  canadensis).  Above,  var.  compacta. 

Below,  var.  pendula 236 

XXXIII.  An  old  Norway  spruce  {Picea  Abies  or  P.  excelsa)  .  245 

XXXIV.  Norway  spruce  {Picea  Abies).    Top,  the  foliage.    Center, 

var.  Clanbrasiliana.   Below,  left,  var.  pendula   right,  var. 

microsperma 252 

XXXV.  Alcock  spruce  {Picea  bicolor) 257 

XXXVI.  Wliite  spruce  {Picea  glauca  or  P.  alba) 272 

XXXVII.  Engelmann  spruce  {Picea  Engelmanni),  with  inset  of  same 

as  grown  at  Ottawa,  Ontario 276 

XXXVIII.  Colorado  spruce  {Picea  pungens) 285 

XXXIX.  Golden-larch  {Pseudolarix  amabilis) 293 

XL.  An  old  cedar  of  Lebanon  {Cedrus  libani)  near  New  York  City  300 

XLI.  The  Deodar  cedar  {Cedrus  Deodara) 309 

XLII.  A  good  specimen  of  Austrian  pine  {Pinus  nigra)  .  .316 

XLIII.  The  Torrey  pine  {Pinus  Torreyana)  at  home,  near  San  Diego  320 

XLIV.  American  holly  {Jlex  opaca) 337 

XLV.  The  autumn  beauty  of  rhododendrons. — Seen  before  the  sun 

was  on  them 341 

XL VI.  The  bloom  of  rhododendrons,  with  background  of  conifers  348 

XLVII.  Broad-leaved  evergreens. — Pieris  and  rhododendron    .        .  357 

XL VIII.  The  mountain  laurel  ( Kalmia  latifolia) 364 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  TEXT 

FIQUBB  PAGE 

1.  The  vegetable  solids  of  topiary  work 17 

2.  A  good  ball  of  earth  for  transplanting 31 

3.  Prepared  for  shipment 32 

4.  Stock  of  conifers  for  grafting 42 

5.  One-year  grafts. — From  left  to  right:  Abies  numidica,  Pinus  cem- 

broides  var.  edulis,  Picea  Breweriana 43 

6.  Stock  and  cion  of  white  pine 44 

7.  The  union  completed 44 

8.  Gipsy  larva  {Porthetria  dispar) 126 

9.  Gipsy  moth 126 

10.  Work  of  the  white  pine  weevil 127 

11.  White  pine  weevil  {Pissodes  strobi) 128 

12.  Ckionaspis  pinifolioe  as  shown  on  the  leaves 128 

13.  Pine-leaf  scale  (Ckionaspis  pinifolioe) 129 

14.  Work  of  spruce  gall  aphid — Chermes  abietis 131 

15.  Spruce  gall  aphid  on  larch 132 

16.  The  larch  case-bearer  {Coleophora  laricella) 135 

17.  Chermes  strobilohius 137 

18.  Sporophores  on  trunk  of  tree 150 

19.  Fruiting  body  of  Armillaria  mellea 153 

20.  White  pine  with  blister-rust 155 

21.  Cedar-apples  on  Juniperus  virginiana .160 

22.  Ginkgo  biloba 177 

23.  Podocarpus  macrophylla 180 

24.  Podocarpus  Nagi 181 

25.  Cephalotaxus  drupacea 182 

26.  Torreya  nucifera 185 

27.  Taxus  cuspidata 188 

28.  Taxus  canadensis 189 

29.  Structure  in  Pinacese 191 

30.  Juniperus  rigida 198 

31.  Juniperus  chinensis 203 

32.  Cupressus  sempervirens 208 

33.  Cupressus  Macnabiana 209 

34.  Cupressus  funebris 211 

35.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides 212 


xvi  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGUKE  PAGE 

36.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  var.  ericoides 213 

37.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera 214 

38.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var.  filifera 214 

39.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var.  plumosa  aurea 215 

40.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var.  squarrosa 215 

41.  Chamaecyparis  obtusa  var.  ericoides 217 

42.  Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana 218 

43.  Thujopsis  dolobrata 219 

44.  Libocedrus  decurrens 220 

45.  Thuja  occidentalis 222 

46.  Thuja  occidentalis  var.  filiformis- 224 

47.  Lower  foliage  of  Thuja  occidentalis  var.  Ohlendorffi  .        ...        .  225 

48.  Upper  foliage  of  Thuja  occidentalis  var,  Ohlendorffi  ....  225 

49.  Fitzroya  patagonica 228 

50.  Callitris  robusta 229 

51.  Tetraclinis  articulata 230 

52.  Juvenile  foliage  of  Widdringtonia  Whytei 231 

53.  Mature  foliage  of  Widdringtonia  Whytei 231 

54.  Sciadopitys  verticillata 232 

55.  Taxodium  distichum 234 

56.  Sequoia  sempervirens 235 

57.  Sequoia  gigantea 236 

58.  Taiwania  cryptomerioides 237 

59.  Athrotaxis  selaginoides 238 

60.  Cryptomeria  japonica 239 

61.  Cunninghamia  lanceolata .        .        .  241 

62.  Araucaria  araucana 243 

63.  Agathis  australis 245 

64.  Keteleeria  Davidiana 247 

65.  Abies  Veitchii 252 

66.  Abies  homolepis 256 

67.  Abies  cephalonica 258 

68.  Abies  cilicica 259 

69.  Tsuga  caroliniana 267 

70.  Tsuga  canadensis 267 

71.  Picea  Abies 275 

72.  Picea  orientalis 279 

73.  Picea  rubra 280 


LIST    OF   ILLUSTRATIONS  xvli 


PAGE 


FIGTTRE 

74.  Picea  Engelmanni 283 

75.  Picea  pungens 283 

76.  Picea  Omorika 287 

77.  Pseudolarix  amabilis 289 

78.  Larixdecidua 291 

79.  Cedrus  libani 294 

80.  Pinus  flexilis 304 

81.  Pinus  Strobus 307 

82.  Pinus  canariensis 311 

83.  Pinus  densiflora 313 

84.  Pinus  sylvestris 314 

85.  Pinus  Mugo  var.  pumilio 316 

86.  Pinus  nigra  var.  austriaca 317 

87.  Pinus  nigra  var.  cebennensis 318 

88.  Pinus  Thunbergii 319 

89.  Pinus  ponderosa 321 

90.  Pinus  halepensis 324 

91.  Pinus  virginiana 325 

92.  Pinus  Banksiana 326 

93.  Pinus  rigida 328 

94.  Pinus  attenuata 329 

95.  Pinus  Torreyana 331 

96.  Injurious  effect  of  ordinary  rich  garden  soil  on  a  rhododendron       .  338 

97.  Beneficial  effect  of  aluminum  sulfate  on  Rhododendron  maximum     .  339 


The  photographic  plates  are  largely  of  specimens  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
Boston;  others  are  from  the  Hunnewell  estate,  Wellesley,  Massachusetts  and 
Mr.  Brett's  plantation  in  Connecticut;  others  are  from  various  sources.  The 
engravings  of  species  of  plants  in  the  text,  all  prepared  for  this  work,  are  mostly 
made  from  material  supplied  by  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 


PART  I 

THE  PLACE  AND  CARE  OF  CONIFEROUS  (GYMNOSPERMOUS) 
EVERGREENS  GROWN  FOR  ORNAMENT 


THE  CULTIVATED   EVERGREENS 

CHAPTER  I 
THE  CONIFEROUS  EVERGREENS  IN  THE  LANDSCAPE 

AN  EVERGREEN  is  a  plant  that  holds  its  green  foliage 
r\  when  dormant.  It  is  the  prevailing  opinion,  no  doubt, 
that  an  evergreen  plant  is  one  that  is  always  green;  but 
all  plants  are  so  colored  in  the  growing  state,  and  one  that 
grows  year  in  and  year  out  is  necessarily  continuously  green. 
In  this  sense,  palms  are  evergreens;  so  are  meadow  and  lawn 
grasses  when  winters  are  mild;  and  so  are  begonias  and  toma- 
toes when  cold  does  not  kill  them.  The  true  evergreen,  how- 
ever, is  the  one  that  remains  verdant  even  though  it  is  not 
growing,  and  in  spite  of  winter  or  frequent  frost.  It  is  not 
deciduous;  and,  moreover,  its  foliage  remains  green  rather 
than  brown  and  sere. 

The  representative  evergreens  are  the  conifers,  although  not 
all  conifers  are  evergreen.  Some  of  them  are  deciduous,  as  the 
bald  cypress  and  larches.  The  conifers,  or  Coniferse,  comprise  a 
mighty  group  in  the  vegetable  community,  agreeing  not  pri- 
marily in  the  fact  that  so  many  of  them  are  evergreen,  but  in 
certain  clear  botanical  structure  as  explained  in  Part  II.  They 
yield  great  products  for  the  use  of  man  in  timber  and  resins; 
and  their  ornamental  value  is  outstanding.  They  may  well  be 
treated  as  a  unit,  either  from  the  forestry  side  or  from  the 
horticultural  use.  The  latter  utility  is  intended  in  this  book; 
but  it  is  first  important  to  appreciate  the  coniferous  forest, 
against  which  so  much  of  our  civilization  is  set. 

Appreciation  of  the  forest  is  essential  to  the  best  under- 

B  1 


mtPEWT  UMARf 
W  C.  State  ColU^e 


2  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

standing  of  evergreens.  The  forest  is  their  natural  habitat. 
In  the  open,  the  trees  attain  a  different  character,  to  be  sure, 
and  this  character  is  to  be  assumed  as  the  one  natural  to  the 
species;  yet  the  forest  has  a  community  character  of  its  own 
and  illustrates  the  features  of  close  plantation  as  compared 
with  isolated  trees.  Both  of  these  adaptabilities  of  the  species 
should  be  understood.  Moreover,  the  forest  has  a  place  in 
the  association  of  the  human  race  that  must  not  be  overlooked ; 
and  in  these  later  times,  when  the  great  forests  are  constantly 
receding,  we  should  make  a  special  effort  to  keep  green  the 
memory  of  the  woods. 

THE  BACKGROUND   OF  THE  FOREST.— Hosmer 

Among  all  the  trees  of  the  forest,  the  conifers  are  the  most 
important  from  a  commercial  standpoint.  The  reason  for  this 
is  not  far  to  seek.  The  trees  belonging  to  the  coniferous  genera 
— the  pines,  spruces,  firs,  cedars,  and  hemlocks — furnish  the 
material  most  in  demand  for  construction  of  all  kinds,  and  also 
for  a  great  variety  of  minor  uses  in  which  the  demand  is  for 
strength  combined  with  relative  lightness.  The  so-called 
"softwoods"  are  more  easily  worked  and  usually  are  cheaper 
than  are  the  broad-leaf  species,  or  "hardwoods,"  at  least  in  the 
grades  suitable  for  building  purposes.  It  is  not  strange,  then, 
that  in  considering  the  direct  economic  value  of  the  forests  of 
the  United  States,  those  in  which  conifers  predominate  are 
given  first  place. 

Forests  are  of  use  to  man  in  three  principal  ways:  They 
supply  timber,  wood,  and  other  forest  products.  They  safe- 
guard the  catchment  basins  of  streams  needed  for  human  use 
and  so  tend  to  maintain  regularity  of  stream-flow.  Also  they 
serve  as  centers  for  many  forms  of  recreation.  Forests  have  a 
direct  rek  ion  to  human  health.   This  is  most  noticeable  in  the 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE  3 

case  of  coniferous  forests.  Highly  beneficial  results  often  attend 
a  sojourn  in  a  locality  in  which  there  are  pine  or  spruce  forests. 
Forest  sanatoria,  such  as  those  established  by  the  states  of 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  are  usually  in  sections  in  which 
the  conifers  predominate. 

From  the  standpoint  of  timber  supply,  the  coniferous  species 
furnish  approximately  seventy  per  cent  of  the  timber  cut  each 
year  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States.  Of  minor  uses,  fifty 
per  cent  of  the  box  material  comes  from  the  two  main  divisions 
of  the  pine  family — the  white  and  the  yellow  pines.  Spruce  is 
the  best  material  for  the  cheap  production  of  paper.  In  the 
southern  states,  long-leaf  pine  is  the  chief  source  of  turpentine 
and  naval  stores.  The  uses  are  manifold  to  which  the  wood  of 
the  conifers  is  put.  Wood,  and,  in  large  part,  coniferous  wood, 
is  at  the  foundation  of  the  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

The  coniferous  forests  of  the  United  States  form  a  part  of 
the  great  belt  of  conifers  that  characterizes  the  North  Tem- 
perate Zone.  This  belt  stretches  from  Alaska  across  Canada 
and  the  United  States  and  is  found  again  in  Scandinavia, 
northern  Europe,  Russia,  and  Siberia.  In  the  United  States, 
coniferous  species  are  the  commercially  important  trees  in  four 
of  the  five  natural  forest  regions:  the  Northern  Forest,  the 
Southern  Pineries,  the  Rocky  Mountain,  and  the  Pacific 
forests.  The  fifth  region  is  that  of  the  Central  Hardwoods. 

The  Northern  Forest  includes  the  North  Woods  of  New 
England  and  New  York,  the  pine  lands  of  the  Lake  States,  and 
the  area  lying  at  the  higher  elevations  southward  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountain  ranges.  The  more  important  conifers 
of  the  Northern  Forest  are  white  pine  {Pinus  Strohus),  red 
pine  (P.  resinosa),  red  spruce  {Picea  rubra),  hemlock  {Tsuga 
canadensis),  and  cedar  {Thuja  occidentalis) .  Although  at  the 
higher  elevations  there  are  pure  stands  of  conifers,  the  typical 


4  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Northern  Forest  is  a  mixed  forest  of  conifers  and  broad-leaf 
trees.  White  pine  is,  or  was,  the  outstanding  species.  Its  tall 
bole,  large  size,  and  easily  worked  wood  marked  it  from  colonial 
times  as,  perhaps,  the  most  prized  American  timber  tree.  The 
original  forest  has  now  disappeared,  except  for  a  few  small 
isolated  stands.  However,  white  pine  reproduces  easily,  both 
naturally  and  artificially,  and  grows  rapidly,  so  that  in  the 
Northeast  it  has  come  to  be  the  principal  species  used  in 
reforestation. 

The  Southern  Pineries,  as  the  name  implies,  is  essentially  a 
coniferous  forest.  It  extends  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from 
New  Jersey  southward  to  the  Gulf  States.  Long-leaf  pine 
(Pinus  palustris)  is  the  tree  of  first  importance,  both  for  its 
lumber  and  for  its  turpentine.  Three  other  pines  are  also  to  be 
noted:  short-leaf  (P.  echinata),  loblolly  (P.  Toeda),  and  Cuban 
or  slash  pine  (P.  carihoea).  In  the  swamps  of  the  South  is 
found  the  bald-cypress  {Taxodium  distichum). 

In  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  the  species  of  commercial 
importance  are  the  western  yellow  pine  (P.  ponderosa) ,  lodge- 
pole  pine  (P.  contorta  var.  latifolia),  Engelmann  spruce  {Picea 
Engelmanni),  and  the  mountain  form  of  Douglas  fir  {Pseudo- 
tsuga  taxijolia) .  In  the  "Inland  Empire"  of  Montana  and  Idaho, 
the  western  white  pine  (P.  monticola)  is  an  important  timber 
tree.  Regulated  grazing  plays  an  important  role  in  the  national 
forests  in  this  region. 

The  Pacific  forest  comprises  the  Pacific  Coast  states.  In 
Washington  and  Oregon  the  most  important  trees  are  Douglas 
fir,  western  hemlock  {Tsuga  heterophylla) ,  several  true  firs 
(Abies),  western  red-cedar  {Thuja  plicata),  Sitka  spruce  {Picea 
sitchensis),  and  western  white  pine.  In  California  the  species 
that  stand  out  are  redwood  {Sequoia  sempervirens)  near  the 
coast,  sugar  pine  {Pinus  Lambertiana) ,  and  western  yellow  pine 


Plate  III. 


A  study  in  peqjendicularity. 
{Ju  11  i penis  virgin iana ) 


-Red-cedar 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE  5 

in  the  Sierras.  The  largest  and  highest,  as  well  as  the  oldest 
trees  in  the  world,  the  "big  trees"  (Sequoia  gigantea),  are 
found  on  the  Pacific  slope. 

The  foregoing  list  enumerates  but  a  few,  of  course,  of  the 
total  number  of  conifers  in  the  several  forest  regions.  In  gen- 
eral, the  forests  of  the  United  States  fall  into  two  main  classes, 
the  eastern  and  western  forests.  East  of  the  Great  Plains, 
broad-leaf  species  are  found  in  mixture  with  conifers.  There  is 
usually  much  undergrowth.  In  the  West  the  forests  consist  of 
practically  pure  stands  of  conifers,  for  the  most  part,  except  in 
the  Pacific  Northwest,  of  open  character  and  free  from  under- 
growth. 

Without  the  lumber  yielded  by  the  coniferous  forests,  the 
United  States  could  never  have  achieved  the  rapid  material 
progress  that  has  characterized  the  growth  of  the  nation, 
especially  since  the  Civil  War.  The  rapid  expansion  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  States  was  made  possible  in  no  small  part  by 
the  pine  forests  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota.  Like- 
wise, southern  pine  has  played  a  great  part,  just  as  now  Douglas 
fir  is  coming  to  be  one  of  the  most  used  woods.  The  coniferous 
forests  have  been  a  great  heritage,  but,  unfortunately,  they 
have  been  misused  and  until  very  recent  years  no  thought  has 
been  given  to  their  replacement.  The  forest  has  been  treated 
as  a  mine,  not  as  a  crop.  The  American  people  will  have  reason 
to  regret  their  short-sightedness. 

The  Pacific  Coast  forests  now  constitute  the  last  great  store- 
house of  virgin  softwood  timber.  When  that  supply  is  ex- 
hausted, the  needs  of  the  nation  can  be  met  only  from  second- 
growth  forests.  Furthermore,  four-fifths  of  the  standing  timber 
that  remains  is  privately  owned  and  as  yet  but  little  of  this 
area  has  been  brought  under  scientific  forest  management. 
This  gives  point  to  the  movement  for  an  adequate  national 


6  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

forest  policy  that  aims  to  bring  about  the  wise  use  of  all  forests, 
both  publicly  and  privately  owned,  to  the  end  that  the  people 
of  the  United  States  may  have  a  continuous  supply  of  wood 
and  of  other  forest  products,  adequate  for  their  needs,  in 
perpetuity. 

THE  CHRISTMAS-TREE  PROBLEM.— Hosmer 

Of  all  that  the  forest  yields  to  man,  perhaps  no  gift  is  more 
prized  than  is  the  Christmas  tree.  To  the  children  the  tree, 
with  its  gay  decorations,  its  glittering  lights,  and  at  the  top  the 
bright  star,  is  the  center  of  the  Christmas  celebration.  To  their 
elders  it  brings  but  little  less  pleasure.  In  many  families  the 
Christmas  tree  is  allowed  to  stand  for  a  week,  or  even  until 
Twelfth  Night,  all  the  while  continuing  to  give  joy  to  young 
and  old.  It  is  an  indispensable  part  of  the  happy  Christmas- 
tide,  and,  even  when  dismantled,  it  may  still  serve  out-of-doors 
as  a  feeding  station  for  the  birds.  Without  a  tree  the  Christmas 
festivities  are  not  complete. 

Just  how  far  back  in  history  the  Christmas-tree  custom 
goes,  no  one  knows.  It  is  probably  of  very  ancient  origin, 
possibly  a  survival  from  the  Scandinavian  mythology  that  pre- 
ceded Christian  times.  But  whatever  its  origin,  the  custom  is 
now  so  wide-spread  and  deep  seated  that  it  has  a  recognized 
place  in  every  Christian  country.  The  United  States  leads  the 
world  in  the  use  of  Christmas  trees.  Over  five  million  trees  are 
needed  each  year  to  supply  the  demand  in  American  homes. 
The  following  statement  is  designed  to  show  that  the  use  of 
trees  for  this  purpose  is  a  legitimate  and,  if  properly  conducted, 
a  wise  use,  and  that  the  purveying  of  Christmas  trees  rests 
on  a  basis  of  sound  economics  as  well  as  on  sentiment. 

Many  different  kinds  of  trees  are  used  in  the  United  States 
as  Christmas  trees,  but  practically  all  are  conifers.     In  the 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE  7 

Northeast  the  favorite  is  the  balsam  fir.  This  comes  near  to 
being  the  ideal  Christmas  tree.  As  a  small  tree  it  is  usually 
symmetrical,  with  long,  horizontal,  spreading  branches.  Its 
needles  are  pleasantly  fragrant  and  persist  indoors  longer  than 
do  those  of  most  other  evergreens.  Spruce  comes  next  in  im- 
portance and  makes  a  very  good  substitute  for  balsam  fir.  The 
species  most  employed  is  the  red  spruce,  but  the  introduced 
Norway  spruce  is  also  to  be  commended.  The  other  native 
species,  the  black  and  the  white  spruces,  are  also  used. 

In  the  Southern  and  Central  States  red-cedar  is  often  used  as 
a  Christmas  tree.  It  has  a  conical  form  and  develops  a  dense 
and  attractive  crown.  Where  the  firs  and  spruces  are  not 
easily  obtainable,  pines  are  not  despised.  In  parts  of  the  South 
the  scrub  pine  is  much  in  demand.  In  the  southern  xAppa- 
lachians,  Eraser  fir  makes  a  good  Christmas  tree. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountain  States,  Douglas  fir,  Engelmann 
spruce,  and,  in  places,  lodge-pole  pine  find  favor;  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  white  fir,  incense-cedar,  and  western  hemlock.  Local 
custom  and  availability  have  much  to  do  with  the  kinds  and 
species  which  are  used  as  Christmas  trees.  Santa  Claus  seems 
as  well  satisfied  with  one  kind  as  another. 

Northern  New  England,  northern  New  York,  and  Canada 
are  the  source  of  supply  for  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
as  far  south  as  Baltimore  and  even  Washington.  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  furnish  the  markets  of  Chicago, 
St.  Paul,  and  the  cities  of  the  Plains  States.  The  arrival  of  the 
"Christmas  tree  ship"  is  a  looked-for  event  in  Chicago  harbor. 

Christmas  trees  vary  in  size  from  three  to  five  feet  up  to 
thirty-five  feet  or  more.  The  small  sizes  up  to  eight  to  ten  feet 
are  tied  in  bundles.  Large  trees  are  shipped  as  individuals. 
Prices  in  the  eastern  city  markets  range  from  twenty-five  to 
fifty  cents  up  to  $40  or  $50,  but  as  the  Christmas-tree  trade  is 


8  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

now  conducted,  the  owners  of  the  land  from  which  the  trees  are 
cut  seldom  make  much  profit.  When  carload  lots  are  shipped, 
particularly  if  the  trees  are  graded  as  to  size  and  condition,  the 
returns  may  be  worth  while.  There  is,  however,  considerable 
risk  in  the  Christmas-tree  business,  especially  when  a  local 
market  is  overstocked.  Each  year  after  Christmas  many  per- 
fectly good  trees  are  hauled  to  the  city  dump  to  be  burned. 
To  be  assured  of  a  reasonable  return,  the  rational  procedure  for 
the  Christmas-tree  owner  is  to  find  a  market  in  a  neighboring 
town  or  city  and  supply  the  retail  stores  directly.  By  this 
method  he  will  probably  gain  much  more  than  when  the  trees 
are  handled  by  a  series  of  middlemen. 

Very  commonly  the  question  is  raised  as  to  whether  the 
cutting  and  use  of  Christmas  trees  is  not  a  great  waste,  and 
whether  steps  should  not  be  taken  to  discourage  or  prohibit  it. 
In  the  opinion  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
the  custom  is  so  old,  so  well  grounded,  and  so  venerated,  that 
even  if  it  were  economically  somewhat  indefensible,  these 
aspects  would  and  should  continue  to  outweigh  economic  con- 
siderations. But,  say  the  foresters,  the  cutting  of  trees  for 
Christmas  is  proper  and  wholly  justifiable.  No  other  use  to 
which  these  trees  could  be  put  is  any  more  worthy  than  to  make 
them  add  to  the  joy  of  mankind  through  their  use  by  children 
on  this  great  festival  of  the  year.  True  conservation  of  the 
forest  is  not  found  in  abstaining  from  the  use  of  trees,  but  in  a 
rational  system  of  forest  management.  The  Christmas  tree  is 
a  legitimate  by-product  of  the  forest.  If  the  spruce  and  fir 
trees  that  are  so  used  were  left  standing,  to  be  cut  later  for  the 
manufacture  of  paper  pulp,  it  is  wholly  pertinent  to  inquire 
whether  the  joy  of  a  group  of  children  in  their  Christmas  tree 
does  not  outbalance  the  value  of  a  page  or  two  of  the  comic 
section  of  a  Sunday  supplement. 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE  9 

There  are  two  ways  by  which  Christmas  trees  can  be  sup- 
plied to  meet  the  demand.  Both  are  in  perfect  accord  with  the 
best  principles  and  practices  of  forestry.  One  is  by  means  of 
intermediate  or  improvement  cuttings,  whereby  the  value  and 
quality  of  a  given  stand  of  forest  can  be  bettered;  the  other  is 
through  the  establishment  of  Christmas-tree  plantations,  where 
firs  or  spruces  are  grown  for  this  special  purpose. 

At  present  the  larger  number  of  Christmas  trees,  both  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  are  cut  on  privately  owned  lands. 
Many  farmers  take  advantage  of  the  opportunity  thus  afforded 
to  clean  up  pastures  where  the  forest  is  starting  to  come  back, 
or  to  clear  land  that  should  be  kept  open.  In  parts  of  New 
England  and  in  other  regions  where  it  is  the  desire  of  the  owner 
that  abandoned  pastures  should  revert  to  forest,  the  taking  out 
of  small  trees,  especially  balsam  fir,  may  be  of  distinct  advan- 
tage to  the  stand.  The  practice  of  making  thinnings  is,  when 
judiciously  applied,  an  integral  part  of  forest  management. 
The  demand  for  Christmas  trees  often  makes  it  possible  for  the 
owner  to  sell  the  trees  removed  at  a  price  sufficient  to  cover  the 
cost  of  such  thinnings,  if  indeed  he  does  not  make  an  actual 
profit.  Small  trees  of  the  coniferous  genera  have  little  value  for 
other  purposes.  Comparatively  few  owners  feel  that  they  can 
afford  to  make  thinnings  which  require  an  outlay  for  labor, 
without  some  immediate  return.  The  indiscriminate  clearing  of 
any  area  of  forest  land,  without  making  adequate  provision 
for  its  restocking  by  young  growth  is,  of  course,  to  be  dis- 
couraged. True  conservation  of  the  forest  is  its  perpetuation 
through  wise  use. 

The  other  method,  that  of  establishing  commercial  planta- 
tions of  Christmas  trees,  is  already  attracting  the  attention  of 
many  owners  of  non-agricultural  land.  As  the  trees  are  to  be 
removed  while  still  small,  close  spacing  is  indicated;  three  by 


10  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

three  feet  is  good.  A  rectangular  spacing  of  three  feet  requires 
4,840  trees  to  the  acre.  With  a  triangular  spacing  of  three 
feet  between  trees  each  way,  the  number  is  5,584  to  the  acre. 
In  New  York  State,  spruce  transplants,  four  years  old,  can 
normally  be  obtained  from  the  nurseries  of  the  Conservation 
Commission,  Albany,  for  around  $4  a  thousand.  In  other 
states  that  maintain  state  nurseries,  a  similar  arrangement 
usually  obtains.  Specific  information  may  be  obtained  by 
addressing  the  State  Forester.  Directions  as  to  how  to  plant  the 
trees  may  also  be  secured  from  the  State  Forester,  or  from  the 
State  College  of  Agriculture.  To  give  such  assistance  is  a  part 
of  the  duty  of  these  state  officers. 

In  a  Christmas-tree  plantation  made  by  the  Department  of 
Forestry  of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  where  four- 
year-old  Norway  spruce  transplants  were  used,  the  average 
height  of  the  trees  in  the  plantation  was  six  feet  at  the  end  of 
six  years.  A  few  of  the  best  trees  averaged  nine  and  one-half 
feet  for  this  period.  The  soil  was  a  stiff  clay,  full  of  stones,  and 
wet  in  the  spring.  It  was  found  "that  if  the  trees  grow  faster 
than  one  foot  a  year  they  become  spindly.  The  best  Christmas 
trees  are  those  which  have  grown  rather  slowly.  They  are 
bushier  and  better  shaped."*  From  such  a  plantation  some 
trees  are  cut  each  year,  giving  those  left  a  better  chance  to 
develop. 

A  careful  estimate  of  possible  returns  from  Christmas-tree 
plantations  in  New  York  State,  made  in  1919  by  G.  Harris 
Collingwood,  Extension  Specialist  in  Forestry  at  Cornell 
University,!  showed  for  a  ten-year  period  an  expected  net 
annual  profit  of  $68  an  acre.     Costs  of  nursery  stock  and  of 

*Mich.  Agr.  Coll.  Exp.  Sta.  Special  Bull.  No.  78.  Apr.  1916.  "Christmas  Tree 
Plantations,"  by  A.  K.  Chittenden. 

fTwo  articles  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker,  Mar.  1  and  8,  1919,  "Christmas  Tree 
Farming,"  by  G.  Harris  Collingwood. 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE  11 

planting,  the  value  of  the  land,  and  taxes  were  all  counted  in 
and  carried  forward  at  six  per  cent  compound  interest.  This 
figure  should  be  taken  only  as  a  general  indication  of  the  money 
return  to  be  expected,  but  it  points  to  the  conclusion  that  when 
the  local  conditions  are  favorable,  the  growing  of  Christmas 
trees  can  be  made  a  profitable  commercial  venture. 

In  growing  Christmas  trees,  it  should  always  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  most  important  item  is  to  be  sure  that  there 
exists  a  market,  preferably  not  far  distant,  where  it  is  reason- 
ably certain  that  the  trees  can  be  sold  when  they  are  of  the 
right  size.  Where  this  condition  obtains,  the  establishment  of 
a  Christmas-tree  plantation  should  not  only  be  a  good  invest- 
ment, but,  also,  to  an  owner  with  imagination,  a  very  satis- 
fying way  of  using  a  part  of  his  land. 

THE  NATURAL  SETTING  OF  EVERGREENS.— Simonds 
In  landscape  work.  Nature  is  the  best  teacher  in  the  use  of 
evergreens  as  well  as  that  of  other  growth.  In  visiting  localities 
in  which  evergreens  thrive,  one  is  usually  impressed  with  their 
beauty  and  wishes  to  have  them  about  one's  own  home.  The 
effects  that  should  be  studied  are  often  found  at  the  edges  of  a 
forest,  or  scattered  along  river-banks  and  margins  of  lakes  and 
marshes.  Here  trees  may  range  in  size  from  less  than  a  foot  in 
height  to  those  of  large  stature.  The  growth  may  include  pines, 
spruces,  cedars,  balsams,  hemlocks,  junipers,  and  yews  in  the 
northern  Middle  States,  and,  in  the  Eastern  States,  broad- 
leaved  evergreens  as  well.  In  the  Middle  West  the  more  hardy 
conifers  can  generally  be  used  with  good  effect  where  soil 
conditions  are  right  and  the  air  pure,  but  in  the  larger  cities, 
with  their  smoky  atmosphere,  it  is  useless  to  plant  any  member 
of  the  pine  family.  Sometime  in  the  future,  when  cities  can  be 
delivered  from  the  pall  of  smoke  that  hangs  over  them,  they 


12  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

may  be  able  to  raise  evergreens.  At  present,  however,  conifers 
planted  in  a  smoky  atmosphere  are  likely  to  look  sickly  and  to 
excite  feelings  of  pity  rather  than  of  pleasure. 

Attention  might  be  called  to  some  attractive  natural  effects. 
At  the  edges  of  pine  forests,  or  scattered  about  in  open  spaces 
near  the  edge,  the  pines  and  other  evergreens  often  retain  all 
their  branches,  the  lower  ones  resting  on  the  ground  and 
reaching  out  farther  than  those  above  to  secure  light  and  air. 
These  show  the  typical  appearance  which  pines,  spruces,  firs, 
hemlocks,  and  cedars  should  have  in  one's  home  grounds  or 
in  other  places  where  they  are  planted  for  ornament.  Some- 
times a  belt  of  evergreen  growth  may  be  useful  as  well  as 
ornamental  by  giving  protection  from  cold  winds,  or  shutting 
out  of  view  unsightly  objects.  In  such  belts  it  is  well  to  arrange 
the  trees  in  colonies,  pines  being  grouped  with  pines,  and  the 
more  pointed  and  stiff-growing  trees,  like  the  spruces,  with 
those  of  similar  habit.  It  is  said  that  evergreens  should  not  be 
mixed  or  grouped  with  deciduous  trees.  To  a  certain  extent 
this  is  true,  but  all  will  recall  the  beauty  of  autumn  foliage, 
especially  that  of  the  maples,  sumacs,  birches,  and  blueberries, 
when  this  beauty  is  heightened  by  a  background  or  a  neigh- 
boring group  of  evergreens.  A  ground-covering  of  spreading 
junipers  or  yews  frequently  adds  much  to  the  artistic  effect  of 
the  upright  growth.  Indeed,  when  the  grounds  are  not  very 
large,  it  may  be  well  to  fill  nearly  all  of  the  open  space  with  a 
low  growth  of  this  kind.  Evergreens  are  beautiful  throughout 
the  entire  year  and  especially  so  in  winter  when  partly  covered 
with  snow  and  in  spring  when  the  new  growth  comes  out  and 
is  contrasted  in  color  with  the  old,  and  when  the  trees  are 
thickly  sprinkled  with  beautifully  colored  blossoms,  the  pistil- 
late flowers  often  a  rich  red  or  purple,  the  staminate  a  bright 
vellow. 


Plate  IV.    Combination  of  yew  and  pine. — Japanese  yew  {Taxus  cuspidata) 
as  a  border;  white  pine  (Pinus  Strobus)  at  the  back 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         13 

The  principles  of  landscape-gardening  which  apply  to  the 
arrangement  of  plantations,  the  preservation  of  ample  open 
space,  and  the  natural  irregular  arrangement  which  gives  such 
a  charm  to  woods,  apply  to  evergreens  as  well  as  to  oaks, 
maples,  and  hawthorns.  In  using  evergreens  they  should  first 
be  considered  as  objects  of  beauty  in  themselves;  then  as  back- 
grounds for  roses,  elderberries,  or  other  low  growth  that  flour- 
ishes in  the  neighborhood,  or  as  a  foil  to  other  plants.  Yellow 
birches  and  hemlocks  are  often  found  growing  near  each  other 
and  seem  to  adjust  their  branches  without  much  interference. 
A  hillside  covered  with  pines  and  bordered  here  and  there  at 
the  bottom  with  Carolina  roses,  red-branched  dogwoods,  snow- 
berries  or  viburnums,  often  gives  a  pleasing  effect.  A  birch  tree 
with  its  white  bark  shooting  above  the  growth  of  roses  or 
dogwoods  ma}^  contribute  to  the  charm  of  the  whole  com- 
position. 

Evergreens  form  an  important  part  of  that  wealth  of  plant- 
life  from  which  the  landscaper  must  choose  the  material  with 
which  he  makes  his  most  effective  compositions.  They  can  be 
used  with  greatest  safety  for  marginal  planting,  or  as  groups 
located  near  the  margins  of  open  spaces,  near  buildings,  or  on 
promontories  or  hillsides.  When  planted  near  the  summit  of 
a  ridge  or  a  hill,  they  emphasize  more  than  other  trees  its 
effect  of  height. 

E\rERGREENS  IN  THE  PL^^TED  LANDSCAPE.— Hamblin 

In  temperate  regions,  most  of  the  evergreen  trees  are 
conifers,  and  also  the  greater  number  of  ornamental  evergreen 
shrubs  of  wide  use  in  planting  are  dwarf  conifers.  The  broad- 
leaved  evergreens,  as  members  of  the  heath  and  holly  families, 
are  of  less  universal  use  than  the  conifers,  and  the  study  of 
their  effective  grouping  will  follow  the  more  important  dis- 


14  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

cussion  of  the  placing  of  evergreen  conifers.  Although  entirely 
different  in  foliage  texture  and  cultural  requirements,  the 
problems  of  their  use  in  landscape  composition  have  many 
points  in  common. 

Evergreens  should  be  placed  much  more  thoughtfully  than 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs.  The  mere  fact  that  they  are  more 
costly  than  deciduous  woody  plants,  and  more  difficult  to  grow, 
puts  them  in  a  class  by  themselves.  Yet  even  if  they  were  cheap 
and  easy  to  keep  in  good  condition,  they  would  still  be  very 
distinct  and  would  need  to  be  placed  with  care  in  regions  in 
which  the  leaves  fall  from  most  plants  in  autumn.  Evergreens 
are  so  very  definite  in  their  habit,  texture,  and  color  that  each 
specimen  counts  very  distinctly,  and  when  planted  carelessly 
in  small  areas  give  a  very  spotty  appearance. 

Evergreens  are  the  same  in  the  landscape  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year.  Although  the  common  trees  and  shrubs  run  a  yearly 
cycle  from  leafless  twig  to  leaf,  flower,  and  fruit,  the  evergreens, 
descendants  from  an  earlier  plant  era,  go  through  the  seasons 
with  little  modification  save  the  fresher  green  of  the  new  shoots 
in  May.  The  changes  of  growth  and  decay  are  theirs,  but  after 
they  are  planted  their  chief  change  is  increase  in  size. 

In  winter  months,  contrasted  with  the  white  of  snow  and 
gray  of  leafless  twigs,  the  dark  greens  of  the  conifers  suggest 
warmth  and  cheer  to  man.  Even  beast  and  bird  find  shelter  in 
spruce  and  pine  in  cold  weather.  This  physical  fact  contributes 
greatly  to  our  joy  in  their  sight  in  winter.  In  summer,  their 
heavier  darker  greens,  against  the  broad  paler  leafage  of 
deciduous  trees,  suggest  shade  and  coolness.  Under  the  hem- 
lock branches  in  August  it  is  cool  and  damp,  and  the  sights 
and  sounds  of  midsummer  are  mostly  absent.  Their  suggestion 
of  physical  comfort,  at  both  extremes  of  the  year,  make  ever- 
greens particularly  desirable  near  the  dwellings  of  man.    How- 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         15 

ever,  these  factors  do  not  render  easier  the  problem  of  effective 
planting. 

A  study  of  the  characteristics  of  coniferous  evergreens  from 
the  point  of  view  of  art,  the  art  of  arranging  them  in  landscape 
pictures,  shows  them  full  of  contrasts.  Although  the  foliage  is 
small  and  narrow,  it  is  so  dense  that  the  effect  is  not  feathery, 
but  heavy  and  solid.  There  is  great  difference  between  the 
texture  effect  of  tamarix  and  cedar,  yet  the  latter  has  the  finer 
foliage.  Only  the  pale  greens  of  the  deciduous  conifers  (larch 
and  bald-cypress)  and  extreme  forms  of  some  chamsecyparis 
give  a  light  touch  to  the  picture.  The  density  of  the  dark 
foliage  is  increased  by  the  regular  formal  outline  of  most  species 
and  the  regular  structure  in  the  placing  of  the  branches.  There 
is  no  more  unrelated  object  on  a  peaceful  lawn  than  a  blue 
spruce,  and  two  are  twice  as  lonesome.  The  more  irregular  the 
outhne  and  broken  the  branching,  the  easier  the  task  of 
grouping,  except  for  special  effects.  The  dense,  tense  attitude 
of  most  conifers  makes  them  difficult  subjects  to  handle.  If 
only  they  could  be  dented  inwards  in  places,  and  pulled  out  in 
others,  they  would  be  much  more  companionable  among  their 
fellows.  Each  specimen  is  so  complete  and  perfect  in  itself 
that  only  when  old  age  has  robbed  it  of  its  symmetry  does  it 
become  a  subject  for  consideration  as  an  object  of  art  in  the 
landscape. 

In  color,  the  normal  dark  shining  green  shows  less  range 
than  do  the  greens  of  deciduous  trees.  Their  color  value  to  the 
camera  is  much  the  same  in  all  species.  Gray-greens  in  pine, 
blue-greens  in  spruce  and  fir,  white  lines  on  the  under  side  of 
fir  and  hemlock  leaves,  give  variety  in  detail  that  can  be 
appreciated  only  at  close  hand.  Unfortunately,  freak  colors 
are  found  in  horticultural  varieties  in  a  range  more  than  suf- 
ficient.    Intense  blue,  bright  yellow,  pale  silvery  green,  and 


16  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

bronzy  purple  are  possible  in  many  of  the  conifers,  particularly 
in  the  smaller  species.  Pine  and  hemlock  have  mostly  refused 
to  depart  from  their  normal  foliage.  In  general,  the  farther  the 
color  of  a  conifer  has  ranged  from  a  normal  dark  green,  the  less 
it  should  be  planted  in  home  pictures  and  the  more  care  must 
be  used  in  its  disposition,  when  it  is  permitted,  for  it  is  always 
a  special  and  striking  object  at  all  seasons. 

By  their  density  of  twig  and  foliage  throughout  the  year, 
evergreens  offer  ideal  protection  from  wind  and  storm,  as 
windbreak,  shelter,  and  screen.  A  very  effective  shelter-belt 
can  be  made  by  a  narrow  strip  of  evergreens.  Since  conifers 
are  a  very  heavy  mass  when  grouped,  this  windbreak  must  also 
be  a  part  of  the  landscape  picture,  and  when  used  for  a  screen 
they  will  call  attention  in  the  direction  toward  which  the  view 
is  to  be  shut  off.  Their  double  service  of  attracting  as  well  as 
protecting  must  ever  be  borne  in  mind.  The  dividing  planting 
must  then  be  ornamental  also.  The  best  hedges  are  of  evergreen 
conifers. 

Evergreens  of  all  kinds  give  a  feeling  of  richness  to  the 
cultivated  landscape,  possibly  in  part  because  they  are  expen- 
sive and  at  times  difficult  to  cultivate  to  perfection.  As  foliage 
plants  they  have  come  to  be  considered  as  the  most  beautiful 
and  choice  of  woody  plants.  They  may  be  sadly  out  of  place, 
as  seen  in  some  small  yard,  or  badly  broken  by  insects  and  the 
elements  because  of  lack  of  care,  yet  there  is  a  special  halo  of 
inherent  virtue  around  each  one  of  them.  The  same  is  true  in 
regard  to  a  natural  planting  of  conifers.  Whatever  the  arrange- 
ment given  them  by  nature,  as  a  group  they  are  pleasing  and 
add  tremendously  to  the  beauty  of  that  particular  spot. 

As  Nature  puts  out  her  spruces,  firs,  pines,  and  cedars,  her 
pictures  are  always  pleasing,  and  analysis  of  their  arrangement 
shows  how  great  advantage  was  taken  of  every  change  in  soil 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE 


17 


and  exposure.  When  man  plants  conifers  to  dress  his  scene, 
pictorial  and  nature-like  compositions  are  rarely  brought 
forth.  A  natural  arbor- vitae  swamp  has  more  to  please  the  eye 
than  the  collections  of  conifers  that  wealth  can  put  around 
its  home.  It  is  a  far  greater  tax  on  the  skill  of  the  plantsman 
to  set  out  a  dozen  conifers,  even  all  of  a  kind,  than  the  same 
number  of  mixed  deciduous  trees.  A  good  artificial  staging  of 
conifers  is  rare ;  it  is  too  easy  to  secure  an  assorted  effect  instead 
of  harmony  of  line  and  outline.  The  use  of  conifers  in  sections 
of  the  country  in  which  some  species  are  native  and  common 
seems  more  happy  and 
related  to  the  site  than 
their  use  in  regions  of 
few  native  trees. 

It  must  always  be 
borne  in  mind  that,  ex- 
cept for  a  few  species  and 
irregular  old-age  individ- 
uals, conifers  present  a 
firm  fixed  outline  against 
the  sky.  They  make  in- 
dividuals, not  masses,  and 
are  numbered  off  by  the 
eye,  except  when  on  the 
large  scale  of  a  forest. 
Spruce  and  fir,  arbor- 
vitse  and  red-cedar  are 
clear  -  cut  triangles  and 
cones  that  will  not  lose 
their  distinctive  shapes 
unless    planted    together 

very  closely.    An  array  of  l.   The  vegetable  solids  of  topiary  work. 


18  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

various  genera  and  species  becomes  a  demonstration  in 
solid  geometry.  This  fact  is  made  use  of  and  heightened  by 
chpping,  and  the  vegetable  solids  of  topiary  work  are  the 
extreme  of  this  idea.  (See  Fig.  1.)  Many  undipped  evergreens, 
however,  have  a  very  complacent  well-groomed  appearance. 
Most  pines,  hemlocks,  and  Douglas  spruce,  and  perhaps  others, 
mingle  their  branches  fairly  well  even  in  small  groups.  Even 
if  their  outline  has  a  fairly  close  line  relation,  and  although 
their  foliage  is  similar  to  a  marked  degree  in  the  genera,  never- 
theless their  sharpness  of  outline  and  the  individual  characters 
of  each  make  their  mass  formation  a  mixture  and  not  a  unified 
composition.  It  is  advisable  to  have  few  species  and  fewer 
genera  on  display  in  any  one  section  of  a  planting.  The  more 
numerous  the  species,  the  greater  the  diversity  in  skyline 
and  composition. 

The  masses  of  conifers  are  darkest  and  densest  of  all  vege- 
tation; so  also  are  their  shadows  very  black  on  lawn  or  across 
structure  or  other  vegetation.  Coniferous  evergreens  are  the 
deep  tones  in  pictures  out-of-doors.  As  contrast  to  structures, 
as  background,  low  foreground,  or  horticultural  adjunct,  the 
shadows  they  cast  have  great  pictorial  value.  Too  many  ever- 
greens, because  of  depth  of  shadow,  may  make  the  picture  too 
dark  and  dismal.  Use  of  the  lighter  shades  of  green  will  help 
to  offset  this  difficulty,  as  the  selection  of  white  pine  instead  of 
Norway  spruce  near  a  dwelling.  Though  the  shadows  may  be 
as  dark,  they  will  be  tempered  by  the  lighter  foliage  color. 

It  is  easy  to  see,  therefore,  that  one  evergreen  in  a  planting 
may  have  more  pictorial  weight  than  any  deciduous  tree  or 
several  of  them.  Since  its  value  in  the  picture  is  so  great,  its 
relation  to  the  nearest  vegetation  is  very  important.  In  the 
grouping  of  the  various  conifers,  avoiding  the  intense  forms  of 
color,  any  sorts  that  site  and .  soil  will  allow  to  thrive  may  be 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         19 

placed  together  with  fair  effect.  The  lack  of  conformity  in 
outline  seems  the  greatest  problem.  However,  spruce  and  fir 
look  alike  to  the  camera,  the  triangles  are  all  triangular; 
juniper  and  arbor- vitae  are  equally  exclamation  points;  pine, 
hemlock,  and  yew  at  length  spread  out  similar  wide  arms;  and 
the  low  dwarfs,  as  Mugho  pine,  dwarf  juniper,  and  the  Tom 
Thumbs  make  vegetable  mattresses.  There  are,  then,  these 
four  groups,  and  a  massing  within  each  group  gives  similarities 
of  outline  and  structure;  a  choice  from  any  two  or  more  of 
these  groups  gives  distinct  contrasts. 

In  small  areas  one  conifer  can  dominate  the  scene;  or  a 
group  of  a  few  can  be  the  central  feature  of  the  planting.  This 
means  that  the  evergreen  plant  material  should  be  chosen  and 
placed  first  (on  paper)  and  the  attendant  other  vegetation  is 
chosen  to  set  it  off  by  contrast  of  outline,  structure,  texture, 
color,  size,  and  position.  An  equal  mixture  of  evergreens  and 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  is  rarely  satisfying.  There  is  too 
much  equality  in  bulk  and  the  contrast  loses  value.  For  best 
pictorial  effects,  it  is  safest  to  keep  the  two  types  of  vegetation 
quite  or  nearly  apart  and  separated,  except  when  definite 
differences  of  vegetation  are  desirable,  and  then  the  differences 
are  strengthened  by  inequality  of  bulk  and  quantity. 

One  evergreen  tree  is  well  set  off  by  a  background  of  other 
similar  or  contrasting  evergreens,  but  it  is  too  obvious  to  show 
off  well  in  good  composition  or  contrast  in  front  of  a  mass  of 
deciduous  trees.  A  small  group  of  related  conifers,  a  small 
unit  in  themselves,  look  much  less  lonesome  against  the  larger 
area  of  deciduous  background.  They  derive  strength  from  one 
another  and  are  less  structurally  unrelated  to  their  contrasted 
vegetation. 

Evergreens  in  mass  formation  make  excellent  backing  to 
show  off  the  special  beauties  of  some  tree — red  maple  in  spring 


20  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

bloom  or  autumn  leaf,  crab-apple  in  flower  or  fruit,  golden 
stems  of  willow — for  the  main  mass  of  the  picture  is  the  change- 
less composition  of  the  evergreens,  enlightened  by  the  gift  of 
the  seasons  from  the  deciduous  tree  or  trees.  Special  plantings 
of  all  kinds — azaleas,  lilacs,  lilies,  peonies,  irises — acquire 
double  value  when  inclosed  and  framed  by  perpetual  walls  of 
dark  green.  A  small  planting  thus  set  off  may  have  a  quantity 
and  quality  that  a  larger  one  unframed,  or  seen  against  sky, 
cannot  possess.  After  the  brief  period  of  bloom,  the  glory  goes 
back  to  the  evergreens,  and  the  spot  is  full  of  beauty. 

By  nature  all  evergreens,  except  cedar  of  Lebanon,  Japanese 
umbrella-pine,  Monterey  cypress,  and  a  few  similar  relics  of 
older  eras,  are  forest  trees  somewhere.  Most  of  them,  however, 
are  seen  as  landscape  specimens,  in  solitary  grandeur  upon  a 
lawn.  For  this  special  use  their  many  virtues  decidedly  fit 
them,  and  when  placed  so  as  to  bear  some  relation  to  other 
objects,  their  symmetrical  sweep  of  branches  renders  them  as 
complete  in  themselves  as  a  Greek  temple  or  statue.  These 
conifers  are,  then,  related  to  other  objects,  but  not  strictly 
grouped  with  anything,  and  when  old  age  turns  their  symmetry 
into  irregularity  they  have  still  a  classic  appeal. 

Since  their  shape  is  so  definite  and  permanent,  coniferous 
evergreens  are  eminently  suited  to  formal  work  of  all  kinds, 
and  the  size  of  material,  from  Tom  Thumb  arbor-vitae  to 
Austrian  pine,  can  fit  the  scale  of  the  design.  The  dignity  and 
repose  of  a  formal  scheme  is  greatly  increased  by  evergreen 
material,  and  the  topiary  art  can  assist  nature.  Here,  again, 
the  plants  are  not  grouped,  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  but 
are  placed  and  spaced  as  the  development  of  the  design  re- 
quires, living  plants  treated  as  geometrical  forms,  or  solids  for 
horticultural  architecture.  Since  gardens  were  builded,  ever- 
greens have  furnished  the  opaque  solids. 


Plate  \.    Combination  of  kalmia  and  hemlock 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         21 

In  the  relation  of  the  tree  shape  to  the  topography,  rather 
definite  suggestions  may  be  secured  from  nature.  Most  spiry- 
topped  trees  grow  naturally  in  hilly  and  uneven  lands.  Spruce, 
fir,  and  juniper  seem  to  reach  upward  and  emphasize  the 
irregularities  of  the  ground  surface.  Much  more  use  could  be 
made  of  this  relation  of  shape  of  tree  and  soil  surface  in  planting, 
each  to  bring  out  the  special  character  of  the  other.  One 
cannot  think  of  New  England's  rocky  fields  without  juniper 
or  balsam,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Rockies  without  fir  or  spruce. 
Conversely,  the  planting  of  stately  firs  or  pyramidal  cypresses 
in  open  flat  land,  unless,  as  in  Norway  spruce,  there  is  great 
lateral  spread  of  lower  limbs,  seems  particularly  unhappy  and 
inappropriate.  In  narrow  spaces,  shut  in  and  separated  from 
the  flat  expanse  by  buildings,  walls,  hedges,  and  other  high 
planting,  the  spiry  evergreens  seem  in  fairly  permanent 
quarters,  but  only  as  special  contrast  to  site  and  surroundings. 
The  spiry  kinds  are  related  to  structures  of  all  sorts — house, 
barn,  or  bridge — only  by  intense  contrast. 

Pines,  nearly  all  sorts,  offer  the  other  extreme.  Their  lines 
in  maturity  are  mostly  horizontal,  and  the  species  frequent 
flat  lands  and  the  plains.  They  are  more  picturesque  in  age; 
the  pine  is  one  of  the  few  conifers  that  grows  old  gracefully. 
To  this  group  of  horizontal  type,  with  grace  in  age,  can  be 
added  yew,  cedar  of  Lebanon,  some  junipers,  hemlocks,  and 
probably  Douglas  spruce.  These  species  are,  thus,  the  most 
generallj^  useful  of  large  conifers.  They  fit  all  shapes  of  soil- 
surface,  give  level  and  regular  lines  against  the  sky,  against 
structures  and  other  solid  masses,  and  mingle  well  in  mass  with 
one  another,  or  with  deciduous  tree  forms  and  foliage.  More 
pines  and  cedars  of  Lebanon  are  needed  in  created  landscapes, 
and  not  too  many  of  the  compact  vegetable  spires  and  cones, 
of  which  nature  has  created  many  in  spruce  and  fir  and  juniper. 


22  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  shapes  of  these  are  too  similar  to  make  them  distinct  to 
the  average  eye. 

The  larger  evergreens  have  their  particular  place  in  the 
landscape.  Another  special  field  is  filled  by  the  low  species  and 
dwarf  forms  of  the  larger  sorts.  For  formal  and  pattern  beds 
of  all  kinds,  the  low  junipers,  yews,  arbor-vitae  and  retinis- 
poras  were  apparently  created.  Lacking  these,  and  some  of 
the  broad-leaved  evergreens,  as  box  and  English  ivy,  the 
contrast  of  lawn  and  normal  vegetation,  with  dark  masses  of 
three  dimensions  in  set  designs,  would  not  be  possible,  except 
as  filled  with  herbaceous  material.  The  plants  are  wholly 
restricted  in  their  placing  by  the  requirements  of  the  design 
and  the  chief  demand  on  them  is  that  they  live  and  thrive,  yet 
increase  in  size  but  little  lest  they  outgrow  their  allotted  space 
and  spoil  the  design.  For  the  effect  that  Lord  Bacon  also 
observed  in  tarts,  the  regular  ranging  of  this  material  has  a 
decided  place  in  certain  styles  of  design.  The  chief  requirement 
in  the  staging  is  a  relation  to  some  degree  between  the  flat- 
topped,  rounded,  and  pointed  ones.  To  avoid  monotony  of 
forms  or  extreme  diversity,  securing  harmony  yet  contrast  in 
shapes,  textures,  and  tones,  requires  an  unusual  degree  of 
skill  in  placing  plant  materials. 

The  flat-topped  and  cushion-shaped  forms  of  conifers,  as 
dense  varieties  of  spruce  and  arbor-vitae,  make  very  distinct 
groups  in  the  landscape,  so  very  distinct  that  they  should  be 
introduced  with  extreme  caution  in  any  except  formal  work. 
The  spiry  sorts,  as  Irish  juniper  or  yew,  are  particularly  useful 
as  accents  in  the  formal  garden.  The  darkest  forms,  as  savin 
and  dwarf  yew,  give  deep  tones  and  shadows  to  this  living 
painting;  while  the  foliage  tones  of  silver,  gold,  and  blue  add 
the  high  lights  and  sun  touches.  With  such  a  wealth  of  material 
for  this  three-dimension  sketching,  the  student  of  planting 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         23 

wonders  why  so  little  use  is  made  of  this  field,  and  so  assorted 
the  results  achieved.  Good  staging  of  dwarf  evergreens  will 
make  happy  the  home-lover  and  the  nurseryman.  Weeping 
and  irregular  dwarf  conifers  give  picturesque  and  Japanese 
effects  when  properly  placed  for  a  special  touch,  but  most 
ungainly  forms  look  crazier  than  ever  because  of  poor  placing. 

Irregular  dwarf  conifers,  as  the  many  forms  of  juniper  and 
chamsecyparis,  are  excellent  ground-cover  in  poor  soil  in  the 
sun.  For  good  land  and  under  trees,  the  many  forms  of  yew 
of  low  habit,  and  for  moist  soils  the  dwarf  loose  varieties  of 
arbor-vitie,  take  the  place  of  grass  or  low  deciduous  shrubs, 
hiding  soil  and  slope  through  the  year.  One  species  at  a  time, 
in  soil  that  suits  it,  with  some  broad-leaved  evergreen  shrubs 
and  perennials  of  good  foliage,  gives  carpets  of  undulating 
green  that  no  other  planting  can  duplicate.  No  soil  is  too  dry 
and  sunny,  shaded  or  damp,  or  the  space  too  narrow,  in  regions 
where  homes  are  built,  to  prevent  the  use  of  this  richest  of 
soil  concealments.  Small  areas  of  definite  outline,  covered  with 
dwarf  evergreens  in  definite  plan,  make  evergreen  gardens  that 
satisfy  the  eye  the  year  through. 

Evergreen  conifers,  therefore,  contribute  in  the  landscape 
picture  the  dark  masses,  the  contrasts,  the  solid  lines  against 
the  sky,  shelter  in  hedge,  screen,  and  windbreak,  the  solitary 
specimen,  accents  and  adjuncts  to  garden  accessories,  the  best 
material  for  formal  work,  and  permanent  cover  to  hold  and 
hide  the  soil.  Except  such  types  as  the  pine,  they  are  weakest 
as  parts  of  harmonious  composition,  for  their  chief  purpose  is 
individual  contrast,  except  in  large  plantations. 

A  special  use  in  modern  plantings  for  conifers  of  low  or 
medium  size  (no  trees)  is  for  foundation  and  entrance  plantings. 
To  connect  house  walls  with  lawn  and  topography,  something 
more  permanent  in  appearance  than  salvia  or  deutzia  is  often 


6^  ^J'    24  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


needed.  The  jumble  of  blue  and  Norway  spruce,  attended  by 
golden  juniper,  which  eventually  die  or  become  too  big  for 
the  place,  is  seen  from  many  a  living-room  window.  Surely 
this  kind  of  planting  can  be  much  better  conceived,  with  a  real 
unified  relation  to  house  and  attendant  objects.  A  few  kinds, 
and  not  many  of  them,  seem  a  safe  rule  for  first  attempts  at 
this  kind  of  planting.  Plantings  at  entrances,  doorways,  street 
gate  or  portal  of  the  garden,  call  for  evergreen  material.  If 
the  entrance  is  narrow,  columnar  junipers  could  be  the  main 
feature;  when  a  feeling  of  space  is  desirable,  Mugho  pine  and 
dwarf  yew  may  mark  the  entrance.  Good  proportions  in 
heights,  diameters,  textures,  and  colors  suited  to  the  type  of 
gateway  and  their  use  seem  to  be  the  first  requirement  and 
often  least  considered. 

In  northern  latitudes,  the  broad-leaved  evergreens  are 
mostly  shrubs  or  woody  herbs.  Holly  is,  perhaps,  the  only 
broad-leaved  evergreen  tree,  and  its  use  is  restricted  by  its 
needs.  The  chief  difference  in  this  type  of  plant  material  is  its 
dissimilar  foliage  in  size  and  texture.  The  flat,  leathery,  shiny 
leaves  bear  little  relation  to  the  needles  of  the  conifers,  and 
rhododendron  and  box  do  not  look  well  united  with  juniper 
and  Mugho  pine.  Still  dwarf  yew  and  box  can  be  used  harmoni- 
ously with  Mugho  pine  and  yucca.  Since  the  cultural  require- 
ments of  the  two  groups  are  so  different,  best  results  are 
expected  when  they  are  planted  wholly  separately.  The 
broad-leaved  shrubs  can  be  easily  combined  with  deciduous 
shrubs,  the  crucial  place  being  where  the  two  extremes  join. 
Semi-evergreen  shrubs  of  broad  leaves,  as  Lonicera  fragran- 
tissima,  make  attractive  the  transition  between  mountain 
laurel  and  spirea.  Winter  is  marked  by  extreme  contrast, 
assisted  by  bright  berries,  or  twigs,  on  the  leafless  ones. 

Partly  because  of  difficulties  of  cultivation  and  maintenance. 


EVERGREENS    IN    THE    LANDSCAPE         25 

but  equally  because  an  evergreen  in  northern  lands  cannot  be 
so  casually  shoved  into  a  planting  as  may  deutzia  and  maple, 
sufficient  use  is  not  made  of  evergreens  in  plantings  for  their 
all-season  wear.  If  more  care  is  employed,  not  only  in  attend- 
ing their  physical  wants,  but  in  studying  further  their  more 
effective  staging  as  objects  in  the  landscape  picture,  gardens 
will  be  built  more  finely.  Enthusiasm  for  the  artistic  value  of 
conifers,  however,  must  be  tempered  by  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  their  physical  limitations. 


CHAPTER  II 
CULTIVATION  AND  PROPAGATION  OF  CONIFERS 

THE  cultivation  of  conifers  presents  no  special  dijQficulties, 
if  proper  soil  and  exposure  are  available.  The  question 
of  hardiness  is,  of  course,  all-important.  It  is  not  only 
the  problem  of  temperature  the  given  tree  will  stand,  but  also 
the  exposure  to  winds,  and,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  source 
from  which  the  tree  is  derived.  Sometimes  hemlocks  and  firs, 
for  example,  can  be  transplanted  with  safety  from  adjacent 
fields  or  woods,  while  the  same  species  brought  from  a  more 
southern  or  more  protected  region  might  not  readily  establish 
itself.  This  is  particularly  the  case  with  species  grown  on  the 
northern  borders  of  their  hardiness.  If  the  plants  are  raised 
from  seeds  matured  in  similar  or  even  more  rigorous  climates, 
they  are  usually  more  hardy. 

THE  GENERAL  CARE  AND  HANDLING  OF  EVERGREENS 

As  to  soil  conditions,  little  special  research  has  been  under- 
taken that  applies  to  the  cultivation  of  conifers  for  ornament. 
The  same  is  true  also  as  to  fertilizers;  there  is  exception  to  this 
statement  in  the  growing  of  young  stock  in  nursery  plantations, 
wherein  careful  studies  are  not  lacking,  but  these  investigations 
may  not  be  considered  here.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the 
soil  for  conifers  should  be  "good,"  which  implies  that  the  same 
means  may  be  employed  for  the  improvement  of  land  for 
conifers  as  for  the  staple  crops.  General  fertilizing  of  the  land 
is  to  be  expected  to  produce  good  results.  In  many  cases  it 
is  desired  to  plant  evergreens  on  barren  outlying  parts  of  the 
estate;  the  first  consideration  is  to  observe  in  the  neighborhood 

(26) 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  27 

or  the  region  what  species  are  most  hkely  to  thrive;  usually  it 
is  not  expected  to  obtain  fine  specimen  trees  quickly  on  such 
places,  if  at  all;  if  possible  the  land  should  be  first  improved  by 
good  tillage,  cover-cropping,  and  fertilizing. 

In  the  way  of  actual  tillage,  little  is  required  for  the  conifers, 
although  they  profit  by  it  when  young.  The  conifers  are 
essentially  lawn  subjects,  and  sod  is  the  natural  setting.  With 
the  present  scarcity  of  labor,  however,  tall  grass  and  weeds 
are  likely  to  get  the  start,  making  the  place  to  look  untidy  and 
to  increase  hazards  of  fire.  The  use  of  the  mowing-machine 
will  greatly  help,  when  scythes  and  lawn-mowers  are  out  of  the 
question.  Once  well  established,  the  evergreen  plantation 
should  require  less  care  than  many  or  even  most  other  kinds 
of  landscape  plantings. 

Speaking  of  experience  with  conifers  in  southern  Connecti- 
cut, George  P.  Brett  writes:  "I  have  tried  a  mixture  of  fine 
bone  dust,  potash,  and  nitrate  of  soda  as  a  fertilizer  for  ever- 
greens, but  not  with  verj^  satisfactory  results,  well-rotted  cow- 
manure  being  the  best  solid  fertilizer  for  these  trees  in  my 
experience.  But  for  the  tree  not  yet  fully  established  and  for 
the  tree  which  is  ailing,  nothing  is  so  good  as  a  liquid  manure 
applied  three  or  four  times  during  the  first  month  or  two  after 
transplanting,  trees  apparently  almost  dead  having  come  back 
to  life  again  under  this  treatment.  Last  winter,  for  example, 
I  removed  a  black  spruce  of  some  twenty-five  feet  in  height 
from  the  woods,  and  we  thought  we  had  lost  it  when  all  its 
needles  fell  ofiF  in  the  spring,  but  under  this  treatment  it  grew 
a  new  crop  of  needles  and  now  promises  to  be  as  satisfactory 
as  trees  of  this  kind  usually  are.  All  manures  and  fertilizers, 
unfortunately,  greatly  increase  the  growth  of  weeds  and  grass 
at  the  foot  of  the  trees,  choking  and  eventually  destroying  the 
beauty  of  the  lower  branches,  and  the  removal  of  such  growth 


28  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

in  a  large  plantation  is  a  serious  matter  in  these  days  when 
labor  is  so  difficult  to  obtain." 

Soils,  manures,  and  mulches  for  conifers.     (John  Dunbar.) 

The  greater  number  of  conifers  prefer  a  well-drained  porous 
gravelly  subsoil,  overlaid  with  a  light  sandy  loam.  They  seem 
to  be  particularly  happy  in  a  soil  underlaid  with  a  porous 
glacial  drift.  A  few  grow  spontaneously  in  swampy  grounds, 
such  as  tamarack,  Larix  laricina;  cypress,  Taxodium  distichum; 
white-cedar,  Chama;cyparis  thyoides;  and  common  arbor-vitse. 
Thuja  occidentalis.  In  cultivation,  however,  they  succeed  very 
well  in  ordinary  well-drained  soil.  In  fact,  the  common  arbor- 
vitae  does  well  in  dryish  soils;  specimens  planted  on  knolls  of 
light  sandy  loam  underlaid  with  glacial  drift  are  in  excellent 
health.  When  conifers  are  set  in  clay  soil,  which  is  often  done, 
the  soil  should  be  thoroughly  loosened  by  trenching  or  subsoil 
plowing,  and  well  underdrained.  Any  avai-lable  humus,  wood- 
ashes,  and  well-rotted  manure  incorporated  in  the  soil  greatly 
aid  in  rendering  it  friable  and  porous  for  the  roots. 

All  conifers  respond  well  to  cultivation  in  growth  and  vigor. 
An  area  extending  from  the  stem  to  one  to  two  feet  beyond  the 
branches,  stirred  up  with  hoe  and  rake  perhaps  five  or  six 
times  throughout  the  growing  season,  is  very  beneficial  in 
conserving  the  moisture  around  the  roots.  Mulching  with 
ordinary  well-rotted  barnyard  manure  in  late  autumn  affords 
much  stimulus  to  growth.  By  the  following  spring  the  manure 
will  be  in  a  desiccated  condition  and  can  be  incorporated  with 
the  soil.  William  Falconer,  who  had  charge  of  the  Dana 
Arboretum  many  years  ago,  the  best  cultivator  of  conifers  the 
writer  ever  knew,  placed  a  heavy  mulch  of  old  straw,  rotten 
hay,  or  any  similar  material  over  the  roots  of  the  conifers,  and 
this  was  maintained  throughout  the  entire  growing  season.    In 


I  -^ 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  29 

their  remarkable  health  and  vigor,  the  conifers  certainly  showed 
a  quick  response  to  this  treatment.  Of  course,  this  care  mostly 
applies  to  conifers  in  a  more  or  less  juvenile  condition.  When 
they  attain  adult  size,  unless  they  show  signs  to  the  contrarj^ 
conifers  are  usually  independent  of  such  cultural  attention. 

Twenty-seven  years  ago  a  street  was  extended  through  a 
hill  on  the  east  side  of  Highland  Park,  Rochester,  New  York. 
There  was  a  cut  of  about  one  hundred  feet.  The  slopes  were 
graded  to  the  angle  of  repose  and  on  the  steepest  side  a  re- 
taining wall  was  built  at  the  base  to  prevent  the  sand  from 
sliding.  The  material  on  the  slopes  was  sand  intermixed  with 
varying  glacial  drift.  About  four  years  later,  that  is  twenty- 
three  years  ago,  the  slopes  were  covered  with  Scotch,  Austrian, 
white,  and  pitch  pines,  and  red-cedar.  Rotten  haj',  straw, 
decayed  leaves,  grass  mowings,  and  the  like  were  scattered 
amongst  them.  They  have  grown  well  and  many  of  them  are 
from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  tall.  These  slopes  now  present 
a  very  dignified  appearance  at  the  entrance  to  the  Pinetum. 

At  present  we  are  mulching,  with  stock-yard  manure,  a 
number  of  conifers  that  show  signs  of  enervation  and  indicate 
plainly  they  need  food. 

We  have  recently  moved  a  number  of  conifers  with  frozen 
balls  and  these  are  very  heavily  mulched  with  manure.  In 
summer  they  will  be  soaked  with  water  several  times,  to  enable 
them  to  overcome  the  shock  of  root  disturbance. 

In  many  cases  manure  is  not  obtainable.  In  such  event, 
newly  moved  conifers  should  be  heavily  mulched  with  rotten 
straw,  rotten  hay,  or  any  similar  rubbish  for  a  few  years  until 
they  become  established.  The  frequent  stirring  of  the  ground 
over  the  roots  subsequently  will  conserve  sufficient  moisture. 

We  have  never  used  artificial  chemical  manures  on  conifers 
and  cannot  say  anything  about  them. 


30  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  pruning  of  coniferous  evergreens.    (John  Dunbar.) 

The  pruning  of  conifers  is,  perhaps,  a  Httle  more  difficult  to 
explain  than  the  pruning  of  any  other  woody  plants.  It  seems 
needless  to  say  that  removal  of  the  lower  branches  is  a  serious 
mistake,  and,  if  healthy,  they  should  be  retained  to  the  base. 
Pines,  spruces,  firs,  and  hemlocks  have  conical  pyramidal 
outlines,  some  more  so  than  others,  and  the  elements  of  beauty 
consist  in  accentuating  these  attributes.  Pruning  or  disbudding 
can  be  intelligently  performed  to  add  much  to  the  natural 
symmetry.  The  extraction  or  removal,  early  in  spring,  of  the 
central  or  terminal  bud,  will  tend  to  compel  the  branches 
which  start  from  the  side  buds  to  spread  apart  and  form  a 
much  denser  growth.  Cutting  back  the  previous  year's  ter- 
minal growth  to  a  strong  bud  or  branchlet  on  the  main  limbs 
over  the  tree,  if  the  plant  is  inclined  to  be  thin  in  its  branching, 
always  produces  a  much  denser  lateral  growth.  In  the  case  of 
hemlocks,  owing  to  the  nature  of  their  terminal  growths,  the 
removal  of  the  central  terminal  bud  cannot  be  accomplished 
very  well,  as  the  bud  is  very  minute.  The  best  method  is  to 
cut  back  the  terminal  branches  to  strong  branchlets  or  buds, 
and  a  much  denser  growth  will  soon  follow. 

Pyramidal  junipers  and  arbor-vitse,  in  which  the  object  is 
to  develop  very  dense  pyramidal  habits,  are  often  clipped  with 
shears  in  spring  before  growth  starts  to  produce  density  of 
growth.  In  nurseries  in  which  there  are  thousands  of  such 
plants,  it  may  be  a  matter  of  business  to  treat  them  in  this 
way,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  work.  However,  on  private 
plantations  it  is  better  to  use  a  sharp  pruning-knife,  or  good 
standard  pruning-shears,  and  cut  the  branches  or  projecting 
shoots  back  in  "shingling"  fashion.  When  carefully  pruned  in 
this  way,  the  trees  present  a  more  pleasing  appearance  and  do 
not  show  such  a  stiff  aspect  as  when  shorn  with  the  shears. 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION 


31 


"VMien  priming  is  skilfully  performed,  the  ordinary  observer 
cannot  detect  what  the  primer  has  done.  Pruning  or  disbud- 
ding of  conifers  requires  very  intelligent  observation,  and  one 
should  have  the  desired  results  definitely  in  mind.  Of  course, 
there  are  different  opinions  about  the  pruning  of  conifers,  some 
growers  preferring  to  leave  them  entirely  alone.  However,  a 
little  pruning  and  disbudding  in  the  juvenile  state  develops 
natural  beauty.  This  applies  to  conifers  from  an  ornamental 
standpoint,  but  from  an  economic  or  forestry  point  of  view  this 
priming  has  no  application  whatever. 

The  transplanting  of  conifers.     (Figs.  2,  3.) 

There  is  wide  difference  of  practice  in  the  time  of  year  for 
the  transplanting  of  coniferous  evergreens,  which  means  that 
no  one  season  is  imperative.  John  Dunbar 
writes  that  he  transplants  "conifers  at  all 
times  of  the  year,  excepting  midsummer 
when  they  are  in  full  growth.  The  best 
success  is  secured  in  spring  when  the 
buds  begin  to  swell.  From  the  end  of 
August  to  the  middle  of  September,  if 
there  have  been  abundant  rains  and  the 
ground  has  been  well  soaked,  is  a  very 
good  time  to  move  conifers.  They  may 
be  planted  late  in  autumn  when  circum- 
stances compel  it,  but  there  is  likely  to  be 
a  considerable  percentage  of  loss.  Valu- 
able conifers  that  stand  in  proximity  to 
each  other  and  require  removal  for  better 
development,  can  be  transplanted  in 
winter  successfully  with  large  frozen  balls  '  ,  ^ 

.  1         ,  .  ,  .  2.    A  good  ball  of  earth  for 

on  stone  boats  or  tree-movmg  machmes  transplanting. 


32  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

adapted  to  the  purpose.  The  roots  of  conifers  are  very  sus- 
ceptible to  injury  from  exposure  to  the  air,  and  the  utmost  vigi- 
lance should  be  exercised  to  keep  them  covered  and  moist. 

"The  climate  of  eastern  North  America  is  not  adapted  to 
the  successful  growth  of  many  beautiful  conifers,  and  very  few 
of  the  species  toward  the  Pacific  Coast  succeed  in  the  East. 
This  is  due  not  so  much  to  the  cold  as  to  the  fierce,  sweeping 
dry  winds  of  late  winters.  The  precipitation  of 
moisture  is  much  more  abundant  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  west  of  the  Cascade  Range,  than  it  is  in  the 
Northeastern  States." 

"With  the  exception  of  the  hemlocks  and 
some  of  the  firs,"  writes  George  P.  Brett  from 
experience  in  southern  Connecticut  in  exposed 
situation,   "all   the   evergreens   have  proved 
easy  to  transplant  with  us.     Some  of  them, 
indeed,  can  be  moved  at  any  season  of  the 
year,  but  we  have  usually  found  our  losses 
less  when  the  trees  have  been  transplanted  in 
the  early  spring  months,  this  spring  plant- 
ing being  superior  to  fall  planting  in  this 
section  of  the  country  on  account  of  the 
increasing  winds  of  winter  adversely  af- 
fecting the  fall-planted  tree.    Great  care, 
„   „         J  ,     ,.        .     however,  must  be  taken  to  keep  the  roots 

3.   Prepared  tor  shipment.  ^ 

constantly  wet.  They  must  never  be 
allowed  to  get  at  all  dry,  and  when  transplanting  from  the  wild, 
if  a  ball  of  earth  cannot  be  obtained,  some  means  must  be 
adopted  for  keeping  the  roots  wet  until  they  are  again  planted. 
The  wind  is  also  a  great  enemy  of  the  transplanted  tree, 
especially  of  the  evergreen,  its  mass  of  foliage  catching  the  winds 
as  would  a  sail,  with  the  result  that  newly  planted  trees,  unless 


1'L.vrE  Vll.    A  roadside  plaiiliut^  of  tirs 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  33 

firmly  guyed,  generally  work  a  hole  around  the  stem  of  the 
tree  which  will,  if  unfilled,  eventually  dry  the  roots.  Most  of 
the  losses  in  my  early  plantings  were  due  to  this  cause." 

The  moving  of  large  evergreens.    (Plates  VIII,  IX.) 

The  removal  of  large  conifers,  above  the  usual  nursery  or 
transplanting  sizes,  is  a  special  practice,  and  the  success  of  it 
depends  on  large  experience  and  often  the  use  of  special  hoists 
and  trucks.  The  following  explanation  is  from  the  experience 
of  Henry  Hicks,  as  told  in  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horti- 
culture. 

"Large  evergreens  are  moved  with  a  ball  of  earth  because 
they  have  no  dormant  period,  but  carry  their  foliage  and  need 
moisture  at  all  times  of  the  year.  It  is  essential  that  the  ball  of 
earth  contains  a  sufficient  amount  of  small  fibrous  feeding  roots 
to  support  the  tree  and  that  the  tree  be  kept  well  watered  for 
two  or  more  seasons  until  the  tree  has  spread  its  roots  over 
sufficient  area  to  gather  enough  rainfall  to  sustain  the  normal 
growth.  The  extent  of  fibers  in  the  ball  is  increased  by  trans- 
planting and  root-pruning.  Root-pruning  is  less  essential  with 
trees  having  an  abundance  of  fibrous  roots  than  with  trees 
having  only  a  few  large  coarse  roots  in  the  central  portion. 
Some  trees,  as  white  pine,  will  survive  with  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  roots,  their  drought-resistant  qualities  enabling 
them  to  persist  with  a  small  supply  of  moisture.  Other  ever- 
greens, as  Nordmann's  fir,  have  a  long  carrot-like  tap-root, 
and  the  tree  is  likely  to  die  if  this  is  cut  and  the  tree  given  an 
inadequate  quantity  of  water.  Frequent  nursery  transplanting 
is,  therefore,  necessary  with  this  species. 

"Trees  are  dug  by  starting  a  trench  at  a  radius  from  the  tree 
about  three  feet  wider  than  the  ball  of  earth  to  be  taken.  The 
roots  are  cut  off  on  the  outside  of  the  trench  and  the  soil  dis- 


34  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

sected  out  from  between  the  roots  back  to  the  size  of  the  ball. 
These  roots  are  bent  around  against  the  ball  of  earth  if  they 
are  flexible  enough  to  bend.  If  not  sufficiently  flexible  and 
tractable,  they  are  cut  off. 

"A  canvas  is  made  fifteen  to  twenty-four  inches  deep,  and  is 
made  smaller  at  the  bottom  by  folding  over  a  V  and  sewing  it. 
This  makes  it  fit  a  conical  ball  and,  when  it  is  pulled  up  three 
inches  by  the  cross-lashing  at  the  top,  makes  it  tighter.  The 
canvas  has  cross-ropes  sewed  on  it  with  rings  at  the  top  and 
bottom,  and  on  the  deeper  balls  two  rows  of  rings  in  the  middle. 
The  bottom  rope  is  tightened  by  a  wooden  lever  twenty  inches 
long  with  four  holes,  the  rope  being  looped  through  the  holes 
and  the  lever  thrown  over  to  pull  the  rope  tight.  The  top  rope 
is  then  tied  and  tightened  by  cross-lashing. 

"To  get  the  ball  free  from  the  subsoil,  dig  under  all  around 
and  tip  the  tree  slightly.  Level  off  the  bottom  with  a  fork.  If 
there  are  tap-roots,  tunnel  under  and  cut  them  with  a  saw. 
Put  a  platform  as  far  under  as  possible  and  tip  the  tree  back. 
To  get  the  ball  in  the  center  of  the  platform,  put  a  hammock 
around  the  ball  and  pull.  Hold  the  platform  in  position  by 
crowbars  driven  in  front  of  it.  Lash  the  ball  to  the  platform, 
make  an  incline,  drag  the  platform  out  of  the  hole  onto  a  truck 
or  sled.  Skids  with  small  wheels  set  in  them  about  one  foot 
apart  enable  a  team  to  load  a  ball  quickly.  With  balls  ten  to 
fifteen  feet  in  diameter  and  twenty  inches  deep,  jacks  and  pipe 
rollers  are  needed. 

"Trees  over  ten  feet  need  to  be  tipped  over  to  go  under  wires. 
If  the  canvas  is  put  on  tight  and  at  the  proper  taper,  and  if 
the  ball  is  cut  flat  to  fit  close  to  the  platform  and  lashed  tight 
to  the  platform,  the  tipping  can  be  done  without  the  ball 
shaking  loose.  Sometimes  a  canvas  or  burlap  bottom  can  be 
put  between  the  platform  and  the  ball.    In  unloading,  the  tree 


CULTIVATION    AND     PROPAGATION  35 

is  stood  up,  team  hooked  to  the  platform  and  the  tree  dragged 
off  to  the  ground.  The  tree  may  drop  two  feet  without  injury. 
The  platforms  are  dragged  to  the  hole  and  balls  less  than  four 
feet  rolled  into  the  hole.  Larger  balls  have  the  platform  dragged 
into  the  hole  and  the  platform  pulled  out,  holding  the  tree  in 
position  by  a  hammock.  To  straighten  the  tree,  tramp  the 
earth  solid  under  it  until  it  stands  erect.  Take  off  the  canvas, 
spread  out  the  side  roots,  pack  the  earth  and  anchor  as  with 
deciduous  trees.  Keep  the  ball  moist;  examine  it  once  a  month 
or  more  often  by  digging  or  boring  into  the  ball  during  the 
first  two  years.  Evergreens  moved  with  a  too  small  ball  or 
with  not  enough  fibers  in  the  ball  or  with  the  watering  neg- 
lected, may  grow  three  inches  a  year  for  the  first  two  or 
three  years.  If  properly  moved,  they  wiU  grow  six  inches  or 
more  a  year — half  their  normal  growth. 

"Deciduous  trees  may  be  moved  with  balls  of  earth  by  the 
above  method,  and  it  has  proved  an  aid  with  difficult  species, 
as  beech,  oak,  liquidambar,  tulip.  Especially  when  previously 
transplanted  or  root-pruned,  the  above  trees  three  and  one- 
half  inches  in  diameter  moved  with  a  ball  of  earth  four  feet  in 
diameter  are  very  successful,  while  without  a  ball  many  are 
lost  or  the  growth  is  much  slower.  Investigation  should  be 
made  to  see  whether  this  is  because  of  less  disturbance  of  the 
roots  or  because  there  is  carried  with  the  roots  and  soil  a 
mycelium  of  a  fungus  which  aids  the  roots  to  take  up  plant- 
food  and  moisture. 

"The  time  of  year  for  moving  trees  is  of  minor  importance. 
It  is  overemphasized  by  purchaser,  landscape  architects,  and 
nurserymen,  and  results  in  heavy  financial  loss  to  nurserymen 
in  congesting  sales  and  their  own  planting  in  the  short  spring 
season.  It  greatly  lessens  the  total  amount  of  planting  needed 
for  forest,  shelter-belt,  landscape,  fruit,  and  other  economic 


36  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

purposes.  A  nurseryman  may  plant  all  the  year.  Evergreens 
can  be  taken  up  with  a  ball  of  earth  even  in  May  and  June. 
The  new  growth  may  curve  down.  After  June  20,  the  spruces, 
and  after  July  10,  the  pines,  are  firm  enough  not  to  wilt. 
August-September  sales  with  a  ball  of  earth  are  just  as  success- 
ful as  April.  The  ground  is  warm  and  the  roots  grow  rapidly; 
the  ground  can  be  made  moist.  Weather  in  September  is  less 
dry  than  in  May  and  June. 

"Small  evergreens  up  to  two  feet  high  may  be  planted  in 
August  and  September  from  one  part  of  the  nursery  to  another 
without  balls  of  earth,  if  the  roots  are  very  carefully  dissected 
out  without  breaking.  There  will  be  more  failures  if  the  week 
following  planting  is  hot  and  dry. 

"Planting  with  balls  of  earth  may  continue  all  winter,  espe- 
cially if  the  ground  is  mulched  to  keep  out  the  frost  and  permit 
economical  digging  of  the  tree  and  the  hole.  The  frozen  ball 
of  earth  is  an  old  method,  frequently  referred  to,  but  is  not  an 
aid.  If  the  ball  is  frozen  solid  and  remains  so  for  one  or  two 
months  with  dry  winds,  the  top  may  dry  out  and  die  as  has 
occurred  with  red-cedar.  If  the  ball  is  not  frozen,  sap  can  come 
up  to  take  the  place  of  that  lost  by  transpiration. 

"A  ball  of  earth  three  feet  in  diameter  is  needed  for  an  ever- 
green eight  to  ten  feet  high;  four  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter 
for  an  evergreen  fifteen  feet  high,  except  red-cedar  which  can 
have  a  ball  three  feet;  a  ball  of  earth  twelve  feet  in  diameter  is 
needed  for  a  pine  thirty-five  feet  high.  Root-pruning  pines, 
spruce  and  hemlock  permits  moving  the  following  year  with  a 
smaller  ball  than  otherwise.  In  root-pruning,  the  trench  can 
go  three-quarters  of  the  way  around  or  three  or  four  of  the 
larger  roots  can  be  left  across  the  trench  to  keep  the  tree  from 
blowing  over.  Root-pruning  of  red-cedars  is  of  less  advantage 
and  is  rarely  practised.    In  New  England  and  northern  New 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  37 

York,  the  pine,  spruce  and  hemlock  have  only  a  few  coarse 
roots  just  under  the  surface  and  no  roots  extending  two  feet 
deep.  ^Mien  moved  to  better-drained  soils  on  the  coastal  plain, 
they  develop  deeper  roots  and  have  ten  times  as  many  fibers  in 
a  ball  four  feet  in  diameter.  The  above  evergreens  with  their 
shallow  root-systems  can  be  taken  up  with  a  disc  of  roots,  peat 
and  grass  eight  inches  deep  and  three  to  four  feet  wide.  This 
can  be  set  on  a  wagon  and  trees  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high  easily 
moved.  Less  roots  will  be  broken  or  bare  if  the  ball  is  tied  in 
burlap.  The  usual  cause  of  failure  in  this  operation  is  neglect 
of  watering.  Hemlocks  and  probably  other  trees  will  be  aided 
by  shading  for  the  first  two  months." 

PROPAGATION  OF  CONIFEROUS  EVERGREENS.— Ahrens 

The  conifers  are  multiplied  by  three  general  means,  each  of 
which  may  be  discussed  briefly:  by  seeds,  by  cuttings,  by 
grafts.  This  account  considers  good  nursery  practice  in  the 
growing  of  plants  for  ornamental  planting,  and  particularly  of 
choice  named  stock.  The  growing  of  forest  trees  is  quite  an- 
other undertaking,  on  which  there  is  a  useful  literature;  the 
discussion  of  that  subject  is  not  undertaken  in  this  book. 

Propagation  by  seed. 

The  time  of  gathering  the  seed  of  evergreens  is  very  impor- 
tant, when  the  cones  begin  to  open  near  the  tips  being  the 
proper  time.  The  seed  should  be  gathered  at  once,  otherwise  it 
will  be  lost.  It  should  be  kept  in  a  cool  place  until  sowing. 
Seed  to  be  sown  out-of-doors  should  be  stored  during  winter  in 
a  cool  dry  room  where  the  temperature  does  not  fall  below 
36  degrees  Fahrenheit.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  the  seed  in  the 
cones  until  the  weather  permits  their  sowing.  They  should  be 
sown  in  beds  or  frames,  the  small  seed  broadcast  and  large 


38  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

seed,  like  pinus,  larix,  and  taxodlum,  in  rows.  The  best  soil  is 
sandy  loam.  The  seed  must  be  protected  from  the  birds  with 
cheese-cloth.  When  the  seedlings  have  developed  the  first  two 
leaves  the  cloth  may  be  removed  at  night  and  replaced  during 
the  day,  and  after  they  show  the  typical  growth  the  cloth  may 
be  removed  entirely.  Careful  watering  is  very  necessary.  This 
should  be  done  in  the  morning  with  a  fine  rose,  back  and  forth, 
to  prevent  the  earth  from  forming  a  crust  due  to  flooding. 

During  the  first  winter,  seedlings  should  be  protected  with 
a  few  dry  leaves  thrown  over  them  and  covered  with  evergreen 
boughs.  The  second  winter,  hardy  evergreens  do  not  need 
covering,  with  the  exception  of  Tsuga  canadensis  and  some 
tender  abies. 

When  the  seedlings  are  three  years  old  it  is  time  to  trans- 
plant; however,  larix  and  taxodium  transplant  better  when  two 
years  old.  Transplanting  should  be  performed  before  the 
seedlings  start  the  new  growth,  dipping  the  roots  in  a  bath  of 
good  stiff  clay  dissolved  in  water,  to  prevent  drying.  To  cause 
the  formation  of  a  good  root  system,  these  seedlings  should  be 
transplanted  every  two  years  until  they  are  ready  to  be  set 
permanently.  Evergreens  transplanted  often  will  keep  a  good 
shape  and  ball  and  may  be  moved  any  time  in  spring  or  fall, 
when  those  not  transplanted  will  be  a  total  failure. 

Older  plants  which  become  bare  around  the  base  may  be 
given  new  life  by  digging  around  the  tree  two  feet  deep, 
keeping  out  far  enough  to  prevent  the  cutting  of  any  roots 
and  filling  the  hole  with  good  fertile  soil. 

Tender  evergreens  should  be  sown  in  flats  or  pans  in  the 
greenhouse.  A  drainage  of  broken  pots  of  about  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  should  be  placed  at  the  bottom,  and  the  flat  then 
filled  with  a  mixture  of  good  leaf-mold  and  potting  soil,  with 
enough  sand  to  make  it  mellow.     After  the  seed  is  sown,  it 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  39 

should  be  covered  according  to  size,  the  small  seed  liberally, 
and  large  seed  with  more  covering.  The  flats  are  kept  in  a 
greenhouse  or  frame  with  temperature  about  50  to  60  degrees 
Fahrenheit.  One  should  always  water  in  the  morning.  Careless 
watering  often  spoils  all  the  seedlings  during  the  summer.  The 
seed-flats  should  be  protected  from  the  hot  sun.  When  winter 
comes  the  flats  may  be  placed  in  a  cool  frame  against  a  green- 
house, preferably  being  supplied  with  a  line  of  hot-water  pipes 
to  keep  out  the  frost;  if  this  cannot  be  provided,  a  good  cellar 
will  answer.  In  moderate  weather,  plenty  of  fresh  air  should 
be  furnished.  The  plants  must  not  be  kept  too  wet,  but  care 
should  be  taken  that  they  do  not  dry  out  entirely.  The  second 
year,  about  the  middle  of  September,  the  strong  plants  may 
be  placed  in  pots,  and  planted  out  in  spring;  the  smaller  ones 
may  be  transplanted  in  flats  and  kept  for  another  year,  potting 
in  September  to  be  set  out  in  spring.  After  two  years  the 
transplanting  should  be  repeated. 

Further  advice  on  the  propagation  of  conifers,  particularly 
pines,  by  means  of  seeds  is  given  as  follows  by  E.  Bollinger: 
"The  method  of  propagating  pines  on  a  large  scale  is  by  seeds. 
The  seeds  are  sown  from  the  end  of  March  to  May  15,  depend- 
ing on  weather  and  climatic  conditions.  The  ground  should  be 
prepared  in  the  fall  if  possible. 

"The  preparation  of  the  soil  should  be  most  thorough.  It 
should  not  only  be  plowed  deep,  but  cross-plowed  and  pulver- 
ized until  it  is  in  fine  tilth  and  free  from  all  lumps  and  stones. 
If  the  land  is  poor,  a  liberal  application  of  well-decomposed 
barnyard  manure  should  be  plowed  in,  and  in  the  fall  a  lighter 
application  may  be  given  if  the  ground  is  prepared  in  spring. 
The  best  soil  for  pine  seed-beds  is  a  loam. 

"When  the  land  is  properlj^  prepared,  the  beds  are  staked 
off  uniformly  not  more  than  four  feet  wide,  slightlj^  elevated 


40  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

in  the  center.  This  width  facilitates  sowing,  covering,  and 
weeding  operations.  A  very  Hght  wooden  roller  or  the  back 
of  a  spade  can  be  used  to  smooth  down  the  seed-bed.  Thus 
the  seeds  can  be  seen  easily,  and  a  more  even  sowing  accom- 
plished. Sowing  should  be  done  on  a  calm  day,  covering  the 
seed  with  a  sandy  loam  to  a  depth  of  about  four  times  the 
thickness  of  the  seeds,  and  again  passing  the  roller  over  the 
beds  or  patting  with  back  of  a  spade.  The  beds  should  be 
shaded  either  with  lath  frames  or  overhead  brush  shades,  both 
proving  satisfactory.  The  overhead  brush  shade,  seven  to  nine 
feet  high,  is  perhaps  nearer  to  nature  and  requires  less  care. 
At  no  time  should  the  seed-beds  be  allowed  to  dry  out  until 
the  young  plants  are  sufficiently  developed  and  strong  enough 
to  stand  draught,  which  is  about  seven  to  ten  weeks  after 
sowing.  Lath  frames  should  be  watched  closely  in  damp  or  hot 
weather  and  sufficient  air  supplied,  otherwise  the  tender  seed- 
lings will  suffer  from  dampening,  especially  if  they  have  been  sown 
quite  thick.  Sharp  clean  sand  spread  evenly  to  the  thickness  of 
about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  will  usually  remedy  damping  off. 

"Seed-beds  should  be  kept  clean  from  weeds,  especially 
during  hot  and  dry  weather.  Such  weeds  rooting  deeply  should 
be  removed  carefully,  or  cut  with  a  sharp  knife.  The  slightest 
heaving  of  soil  gives  a  chance  for  the  drying  out  of  the  tender 
seedlings.  The  seed-beds  should  be  covered  in  the  early  winter 
with  clean  marsh  hay  to  the  depth  of  about  one  inch,  to  prevent 
thawing  and  freezing.  This  should  not  be  done  until  the  ground 
is  frozen  to  about  three  to  four  inches.  The  plant  should  be 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  seed-bed  for  two  full  years.  Some 
gardeners  transplant  the  second  year  in  beds  prepared  the  same 
as  the  seed-beds,  where  they  can  easily  be  taken  care  of, 
watered,  and  shaded.  They  should  remain  in  these  beds  for 
one  or  two  years,  and  then  planted  in  a  permanent  position." 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION  41 

Propagation  from  cuttings. 

The  middle  of  September  is  about  the  time  to  begin  propa- 
gating by  cuttings.  The  flats  should  be  eighteen  inches  long, 
fourteen  inches  wide,  and  five  inches  deep.  Three-fourths  of 
an  inch  of  broken  pots  should  be  placed  on  the  bottom,  then 
three-fourths  inch  of  potting  soil,  and  the  remainder  of  the  flat 
filled  with  sand,  which  must  be  tramped  in  with  the  feet  to 
make  it  very  solid.  Loosely  packed  flats  are  not  satisfactory. 
The  sand  for  propagating  should  always  be  covered,  to  pre- 
serve the  natural  moisture  and  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  much 
watering.  Good  lake  sand,  not  too  fine,  is  the  best;  when  this 
cannot  be  obtained,  other  good  sand  can  be  used,  but  it  must 
be  clean  and  not  mixed  with  clay  or  other  binding  material. 

Good  vigorous  cuttings  should  be  taken  from  one-year 
growth  with  a  two-year  heel,  and  trimmed  for  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches.  They  should  be  set  in  the  rows  two  inches  apart, 
using  a  dibble  with  a  blunt  point,  placing  with  the  cut  directly 
on  the  sand.  They  should  then  be  pressed  and  firmed,  for 
cuttings  put  in  loosely  will  not  root  well.  After  a  moderate 
watering,  the  flats  should  be  put  in  an  air-tight  shaded  frame. 

When  the  cuttings  are  beginning  to  heel,  the  flats  may  be 
placed  on  the  sand  in  the  propagating  bench.  Starting  with  a 
moderate  bottom  heat  of  about  65  degrees,  after  a  month  the 
temperature  may  be  raised  to  70  degrees,  care  being  taken  not 
to  dry  the  flats  from  the  bottom.  To  prevent  this,  a  funnel  is 
put  between  the  flats  and  sufficient  water  poured  through  to 
keep  the  sand  on  the  bench  moist. 

At  the  end  of  May  well-rooted  cuttings  may  be  planted  from 
the  flats  in  the  free  ground.  The  cuttings  should  be  carefully 
shaken  out  and  the  roots  dipped  in  dissolved  clay  to  prevent 
the  young  roots  from  becoming  dry.  The  rows  should  be  about 
eight  inches  apart,  and  the  plants  set  at  the  same  depth  as 


42 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


they  stood  before,  packing  the  soil  firmly.    During  the  summer 
the  soil  should  be  loosened  frequently  with  the  garden  hoe. 

Some  of  the  more  slowly  rooting  evergreens,  such  as  retinis- 
pora  or  chameecyparis,  some  junipers.  Thuja  orientalis,  Cedrus 
lihani,  and  all  picea,  should  be  left  in  the  flats  in  a  half  shady 
place  during  summer  and  potted  in  September.  Taxus  cuttings, 
even  if  well  rooted,  should  not  be  planted  out  in  spring,  but 
should  be  potted  in  September  and  kept  over  winter  in  a 
frost-free  frame  or  a  cool  greenhouse. 

Propagation  by  grafting.    (Figs.  4-7.) 

Varieties  which  cannot  be  grown  from  cuttings  or  seed  must 
be  grafted.  If  possible,  the  stock  for  grafting  should  be  potted 
one  year  before  use.  When  potted  in  fall  it  should  be  well 
rooted  before  grafting.  Different  sizes  must  be  selected  as 
it  is  difficult  to  put  a  small  graft  on  a  thick  stock. 

Grafting  should  be  performed  on  stock  in  the  same  class; 
juniperus  should  be  grafted  on  J.  virginiana,  thuja  on  T.  occiden- 
talis,  picea  on  P.  Abies,  abies  on  A.  concolor,  for  although  this 
is  a  more  expensive  stock  it  is  far  better  than  A.  balsamea. 


4.    Stock  of  conifers  for  grafting. 


CULTIVATION    AND    PROPAGATION 


43 


For  Pimis  Jeffreyi,  P.  attenuata,  P.  ponderosa  var.  pendula,  and 
all  other  forms  P.  pojiderosa  stock  should  be  used.  All  pines  re- 
sembling P.  nigra  var.  austriaca  should  be  grafted  on  that  stock. 
Pinus  Strohus  varieties  should  be  grafted  on  that  species,  as 
well  as  P.  cemhroides  vars.  monophylla  and  edulis,  P.  Bungeana, 
P.  flexilis,  and  P.  aristata.  For  P.  Mugo  and  its  var.  Mughus, 
P.  rigida,  and  varieties  of  P.  sijlvestris,  the  latter  should  be 


5.    One-year  grafts. — From  left  to  right:  Abies  numidica, 
Pinus  cembroides  var.  edulis,  Picea  Breweriana. 

employed.  Pinus  resinosa  must  be  used  for  its  varieties  as  they 
will  not  grow  on  any  other  stock.  Varieties  of  tsuga  should  be 
grafted  on  T.  canadensis,  and  forms  of  pseudotsuga  on  P.  taxifolia. 

Plenty  of  sand  should  be  used  in  the  propagating  bench. 
To  prevent  the  heat  from  scorching  the  roots,  the  pots  should 
be  plunged  in  the  sand  and  given  moderate  bottom  heat. 
Plants  potted  a  year  before  should  not  be  plunged  as  they  will 
start  to  grow  without  this  treatment. 

The  time  for  grafting  is  when  the  plants  show  young  roots. 
The  graft  should   be   placed   as    near    the   root   as   possible, 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

making  the  bark  of  graft  and  stock  cor- 
respond and  then  tying  firmly.    The  graft 
should  be  cut  near  the  tip  of  the  tree  when 
there  is  no  frost.    In  four  to  six  weeks 
the  grafts  begin  to  grow  out.    If  the 
bandage  is  cutting  the  bark,  the  strings 
may  be  loosened  at  the  bottom  near 
the  root,  but  the  bandage  must  not  be 
taken  off  entirely.    When  the  graft  is  grow- 
ing well,  the  stock  should  be  cut  back  about 
six  inches  above  the  graft,  leaving  enough 
side  shoots  to  keep  the  stock  growing. 

Before  grafting,  the  stock  should  be 
watered  thoroughly.  In  about  two  or 
three  days,  if  the  grafts 
are  set  well  and  tied 
firmly,  no  water  will 
soak  into  the  cuts,  and 
after  this  they  may  be 
given  water  when  it  is  needed. 

For  about  eight  weeks  the  house  should 
be  kept  closed,  after  which  time  a  little  air 
will  not  harm  the  grafts. 

At  the  end  of  May  the  grafts  may  be 
planted  out.  The  side  shoots  on  pinus,  picea, 
and  abies  should  be  left  on  the  stock.  This 
is  needed  to  root  the  plants  and  may  be  re- 
moved the  following  spring.  Juniperus  and 
thuja  can  be  cut  off  near  the  graft  in  July. 
They  will  grow  all  summer.  The  plants 
should  remain  about  three  years  and  after- 
wards be  transplanted  every  two  years.  7.  The  union  completed. 


Stock  and  cion  of 
white  pine. 


Plate  IX.   Details  In  the  moving  of  a  big  pine 


CHAPTER  III 
ADAPTATION  OF  CONIFERS 

THE  keynote  to  success  with  conifers  is  adaptation;  and 
of  course  the  adaptation  is  really  a  local  problem,  dif- 
fering with  each  separate  place.  A  few  wide-spread  and 
prevalent  species,  as  white  pine,  Austrian  pine,  Norway  spruce, 
arbor-vitse,  can  be  made  to  thrive  under  diverse  conditions, 
but,  for  the  most  part,  each  species  is  peculiar  unto  itself  and 
the  intending  grower  must  read  all  the  notes  he  can  find  on 
the  adaptation  to  his  region,  closely  observe  successes  and 
failures  where  the  plant  has  been  tried;  and  often  he  must  set 
more  plants  than  he  needs,  with  the  expectation  that  some  of 
them  will  succeed.  The  present  chapter  is  mostly  a  record  of 
experience  in  adaptation  in  different  regions. 

CONIFERS  IN  THE  NORTHEASTERN  STATES.— Dukbar 

Conifers  have  formed  a  very  important  part  in  decorative 
gardening  for  hundreds  of  years.  Their  variable  forms  are  well 
adapted  to  many  expressions  of  landscape  gardening  in  parks, 
cemeteries,  private  estates,  and  small  gardens.  Some  of  the 
hardier  forms  are  admirable  for  screens,  protective  belts,  and 
windbreaks. 

In  ornamental  gardening,  the  growing  of  many  conifers, 
with  suiBcient  room  for  spread  of  branches  and  adult  develop- 
ment, so  as  to  give  ample  opportunity  for  individual  expression, 
has  appealed  to  many  devotees  of  gardening  with  keen  artistic 
perceptions,  and  numerous  collections  have  been  established 
on  private  estates  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  A  notable 
collection  of  conifers  was  established  at  Dosoris,  Long  Island, 

(45) 


46  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

New  York  by  the  late  Charles  A.  Dana  about  fifty  years  ago, 
and  was  maintained  for  many  years  in  excellent  cultural 
condition.  Mr.  Dana  loved  them  most  intensely.  Perhaps  the 
most  notable  private  pinetum  in  this  country  at  the  present 
time  is  on  the  Hunnewell  Estate,  Wellesley,  Massachusetts, 
which  had  its  beginning  between  sixty  and  seventy  years  ago, 
by  the  late  H.  H.  Hunnewell,  and  is  still  well  maintained. 
Many  of  the  conifers  have  attained  large  adult  size  and  are  in 
excellent  health. 

The  largest  public  collection  of  conifers  in  this  country  is 
the  pinetum  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mas- 
sachusetts, where  all  of  the  known  hardy  species  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  all  of  the  available  horticultural  forms  are 
assembled.  It  affords  an  excellent  opportunity  for  the  gardener, 
horticulturist,  and  landscape-gardener  to  study  the  particular 
forms  they  have  in  mind  for  special  purposes.  The  next 
largest  public  collection  of  conifers  is  in  the  Arboretum  of 
Highland  Park,  Rochester,  New  York.  The  planting  of  the 
nucleus  of  this  collection  was  in  the  spring  of  1896,  and  many 
of  the  conifers  put  out  at  that  time  have  reached  a  height  of 
thirty-five  to  forty-four  feet. 

Pines. 

It  is  fortunate  that  the  white  pine,  Pinus  Strohus,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  conifers  native  as  far  north  as  New- 
foundland, is  so  well  adapted  to  cultural  conditions.  In  very 
exposed  situations  the  white  pine  may  become  partly  browned 
from  the  sweep  of  cold  penetrating  winds.  Nevertheless,  it 
makes  a  noble  windbreak  when  planted  rather  closely  as  the 
trees  give  mutual  support  to  each  other.  The  plants  may  be 
set  seven  to  eight  feet  apart  and  when  they  begin  to  crowd 
they  should  be  thinned  out  and  planted  elsewhere.    The  white 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  47 

pine  is  a  beautiful  object  standing  alone  on  the  edge  of  a  lawn. 
It  is  highly  ornamental  under  varying  conditions  and  with  its 
horizontal  branches,  slightly  curving  upwards,  succeeds  well 
in  light  sandy  soils. 

The  pyramidal  white  pine,  Pinus  Strobus  var.  fastigiata,  is 
a  noble  plant  in  formal  gardening.  It  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  in  cultivation  many  years  and  specimens  are  not  known 
over  twenty-five  feet  tall.  The  dwarf  white  pine,  P.  Strobus 
var.  nana,  forms  a  low  round  bush  which  in  ten  years  does  not 
exceed  three  feet  in  height.  This  is  a  most  important  variety 
in  a  situation  in  which  a  low  conifer  is  required. 

The  Swiss  stone  pine,  Pinus  Cembra,  from  central  Europe, 
is  of  remarkable  beauty  and  quite  hardy,  as  the  foliage  is  not 
browned  by  the  coldest  winters.  In  its  juvenile-  state  it  forms 
a  dense  pyramid  and  is  of  very  slow  growth.  This  pine  is  well 
adapted  to  situations  in  which  space  is  much  restricted.  It 
requires  moist  good  soil. 

The  limber  pine,  Pinus  flexilis,  from  the  mountains  of 
California  and  New  Mexico,  has  usually  horizontal  and  pendu- 
lous branches,  forming  a  very  beautiful  outline.  Its  leaves  are 
short  and  rigid  and  look  quite  different  from  other  white  pines. 
It  is  quite  hardy,  of  slow  growth,  and  seems  to  thrive  best  at 
the  base  of  a  slope  where  moisture  is  abundant,  but  well  drained. 

The  Korean  white  pine,  Pinus  horaiensis,  is  not  a  common 
conifer  in  American  parks  or  gardens,  although  it  was  intro- 
duced many  years  ago.  The  branches  spread  horizontally, 
but  are  somewhat  divergent  and  are  inclined  in  some  individuals 
to  be  rather  thin.  It  is  very  hardy  and  of  slow  growth,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  restricted  situations.  Occasional  removal  of  the  cen- 
tral buds  in  spring  to  produce  a  dense  lateral  growth  is  beneficial. 

The  Japanese  white  pine,  Pinus  parviflora,  has  a  very 
characteristic  aspect.    The  short  leaves  give  a  tufted,  crowded 


48  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

appearance.  The  branches  are  usually  horizontal  and  occasion- 
ally somewhat  divergent,  and  the  habit  picturesque.  There  are 
fine  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  It 
is  not  particular  about  soil  conditions.  A  very  decorative  form 
or  variety  with  silvery-bluish  leaves  appears  amongst  seedlings 
occasionally. 

The  tree  sometimes  called  the  Macedonian  white  pine, 
Pinus  Pence,  from  the  mountains  of  southeastern  Europe, 
bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  Swiss  stone  pine  in  its 
pyramidal  habit.  It  is  slow  growing  and  quite  hardy  and  well 
adapted  to  small  ornamental  grounds.  It  appears  more  subject 
to  the  attacks  of  the  pine-leaf  scale  than  any  other  white  pine. 

The  Bhotan  white  pine,  Pinus  excelsa,  from  the  Himalayas, 
is  characterized  by  handsome  long  leaves  frequently  eight  inches 
in  length.  The  branches  are  horizontal,  drooping,  and  oc- 
casionally divergent.  A  well-developed  individual  on  the 
border  of  a  lawn  is  an  object  of  much  beauty.  A  fine  specimen, 
fifty  feet  in  height,  is  now  standing  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Genesee  Valley  Club,  East  Avenue,  Rochester,  New  York. 
A  number  of  individuals  have  been  lost  from  the  stems  being 
punctured  by  sapsuckers,  and  they  appear  to  "bleed  to  death." 
There  is  no  remedy  for  this,  except,  perhaps,  to  destroy  these 
birds  and  this  is  not  permitted  by  law. 

The  Mexican  white  pine,  Pinus  Ayacaliuite,  native  in 
Mexico,  has  long  leaves  and  bears  some  resemblance  to  the 
Bhotan  white  pine.  The  horizontal  slender  branches  are  some- 
times inclined  to  droop,  which  gives  the  tree  a  most  graceful 
appearance.  This  pine  has  a  reputation  for  being  tender,  but 
it  passed  through  the  very  cold  winter  of  1917  and  1918  a 
little  browned  but  recovered  thoroughly.  It  should  be  planted 
in  a  situation  well  protected  from  the  sweep  of  the  prevailing 
cold  winds  and  in  moist,  well-drained  soil. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  49 

The  mountain  or  western  white  pine,  Pinus  monticola, 
native  from  British  Cokimbia  to  northern  Cahfornia  and 
Montana,  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  eastern  white  pine. 
The  leaves  are  a  little  stiffer  and  shorter  than  in  the  latter.  It 
grows  very  slowly  in  the  East,  and  the  largest  specimen  is 
perhaps  twenty-five  feet  tall.  It  never  shows  the  slightest 
signs  of  injury  from  cold.  The  habit  is  broadly  pyramidal, 
and  it  appears  to  be  a  good  plant  for  small  gardens. 

The  single-leaf,  or  pinon  pine,  Pinus  cembroides  var.  mono- 
phylla,  is  a  native  of  dry  regions  from  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Ari- 
zona. It  forms  a  dense  broad  pyramid  about  ten  feet  tall.  It 
always  attracts  attention  from  connoisseurs  on  conifers  because 
of  its  distinctive  characters.    The  foliage  is  bluish-green. 

Amongst  the  three-leaved  pines  the  most  useful  species  is 
the  bull  pine,  Pinus  ponderosa,  native  from  British  Columbia 
to  western  Texas.  There  are  individuals  of  this  handsome  pine 
in  Rochester,  New  York,  fifty  to  sixty  years  old  and  sixty  to 
seventy  feet  tall,  in  perfect  health.  It  passes  through  the 
severest  winters  without  injury.  The  branches  are  spreading 
and  variously  curving.  The  long  handsome  leaves  are  thickly 
disposed  on  the  branches,  and  the  whole  aspect  when  well 
developed  is  very  dignified.  The  bull  pine  seems  most  at  home 
in  a  well-drained  moist  soil  at  the  base  of  a  slope  or  in  a  ravine. 
The  variety  pendula  has  very  long  drooping  leaves,  with  the 
branches  slightly  pendulous,  and  is  very  distinctive.  There  is 
an  excellent  example  of  this  pendulous  variety  on  the  grounds 
of  the  late  W.  C.  Barry,  forty  feet  tall.  A  variety  known  as 
scopulorum  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  smaller  than  the  type. 
Plants  in  the  Pinetum  are  now  five  to  six  feet  tall  and  look 
very  promising. 

Jeffrey  pine,  Pinus  Jeffreyi,  from  southern  Oregon  to 
California,  is  much  rarer  in  cultivation  than  the  bull  pine. 


50  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

It  forms  a  narrow  pyramidal  outline.  The  leaves  are  dense 
and  bluish-green,  and  it  is  quite  hardy.  It  has  attained  a  height 
of  thirty-four  feet  in  the  Pinetum  in  twenty-six  years. 

The  lace-bark  pine,  Pinus  Bungeana,  from  China,  has 
slender  curving  branches  and  forms  a  dense  tree.  When  it 
passes  the  juvenile  state,  the  bark  of  the  main  bole  begins  to 
assume  a  peculiar,  flaky,  light  gray  aspect.  It  grows  slowly  and 
has  a  bushy  appearance  for  a  number  of  years.  It  is  quite 
hardy.  The  bark  on  the  stems  of  adult  trees  in  China  is  said 
to  be  white. 

The  pitch  pine,  Pinus  rigida,  native  throughout  the  North- 
eastern States,  is  likely  to  be  despised  by  some  planters,  but 
it  adds  a  picturesque  appearance  in  adult  age  to  the  landscape. 
It  will  grow  and  look  happy  in  pure  sand.  It  is,  therefore,  to 
be  recommended  for  sandy  areas  and  slopes. 

The  knob-cone  pine,  Pinus  attenuata,  has  done  surprisingly 
well  in  the  Pinetum.  It  is  mostly  native  west  of  the  Cascade 
Range.  It  is  now  twelve  feet  tall,  and  has  been  growing  for 
eighteen  years.  It  has  been  badly  browned  in  severe  winters, 
but  has  always  recovered. 

Coulter  pine,  Pinus  Coulteri,  and  Sabine  pine,  P.  Sabi- 
niana,  beautiful  three-leaved  species  from  the  West,  did  very 
well  in  the  Pinetum  for  about  seven  years,  but  were  killed  out- 
right by  a  severe  winter. 

Amongst  the  two-leaved  species,  the  red  or  Norway  pine, 
Pinus  resinosa,  native  throughout  the  Northeastern  States  to 
Newfoundland,  is  perhaps  the  most  useful  for  ornamental 
planting.  It  is  very  hardy  and  adapts  itself  to  many  situations 
and  soils.  It  appears  to  do  remarkably  well  in  clay  soil.  When 
isolated  it  forms  a  broad  round  head  towards  adult  age.  The 
foliage  is  abundant  and  massive.  For  the  landscape-gardener 
this  is  a  most  important  pine  for  bold  effects. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  51 

The  Swiss  mountain  pine,  Pinus  Mugo,  from  the  mountains 
of  central  Europe,  has  an  ascending  shrub-Hke  habit,  from  a 
wide  base,  and  grows  to  twenty  feet  or  more  in  height.  It  is 
very  hardy  and  does  not  brown  in  the  coldest  winter.  It  is 
very  important  for  small  gardens. 

The  mugho  pine,  Pinus  Mugo  var.  Mughus,  is  exceedingly 
variable.  Occasionally  it  forms  a  low  mat  on  the  ground  not 
over  three  feet  high  and  twenty  feet  across  and  again  it  will 
grow  to  a  height  of  fifteen  feet  and  form  a  broad  rounded 
mound.  A  low  variety  is  sold  under  the  name  of  compacta,  and 
is  a  most  desirable  plant  for  many  situations.  The  mugho 
pine  in  its  many  forms  is  one  of  the  most  important  low  pines 
for  parks  and  gardens,  as  it  is  well  suited  to  different  soils  and 
exposures.    It  is  not  injured  in  the  bleakest  exposures. 

The  Scotch  pine,  Pinus  sylvestris,  has  been  planted  exten- 
sively in  this  country  and  various  opinions  are  expressed  about 
its  utility.  It  maintains  a  good  appearance  from  fifty  to  seventy 
years  in  most  cases,  other  conditions  being  equal.  It  grows 
rapidly  and  is  absolutely  hardy.  The  branches  are  usually 
spreading  and  sometimes  pendulous,  and  when  well  grown  it 
is  ornamental.  Adult  trees  are  characterized  by  yellowish- 
brown  bark  which  is  quite  ornamental  in  a  winter  landscape. 
As  a  protective  tree  in  a  windbreak,  the  Scotch  pine  is  one  of 
the  best  and  does  well  in  poor  soil.  There  is  a  form,  var. 
argentea,  with  silvery-blue  leaves,  which  is  very  distinctive. 
There  are  two  dwarf  varieties,  pumila  and  Watereri,  which  are 
excellent  for  small  places  and  useful  in  rock-gardening.  An 
upright  columnar  form,  var.  fastigiata,  is  now  in  the  trade. 

The  typical  form  of  the  Austrian  pine,  Pinus  nigra,  native 
through  Europe  to  western  Asia,  is  proving  very  satisfactory. 
Plants  raised  from  seeds  collected  by  the  late  Henry  J.  Elwes, 
in  Bosnia,  are  now  twenty-five  feet  tall.    The  stout  branches 


52  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

form  a  very  symmetrical  pyramidal  head  with  the  upper 
branches  ascending.  The  leaves  are  very  dark  green.  This 
species  is  rare  in  cultivation  in  this  country.  The  var.  aus- 
triaca  is  planted  as  extensively  as  the  Scotch  pine.  With  its 
stout  spreading  branches  and  large  dark  green  leaves,  a  well- 
developed  Austrian  pine  is  an  object  of  much  beauty.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy  in  the  coldest  exposures,  and  makes  an  excel- 
lent windbreak  as  it  grows  rapidly.  It  seems  to  maintain  itself 
well  in  this  country  for  at  least  sixty  to  seventy  years.  The 
Crimean  pine,  P.  nigra  var.  Pallasiana,  with  stout  branches, 
thin  branching  habit,  and  dark  green  prominent  leaves,  is  now 
thirty  feet  tall  at  Highland  Park.  The  Pyrenean  pine,  P. 
nigra  var.  cehennensis,  is  a  low-growing  form  with  a  broad 
base  and  orange-colored  branchlets. 

The  Japanese  red  pine,  Pinus  densiflora,  in  fifteen  years 
forms  a  handsome  round-topped  tree.  During  the  severe 
winter  of  1917  and  1918  it  suffered  considerable  injury,  but 
quickly  recovered.  The  var.  umbraculifera  is  perhaps  better 
known  in  gardens  than  the  type,  and  forms  a  low,  round  bushy 
top.    It  is  a  most  excellent  plant  in  formal  gardening. 

Thunberg  pine,  Pinus  Thunbergii,  from  Japan,  has  a  very 
thin  branching  habit,  with  heavy  branches  somewhat  sprawling. 
It  is  not  handsome  but  has  a  picturesque  appearance  and  is 
quite  hardy.  In  twenty  years  it  forms  a  tree  twenty- three 
feet  tall. 

The  jack  pine,  Pinus  Banhsiana,  has  no  ornamental  value, 
but  to  some  persons  it  has  a  picturesque  appearance.  It  is 
very  hardy,  as  it  grows  as  far  north  as  Hudson  Bay.  It  does 
well  on  sandy  slopes.  The  slender  branches  are  spreading  and 
occasionally  much  divergent. 

The  table  mountain  pine,  Pinus  pungens,  native  from  New 
Jersey  to  North  Carolina,  has  a  decidedly  flat-topped  pictur- 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  53 

esque  appearance,  quite  distinct  from  any  other  pine.  After 
ten  to  fifteen  years  specimens  mostly  assume  a  yellow,  sickly 
appearance.  This  pine  appears  to  be  quite  hardy.  The  cones 
are  very  persistent,  clinging  tenaciously  to  the  branches  for 
ten  or  fifteen  years,  perhaps  longer,  and  are  difiicult  to  remove. 

Larches. 

The  Chinese  golden-larch,  Pseudolarix  amahilis,  is  an  elegant 
ornamental  tree.  The  branches  are  long  and  spreading  and 
very  irregularly  whorled,  with  the  lower  ones  horizontal 
and  the  upper  ascending.  The  branchlets  are  yellowish-brown. 
The  leaves  are  deciduous,  light  pale  green,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  in  dense  spire-like  clusters.  The  foliage  turns  to  a  clear 
deep  yellow  in  the  autumn.  It  requires  a  light,  sandy,  moist, 
loamy  soil  to  be  in  good  condition.  It  is  quite  hardy,  and  the 
oldest  trees  in  this  couittry  show  no  signs  of  failing.  The 
largest  trees  at  Highland  Park  are  twenty-six  feet  tall,  eighteen 
years  planted. 

The  larches  are  deciduous  conifers,  but  all  are  beautiful 
ornamental  trees.  The  European  larch,  Larix  decidua,  com- 
monly distributed  throughout  central  and  northern  Europe, 
is  a  valuable  tree  for  parks  and  private  estates.  The  habit  is 
pyramidal  and  often  forms  a  long  spire-like  top  in  adult  trees. 
The  branches  have  a  yellowish-straw  color.  The  fine  deep 
green  leaves,  which  when  unfolding  in  spring  have  a  yellowish- 
coppery  tinge  and  in  autumn  assume  a  yellowish-bronze  color, 
are  very  attractive.  The  European  larch  does  very  well  in 
light  sandy  soil  and  grows  rapidly. 

A  hybrid  between  Larix  decidua  and  L.  Kaempferi  (L. 
eurolepis)  which  appeared  in  Scotland,  is  growing  rapidly  in 
the  Pinetum.  The  young  trees  are  still  small  but  they  are 
making  good  progress. 


54  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  Japanese  larch,  Larix  Kaempferi  (L.  leptolepis),  has 
very  broad  horizontal  branches,  which  curve  upward  and  form 
a  very  broad  pyramid.  The  leaves  have  a  bluish-gray  tinge.  The 
branchlets  are  characterized  by  a  reddish-brown  color.  In  the 
autumn  the  leaves  turn  deep  yellow.  Japanese  larch  does 
excellently  in  cultivation,  and  is  a  most  desirable  ornamental. 

The  American  larch  or  tamarack,  Larix  laricina,  native  from 
Manitoba  to  Pennsylvania,  is  usually  found  in  swamps  and 
very  damp  soil.  It  forms  a  narrow  pyramidal  head  when 
young,  but  in  old  age  it  is  often  very  irregular  in  outline,  and 
the  branches,  particularly  in  adult  trees,  are  arranged  very 
irregularly.  The  tamarack,  when  isolated  and  well  developed, 
is  a  very  ornamental  tree.  Although  usually  native  in  wet 
soils,  it  does  very  well  in  ordinary  well-drained  ground. 

The  Dahurian  larch,  Larix  dahurica,  from  east  Siberia,  has 
very  wide-spreading  branches,  much  more  so  than  in  any  other 
larch.  The  branchlets  have  a  slightly  glaucous  tinge.  The 
leaves  are  a  deep  olive-green  color.  It  is  slow  growing,  but  is 
highly  ornamental.  Var.  Principis  Rupprechtii  is  doing  very 
well  at  Highland  Park.  The  seedlings  are  young,  but  they  give 
good  promise  of  becoming  well  established. 

Cedrus. 

The  cedar  of  Lebanon,  Cedrus  libani,  native  on  the  Lebanon 
Mountains  and  in  northern  Africa,  is  one  of  the  noblest 
conifers.  The  geographical  form  that  has  been  commonly 
cultivated  in  Europe  and  in  some  parts  of  this  country  is  not 
hardy  in  western  New  York  or  in  any  part  of  New  England. 
Many  years  ago  C.  S.  Sargent  had  seeds  collected  on  the 
highest  mountains  in  Asia  Minor,  where  the  species  occurs. 
This  race,  fortunately,  has  proved  to  be  quite  hardy  at  the 
Arnold  Arboretum,  and  the  young  trees  are  now  of  considerable 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  55 

size.  It  is  very  satisfactory  at  Rochester.  The  stout  horizontal 
branches,  radiating  very  irregularly  and  forming  a  broad  head, 
present  a  picturesque  appearance.  It  requires  a  warm,  rich, 
well-drained  soil. 

The  Atlas  cedar,  Cednis  ailantica,  and  the  var.  glauca 
failed  in  western  New  York  in  severe  winters.  In  Long  Island 
and  New  Jersey,  however,  they  succeed  remarkably  well, 
and  healthy  specimens  can  be  seen  on  various  estates. 

Heinlocks. 

The  hemlock,  Tsuga  canadensis,  is  native  from  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Wisconsin  south  to  northern  Georgia.  Although  the 
species  grows  far  north,  when  it  is  planted  in  situations 
exposed  to  the  sweep  of  cold  dry  winds,  it  is  likely  to  be  badly 
browned  on  the  sides  exposed  to  the  winds.  The  plant  is 
usually  gregarious  in  a  wild  state  in  gulches,  valleys,  and 
river-gorges  where  moisture  is  abundant  and  naturally  well 
drained,  and  depends  on  mutual  support  by  growing  in  masses. 
The  hemlock  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  conifers,  and  it  is 
indeed  fortunate  that  such  a  lovely  conifer  can  be  cultivated 
in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  the  northeastern  United  States. 
The  slender  branchlets  droop  gracefully,  and  in  a  well- 
developed  individual  the  lights  and  shadows  are  displayed  with 
fine  effect.  The  late  Josiah  Hoopes,  a  great  admirer  of  conifers, 
declared  that  if  he  were  restricted  to  one  evergreen,  he  would 
surely  select  the  hemlock.  In  a  well-protected  situation  on  the 
lawn,  the  tree  retains  the  lower  branches  for  many  years.  It 
is  a  mistake  to  plant  the  hemlock  in  a  Aty,  poor  soil.  The  tree 
makes  a  very  beautiful  protective  screen  or  belt,  other  cultural 
conditions  being  equal.  When  skilfully  managed  it  produces 
a  most  beautiful  hedge  and  stands  the  shears  well.  The  var. 
pendida  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  pendulous  conifers,  and 


56  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

forms  a  flat,  broad,  low  top,  with  branchlets  drooping  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Fortunately,  this  handsome  plant  is 
sold  in  many  American  nurseries.  Var.  glohosa  is  a  low  bushy 
form,  well  adapted  to  restricted  situations  in  the  garden. 
Var.  atrovirens  is  dense  and  compact,  forming  a  low,  broad 
pyramid.  It  appears  to  attain  a  height  of  twenty  feet  and 
perhaps  much  higher. 

The  Carolina  hemlock,  Tsuga  caroliniana,  native  from  the 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  is  very  distinct 
in  its  character  from  the  common  hemlock.  It  is  a  smaller- 
growing  tree  and  has  a  more  compact  habit  of  growth.  The 
foliage  is  very  dark  green.  The  largest  specimens  at  Highland 
Park  are  twenty  feet  tall.  Its  cones  are  much  larger  than 
those  of  the  common  hemlock.  In  the  autumn,  when  the 
branches  are  loaded  with  the  yellowish-brown  cones  with  the 
scales  fully  opened,  it  is  an  object  of  singular  beauty.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  requires  a  cool,  moist,  well-drained  soil. 

The  Japanese  hemlock,  Tsuga  diversifolia,  forms  a  bushy 
habit  in  cultivation,  with  a  number  of  stems.  Wilson  says  it 
forms  a  tree  eighty  feet  tall  in  Japan.  It  does  not  attain  any- 
thing like  that  height  in  this  country.  The  conspicuous  white 
lines  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  contrast  very  markedly 
with  the  dark  green  on  the  upper  surfaces. 

Siebold  hemlock,  Tsuga  Sieboldii,  from  Japan,  is  not  as 
hardy  as  T.  diversifolia.  It  forms  a  low  bushy  tree  and  does 
not  exceed  six  feet  in  height  in  ten  years.  It  should  be  planted 
in  a  sheltered  situation.  Wilson  says  that  in  Japan,  in  native 
conditions,  it  grows  to  about  the  same  height  as  T.  diversifolia. 

Douglas  fir. 

The  so-called  Douglas  spruce,  or  red  fir  of  lumbermen, 
Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  is  another  of  the  few  conifers  from  the 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  57 

western  side  of  the  continent  that  does  excellently^  in  the  North- 
ern and  Northeastern  States.  It  is,  however,  the  form  from 
the  interior  that  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the  East.  The  beauty 
of  the  Douglas  spruce  is  difficult  to  exaggerate.  Typical 
color  of  the  foliage  is  dark  yellow-green,  but  seedlings  often 
appear  with  glaucous-bluish  foliage.  It  forms  a  handsome 
pyramidal  outline.  The  branches  are  very  irregularly  whorled 
or  circled  on  the  stem  and  it  differs  very  much  from  a  spruce 
or  fir  in  this  respect.  Branches  are  also  horizontal,  with  a 
slight  curve  downward  in  the  center,  and  turn  up  gracefully 
at  the  ends.  Occasionally  they  are  slightly  divergent.  In 
moist  well-drained  soil  it  grows  rapidly  and  attains  a  height 
of  thirty-five  feet  in  twenty-six  years.  Douglas  spruce  planted 
on  porous  sandy  slopes  does  not  grow  as  rapidly  as  in  more 
congenial  conditions,  but  it  forms  a  sturdy  dense  growth  and 
presents  an  excellent  appearance.  A  well-developed  individual 
on  the  edge  of  a  lawn,  with  plenty  of  room  for  spread  of 
branches,  is  a  beautiful  object.  Var.  glohosa  is  a  low-growing 
bushy  form  well  adapted  to  gardening  in  restricted  situations. 
Var.  jpendula,  with  the  branches  drooping  at  the  ends,  is  highly 
ornamental.  Var.  fastigiata,  with  upright  branches,  forms  a 
narrow  pyramid;  whilst  there  is  a  var.  fastigiata  in  the  trade, 
a  spontaneous  seedling  that  occurred  under  the  observation 
of  the  writer  is  here  particularly  referred  to. 

Spruces. 

The  spruces  are  remarkably  beautiful  trees  in  parks  and 
gardens  when  well  grown  and  healthy.  Their  pyramidal  out- 
lines, with  the  branches  commonly  arranged  in  circles  or 
whorls,  present  a  graceful  appearance.  The  spruces,  as  a  rule, 
are  not  as  well  adapted  to  dry  sandy  soils  as  are  pines.  While 
nearly  all  of  them  will  not  thrive  in  cold  wet  soils,  they  prefer 


58  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

a  moist  sandy  loam  thoroughly  well  drained.  In  native  condi- 
tions spruces  appear  to  be  at  home  on  hill  and  mountain  slopes 
where  moisture  is  abundant  but  never  stagnant. 

Engelmann  spruce,  Picea  Engelmanni,  native  from  British 
Columbia  to  New  Mexico,  is  a  tree  of  singular  beauty.  The 
strictly  pyramidal  outline,  with  the  branches  closely  arranged 
in  circles  and  maintained  to  the  base,  renders  it  particularly 
desirable  for  ornamental  grounds.  The  lower  branches  are 
maintained  under  average  conditions  from  forty  to  fifty  years, 
and  it  will  probably  compare  favorably  with  any  other  spruce 
in  this  respect.  As  far  as  the  writer's  observations  are  con- 
cerned, it  is  very  rare  for  any  spruce  to  maintain  all  of  the 
lower  branches  during  its  entire  life,  that  is,  for  one  hundred 
years  or  more  in  cultivation  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

The  Colorado  spruce,  Picea  pungens,  native  throughout 
parts  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  New  Mexico,  is 
perhaps  one  of  the  most  popularly  planted  conifers  at  the 
present  time.  In  its  juvenile  state  it  is  very  beautiful,  with  a 
dense  pyramidal  outline,  but,  unfortunately,  in  twenty  or 
twenty-five  years  it  begins  to  lose  the  lower  branches,  and 
usually  presents  an  unhappy  appearance.  The  oldest  specimen 
at  Highland  Park  is  about  thirty  years  old,  and  the  lower 
branches  from  about  one-fourth  of  the  stem  have  died. 
Amongst  the  various  forms  with  glaucous,  bluish,  and  silvery 
foliage,  perhaps  the  var.  Kosteriana  with  silvery-bluish  foliage 
is  the  most  distinct.  The  var.  glauca  pendula  has  bluish  foliage 
and  pendulous  branches.  This  form  is  so  very  pendulous  that 
it  requires  a  stout  stake  when  it  attains  considerable  size,  to 
prevent  it  from  tumbling  over.  The  var.  compacta,  a  low  bush 
form,  is  an  excellent  plant  for  decorative  gardening  in  formal 
conditions. 

The  oriental  spruce,  Picea  orientalis,  native  from  the  Caucasus 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  59 

west  into  Asia,  is  a  tree  of  remarkable  beauty.  The  small  dark 
green  leaves,  very  much  crowded  and  appressed  on  the 
branches,  give  it  a  charming  appearance.  Branches  are  spread- 
ing and  ascending,  and  when  in  perfect  health  and  vigor 
are  thickly  disposed  from  base  to  apex.  It  retains  its  lower 
branches  as  well  as  any  spruce  in  cultivation  in  the  North- 
eastern States.  The  plant  partially  suffered  during  the  winter 
of  1917  and  1918,  but  soon  recovered.  Near  the  entrance  of 
Riverside  Cemetery,  Rochester,  New  York,  are  two  beautiful 
groups  of  the  oriental  spruce  planted  thirty  years  ago.  The 
leader  is  occasionally  attacked  by  the  white-pine  borer.  A  low 
variety  of  this  spruce  is  known  as  nana,  with  wide-spreading 
branches,  very  desirable  for  small  gardens. 

The  Servian  spruce,  Picea  Omorilca,  from  the  Balkan  region, 
gives  much  promise.  It  belongs  botanically  to  a  small  group  of 
spruces  in  which  the  leaves  are  flat  or  flattish,  and  it  is  the  only 
one  in  this  group  of  cultural  promise  in  the  Northeast.  The 
habit  is  narrow-pyramidal,  with  the  branches  ascending  and 
spreading.  The  branchlets  are  often  slightly  upturned,  dis- 
closing the  dark  green  under  side  of  the  leaves  in  contrast 
with  the  silvery  lines  on  the  upper  surface.  This  spruce  requires 
well-drained,  moist,  deep,  rich  soil  to  be  in  perfect  health.  It 
is  quite  hardy.    The  leader  is  sometimes  attacked  by  a  borer. 

The  flat-leaved  spruce  from  Japan,  known  as  Yeddo  spruce, 
Picea  jezoensis,  after  a  few  years  in  cultivation  looks  so  unhappy 
that  nothing  can  be  said  in  favor  of  its  cultivation.  When 
quite  young  it  has  a  pretty  appearance,  but,  unfortunately, 
this  soon  disappears. 

The  Iramomi  spruce,  Picea  bicolor,  from  Japan,  is  decidedly 
promising,  but  it  is  rare  in  cultivation.  There  are  individuals 
in  the  Hunnewell  Pinetum  fifty  feet  in  height  and  branched  to 
the  base,  in  perfect  health  and  very  handsome.  . 


60  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  white  spruce,  Picea  glauca  {P.  canadensis),  most 
decidedly  requires  a  cool,  moist,  well-drained  soil  to  be  happy. 
Under  such  conditions  it  forms  a  dense  pyramidal  habit.  It 
usually  has  light  green-bluish  foliage.  The  branches  are  as- 
cending and  horizontal,  and  often  the  branchlets  are  pendulous. 
White  spruce  is  largely  planted  and  often  placed  in  dry 
sandy  conditions  where  it  is  attacked  by  red-spider,  and  it 
then  presents  an  unattractive  appearance.  The  writer  has 
often  seen  it  in  northern  Ontario,  Canada,  in  groves  and 
isolated,  sixty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  the  individuals  standing 
alone  densely  branched  to  the  base,  in  perfect  symmetry, 
and  no  spruce  could  appear  more  ornamental.  A  remarkably 
dwarf  interesting  form  of  the  white  spruce  is  now  known  under 
the  name  of  P.  glauca  alhertiana  conica.  It  was  discovered  by 
J.  G.  Jack,  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  near  Loggan  in  Alberta 
in  1904.  It  has  a  distinctly  conical  habit  and  is  believed  not 
to  grow  at  any  time  over  three  to  three  and  one-half  feet.  This 
interesting  plant  is  now  being  distributed  by  some  nurseries 
and  will  be  very  valuable  in  formal  gardening. 

The  Norway  spruce,  Picea  Abies  (P.  excelsa),  is  perhaps 
planted  more  extensively  than  any  other  spruce  in  the  North- 
ern and  Northeastern  States.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
experience  after  many  years  shows  it  to  be  unfitted  for  this 
country.  The  greater  number  of  the  Norway  spruces  in  this 
region  after  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  years  begin  to  go  back- 
ward. The  tree  is  quite  hardy,  but  the  climatic  conditions  do 
not  seem  to  suit  it.  In  dry  sandy  soil  it  invariably  is  attacked 
by  red-spider.  Occasionally  it  is  seen  in  adult  age  in  healthy 
condition  in  valleys  or  on  slopes  in  deep,  cool,  moist,  well- 
drained  soil.  It  is  a  magnificent  forest  tree  in  central 
Europe.  When  a  quick,  effective,  evergreen  windbreak  is  de- 
sired, provided  the  soil  is  fairly  moist,  it  serves  this  purpose 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  61 

very  well  for  many  years.  In  adult  individuals  the  branches 
are  stout  and  spreading,  with  frequently  long  pendulous 
branchlets  suspended  from  the  main  branches,  and  in  a  healthy 
tree  this  habit  appears  highly  ornamental.  There  are  a  number 
of  pendulous,  columnar,  and  dwarf  varieties  of  the  Norway 
spruce.  The  dwarf  varieties  appear  to  show  more  virility  than 
the  type.  The  vars.  Gregoryana,  Maxwellii,  Ellwangeriana, 
microsperma,  Clanbrasiliana,  and  nana  have  variously  formed 
low  bushy  and  conical  habits.  They  are  excellent  plants  for 
many  situations  in  ornamental  gardening  where  low  evergreens 
are  required.  In  twenty-five  years  some  of  these  very  slow- 
growing  dwarf  forms  will  not  attain  over  three  feet  in  height. 

The  black  spruce,  Picea  mariana,  native  from  Canada  to 
Virginia,  and  often  abundant  in  swampy  or  wet  grounds,  does 
not  succeed  well  in  cultivation  in  western  New  York.  After 
ten  to  fifteen  years  it  presents  an  unattractive  appearance. 
Var.  Doumettii  does  remarkably  well  and  is  very  promising. 
It  forms  a  dense  conical  pyramid  with  the  branches  crowded. 
In  fifteen  years  it  does  not  exceed  nine  feet  in  height.  Var. 
nana  is  a  low  dense  mat,  which  ultimately  assumes  a  sub- 
globose  habit.  It  seems  to  retain  health  and  vigor  after  many 
years. 

The  tigertail  spruce,  Picea  polita,  from  Japan,  is  one  of  the 
most  distinct  species,  with  its  rigid  leaves  and  stout  branches. 
It  requires  a  moist  rich  soil  and  a  well-protected  situation, 
and  under  such  conditions  it  is  quite  hardy.  In  some  parts  of 
the  country  it  is  alleged  to  lose  the  lower  branches  early,  but 
trees  in  the  Northeastern  States  after  twenty-five  years  are 
retaining  the  lower  branches  remarkably  well. 

Picea  Maximowiczii,  from  Japan,  is  a  very  rare  spruce  in 
cultivation.  It  has  short  stout  leaves  and  slender  branches 
spreading  and  ascending,  and  inclined  to  be  slightly  divergent. 


62  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

It  is  very  slow-growing  and  in  fifteen  years  does  not  exceed 
seventeen  feet  in  height. 

Picea  Schrenkiana,  from  Siberia  and  north  China,  is  quite 
promising  and  hardy  in  a  young  state.  The  habit  is  dense  and 
the  leaves  are  deep  green.  There  are  no  large  individuals  of 
this  spruce  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 

The  red  spruce,  Picea  rubra,  native  from  Canada,  northern 
New  York  to  Pennsylvania  and  North  Carolina,  is  a  hand- 
some tree  in  native  conditions,  and  of  great  economic  im- 
portance. It  does  not  thrive  in  cultivation  and  cannot  be 
recommended  for  ornamental  conditions  in  parks  and  gardens. 

Firs. 

The  firs  are  notable  objects  in  parks  and  gardens,  par- 
ticularly in  juvenile  conditions.  The  large  characteristic  leaves, 
thickly  disposed  on  the  generally  horizontal  branches,  are  very 
attractive.  They  do  not,  perhaps,  exhibit  the  graceful  appear- 
ance of  spruces,  but  in  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens 
they  supply  a  most  important  ideal,  from  a  different  stand- 
point.   Firs  require  a  moist  good  soil  to  be  in  vigorous  health. 

The  white  fir,  Abies  concolor,  is  one  of  the  best  in  cultivation 
in  northeastern  America.  The  interior  form  from  Colorado  is 
best  adapted  to  planting.  In  twenty-six  years  it  attains  a 
height  of  thirty-nine  feet,  with  a  distinctly  pyramidal  outline 
and  branched  to  the  base.  The  large  flat  leaves,  thickly  dis- 
posed on  the  branches,  are  very  noticeable  and  give  it  a  very 
dignified  appearance.  Seedlings  vary  considerably  and  fre- 
quently show  a  glaucous-bluish  tinge  in  the  leaves.  The  white 
fir  should  be  planted  in  moist  good  soil,  preferably  at  the  base 
of  a  slope  where  abundance  of  moisture  can  be  supplied,  or  in 
a  situation  in  which  the  soil  is  porous  and  moist  and  well 
drained. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  63 

The  Nikko  fir,  Abies  homolepis,  from  Japan,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  exotic  species  introduced  in  this  country. 
The  largest  individuals  are  at  least  forty-five  feet  in  height 
and  in  perfect  health  in  some  gardens  in  this  country,  and 
densely  branched  to  the  base.  The  tree  forms  a  handsome 
pyramid,  resting  on  a  very  broad  base.  The  leaves  are  large 
and  deep  green.  This  fir  has  been  planted  considerably  around 
New  York  and  New  Jersey.  A.  homolepis  var.  umhellata  is 
equally  hardy  and  has  about  the  same  habit  of  growth,  but  the 
cones  are  green,  whereas  in  the  former  they  are  violet-purple. 

Nordmann  fir,  Abies  Nordmanniana,  native  of  the  regions 
southeast  of  the  Black  Sea,  presents  a  remarkably  noble 
appearance  when  in  good  health.  The  writer  has  a  tender 
affection  for  this  species  because  it  was  the  first  fir  he  became 
acquainted  with  as  a  boy  in  the  north  of  Scotland.  The  large, 
very  flat  leaves  are  densely  crowded  on  the  horizontal  branches. 
Nordmann  fir  suffered  very  much  in  the  Pinetum  at  High- 
land Park  during  the  very  cold  winter  of  1917  and  1918,  being 
badly  browned  and  losing  many  leaves.  Some  have  not  fully 
recovered  from  the  injury  up  to  the  present  time.  Occa- 
sionally the  leaves  on  the  south  side  will  be  a  little  browned 
from  the  w^inter's  sun  after  the  middle  of  February  in  an 
ordinary  winter.  It  is  a  very  important  fir  in  the  Middle  States. 
In  the  New  England  States  this  species  should  be  planted  in 
well-protected  situations. 

Veitch  fir,  Abies  Veitchii,  from  Japan,  is  very  hardy  and 
has  never  shown  the  slightest  signs  of  winter-injury.  In  a 
juvenile  condition  this  fir  is  very  handsome,  but  when  it 
approaches  adult  size,  it  becomes  thin  in  habit.  This  tendency 
can  be  very  much  obviated  by  disbudding  or  removal  of  the 
central  buds  of  the  branches  and  occasional  stopping  of  the 
leader  to  induce  a  denser  lateral  growth. 


64  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  Cilician  fir,  Abies  cilicica,  from  Asia  Minor*,  is  a  hand- 
some species.  It  suffered  considerably  during  the  winter  of  1917 
and  1918,  but  recovered  in  about  two  years.  Many  lower- 
most branches  have  died,  but  otherwise  it  is  in  perfect  health. 
The  largest  trees  are  about  thirty  feet  tall.  The  grayish-green 
foliage  is  very  noticeable. 

The  Cephalonian  fir,  Abies  cephalonica,  with  its  sharp- 
pointed  leaves  and  dense  habit  of  branching,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  firs  where  it  proves  hardy.  It  is  very  likely  to  be 
badly  scorched  by  the  winter's  sun  in  February  after  a  low 
night  temperature.  In  the  winter  of  1917  and  1918,  some  of 
the  largest  plants  were  severely  injured,  but  it  can  be  grown  by 
carefully  studying  conditions  of  exposure  that  may  suit  it. 
It  is  a  beautiful  tree  in  the  Middle  States. 

The  silver  fir,  Abies  alba  (A.  Picea),  from  the  mountains  of 
central  and  southern  Europe,  is  distinguished  by  the  leaves 
lying  very  flat  on  the  branches.  It  is  a  very  beautiful  species 
and  fast-growing  where  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  In  the  North- 
eastern States  it  is  a  little  hardier  than  A.  cephalonica,  but  it 
suffered  considerable  injury  during  the  winter  of  1917  and  1918. 
There  is  a  silver  fir  growing  on  the  Winton  Road,  east  side  of  the 
city  of  Rochester,  New  York,  at  least  seventy-five  feet  tall  and 
perhaps  sixty-five  years  old.  This  is  a  good  illustration  of  what 
a  tender  tree  may  do  when  planted  in  well-protected,  favorable 
situations.  There  is  a  dwarf  variety  of  the  silver  fir  which 
after  many  years  does  not  exceed  two  to  three  feet  in  height 
and  appears  quite  hardy. 

The  Siberian  fir,  Abies  sibirica,  is  very  hardy  and  looks  well 
at  Highland  Park  after  fifteen  years'  growth.  It  is  said  to  lose 
the  lower  branches  and  appear  straggling  as  it  approaches  adult 
size.    The  crowded  leaves  have  a  dark  yellowish  color. 

The  Momi  fir,  Abies  firma,  from  Japan,  has  very  rigid,  large, 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  65 

deep  green  leaves,  with  horizontal  massive  branches.  At  Boston 
this  fir  looks  bad,  but  there  is  a  fine  individual,  perhaps  thirty 
feet  tall,  in  the  Park  Department  Pinetum,  Rochester,  New 
York,  which  is  in  excellent  health  and  has  not  suffered  any 
injury. 

The  balsam  fir,  Abies  balsamea,  which  always  looks  so  at- 
tractive in  native  conditions  in  northern  woods,  in  this  country 
and  Canada,  soon  assumes  a  most  unhappy  appearance  in 
cultivation  and  cannot  be  recommended.  The  low  variety  of 
the  balsam  fir  known  as  hudsonia  is  an  excellent  dwarf  form  for 
gardens  and  seems  to  maintain  good  health. 

The  red  fir,  Abies  nobilis,  is  perhaps  one  of  the  noblest  of  all 
firs  as  it  grows  in  a  wild  state  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  After 
twenty  years  in  western  New  York,  it  is  only  a  dense  bush  six 
to  eight  feet  tall  and  does  not  seem  inclined  to  form  a  leader 
and  become  tree-like.  It  seems,  however,  to  be  quite  hardy. 

UiJibrella-pine. 

The  umbrella-pine,  Sciadopitys  verticillata,  a  native  of  Japan, 
presents  a  most  singular  appearance  amongst  conifers.  There 
are  two  kinds  of  leaves :  those  on  the  shoot  small  and  scale-like, 
but  at  the  end  of  the  branch  much  longer  and  linear  and  forming 
an  umbrella-like  circle.  The  habit  of  young  trees  is  narrowly 
pyramidal.  Wilson  states  that  in  native  conditions  in  Japan 
the  habit  is  gaunt  and  thin,  and  is  very  different  from  the  dense 
pyramids  to  be  seen  in  American  parks  and  gardens.  The 
umbrella-pine  should  be  planted  in  deep,  moist,  well-drained  soil 
to  appear  at  its  best.  It  has  not  been  injured  in  the  Northeast 
in  severe  winters 

Sequoia. 

The  big  tree.  Sequoia  gigantea,  Is  perhaps  one  of  the  noblest 
vegetable  organisms  on  earth.    The  largest  trees  in  cultivation 


66  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent  were  in  the  Ellwanger 
grounds  on  Mt.  Hope  Avenue,  Rochester,  New  York.  The 
seeds  were  brought  from  CaHfornia  by  "Pony  Express"  in  1854 
by  Ellwanger  &  Barry.  They  raised  about  three  thousand 
seedlings  and  most  of  them  were  sold  in  England.  Ellwanger  & 
Barry  planted  a  small  group  near  their  office  and  they  did  re- 
markably well.  The  largest  individual  in  1916  was  seven  and 
nine-tenths  feet  in  circumference  and  fifty-five  feet  in  height. 
The  severe  winter  of  1916  and  1917  so  injured  them  that  two 
years  later  they  died  and  have  recently  been  removed.  If 
they  were  planted  out  when  quite  small,  which  is  probable, 
they  therefore  were  growing  exposed  to  a  series  of  winters  ex- 
tending to  about  sixty  years.  The  sequoia  is,  therefore,  not 
to  be  recommended  for  ornamental  grounds  in  the  northeastern 
United  States. 

Taxodium. 

The  bald-cypress,  Taxodium  distichum,  which  is  not  ever- 
green, is  a  very  lovely  tree  in  cultivation  and  does  remarkably 
well.  It  is  of  pyramidal  habit  and  the  slender  branchlets, 
covered  with  light  green  feathery  foliage,  render  it  a  charming 
tree  for  parks  and  gardens.  It  is  very  important  to  plant  the 
bald-cypress  in  a  moist,  well-drained,  good  soil.  Although  this 
species  grows  naturally  in  swamps,  probably  if  it  were  tried  in 
cultivation  it  would  be  a  failure. 

Arbor-vitoe. 

The  common  arbor-vitse.  Thuja  occidentalis,  which  in  a 
natural  state  extends  into  northern  Canada,  is  perhaps  one  of 
the  hardiest  coniferous  evergreens  and  the  most  abundantly 
planted.  It  is  planted  extensively  as  a  protective  hedge.  Many 
of  the  market-gardeners  in  Irondequoit,  New  York,  use  arbor- 
vitse  in  hedges  on  the  western,  northwestern,  and  northern 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  67 

sides  of  areas  in  which  they  raise  early  spring  vegetables.  When 
this  species  attains  sufficient  size  it  serves  a  protective  purpose 
admirably  and  is  used  in  this  way  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
The  common  arbor-vita?  in  a  wild  state  is  quite  variable  in  its 
habit,  often  forming  a  dense  upright  pyramid,  and  frequently 
with  partly  spreading  branches. v  There  are  at  least  fifty  or  more 
varieties  of  the  common  arbor-vitaj  in  cultivation.  Some  of 
the  larger  pyramidal  forms  are  var.  robusta  (var.  Wareana) 
with  a  broad  pyramidal  habit  and  deep  green  foliage  which  is 
well  retained  throughout  the  winter.  Var.  Vervceneana,  with 
its  pyramidal  habit  and  slender  branches,  is  very  graceful. 
The  foliage  has  a  faint  tinge  of  yellow,  but  not  conspicuous 
enough  to  be  disagreeable.  Var.  Douglasii  pyramidalis  has  a 
narrow  pyramidal  habit,  with  short,  dense,  crowded  branches, 
and  is  an  excellent  form  in  decorative  gardening.  Amongst 
some  of  the  best  low  forms  are  var.  glohosa,  low,  spreading  and 
bushy;  var.  Ellivangeriana,  a  low  dense  sort  which  with  age 
becomes  slightly  pyramidal,  and  characterized  by  typical  and 
acicular  leaves;  var.  Hoveyi,  becoming  a  pyramidal-shaped 
bush  in  which  the  branches  have  the  appearance  of  being  folded 
together  in  layers;  var.  Little  Gem,  an  admirable  low  form, 
which  in  twenty-five  years  does  not  exceed  two  feet  in  height 
and  forms  a  spreading  low  cushion,  retaining  a  dark  green 
color;  var.  Reidii,  a  spreading,  large,  bushy  form  with  smallish 
leaves,  but  in  time  likely  to  become  a  little  thin. 

The  canoe-cedar.  Thuja  plicata,  native  from  Alaska  to 
Montana,  is,  very  fortunately,  one  of  the  few  conifers  from  the 
western  side  of  the  continent  that  is  promising  in  the  East. 
The  largest  individuals  in  Highland  Park  are  thirty  feet 
tall  and  branched  to  the  base,  and  the  foliage  retains  a  deep 
green  color  throughout  the  year.  It  assumes  a  very  graceful 
pyramidal   outline.     It   should   be   planted   in   a   moist   well- 


68  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

drained  soil.  The  canoe-cedar  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
conifers  in  the  Pinetum. 

The  Japanese  arbor-vitse,  Thuja  Standishii,  is  a  very  beau- 
tiful decorative  plant.  It  has  a  somewhat  broadly  pyramidal 
habit,  and  the  foliage,  with  a  pale  green  aspect,  does  not  change 
throughout  the  year,  or  only  very  slightly  in  winter.  The  tree 
requires  a  moist  deep  soil  to  appear  at  its  best. 

The  oriental  arbor-vitse,  Thuja  orientalis,  from  eastern  Asia, 
has  usually  a  strictly  pyramidal  habit.  Branches  present  the 
appearance  of  being  densely  folded  together.  The  foliage  is 
a  bright  olive-green  color  which  it  retains  well  throughout  the 
winter.  Many  named  varieties  are  in  cultivation,  with  dwarf, 
densely  columnar,  and  pendulous  habits.  About  fifteen  years 
ago  a  quantity  of  seeds  of  the  oriental  arbor-vitse,  collected  in 
China,  were  given  to  the  writer  and  several  hundred  seedlings 
were  raised.  They  were  planted  on  a  steep,  moist,  sandy  slope 
facing  the  northeast  in  Durand-Eastman  Park,  Rochester. 
They  are  now  seven  to  ten  feet  tall  and  are  nearly  all  narrowly 
pyramidal  in  habit,  some  much  more  so  than  others.  The  effect 
of  this  large  group  on  this  slope  is  excellent. 

Cypress. 

The  Sawara  cypress,  Chama;cyparis  (Retinispora)  pisifera, 
from  Japan,  is  a  very  popular  evergreen  in  American  gardens. 
The  typical  form  is  a  beautiful  ornamental  tree  when  grown  to 
one  stem.  The  type  should  be  much  more  widely  grown,  and 
as  an  ornamental  it  is  not  surpassed  by  any  of  the  seminal  or 
vegetative  forms  that  have  been  produced  from  it.  The  Sawara 
cypress,  or  any  of  its  varieties,  should  always  be  planted  in 
positions  well  protected  from  the  sweep  of  the  prevailing  cold 
winds  in  moist  good  soil.  The  var.  filifera,  with  long  slender 
branches,  becomes  in  time  a  broad  round  dome  and  very  deco- 


ADAPTATION    OF     CONIFERS  69 

rative.  Var.  plumosa  has  a  very  distinct  pyramidal  outline  and, 
with  the  plumose  branches  and  branchlets,  is  very  ornamental. 
Var.  squarrosa,  in  which  all  the  leaves  are  acicular  and  bluish 
silvery -green,  is  a  most  distinct  form  and  always  attracts 
attention.  It  is  indeed  difficult  to  connect  it  with  the  type  from 
superficial  observation. 

The  Hinoki  cypress,  Chamoocyparis  obtusa,  from  Japan,  is 
not  nearly  as  well  known  in  cultivation  as  C.  pisifera.  It  forms 
a  very  handsome  tree  with  horizontal  branches  and  the  branch- 
lets  somewhat  pendulous.  A  few  years  ago  there  were  trees 
sixty  feet  tall  on  the  estate  of  the  late  Dr.  George  Hall,  Bristol, 
Rhode  Island.  There  are  a  number  of  varieties  of  the  Hinoki 
cypress.  Perhaps  one  of  the  best  is  var.  nana  with  a  very  dense 
habit  and  the  branches  much  crowded  together,  somewhat  in 
layers.  The  Hinoki  cypress  should  be  planted  in  moist,  well- 
drained,  rich  soil. 

The  Nootka  cypress,  sometimes  known  as  yellow-cedar, 
ChamoBcyparis  nootkateiisis,  native  from  Alaska  to  Oregon, 
forms  a  very  handsome  tree  with  a  narrow  pyramidal  head  from 
a  broad  base.  It  is  quite  hardy  and  has  shown  no  ill  effects  in 
twenty-five  years.  It  requires  a  moist  situation  and  protection 
from  the  sweep  of  the  prevailing  dry  winds  by  the  lay  of  the 
land  or  otherwise.  There  are  a  number  of  named  garden 
varieties  but  they  are  rare  in  this  country. 

The  white-cedar,  Chamwcyparis  thyoides,  native  from  New 
Hampshire  to  northern  Florida  in  cold  wet  soils,  has  nothing 
particularly  to  recommend  it  from  an  ornamental  standpoint. 
It  will  grow  well  in  ordinary  soil,  but  it  is  important  to  plant 
in  soils  full  of  stagnant  moisture  where  nearly  all  other  conifers 
would  perish.  The  branching  habit  is  usually  thin,  with  a  spire- 
like top. 


70  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Junipers. 

The  junipers  are  very  important  in  ornamental  culture. 
There  are  numerous  decorative  forms  amongst  them,  nearly 
all  of  which  are  suited  to  light  dryish  soils. 

The  so-called  red-cedar,  Junijperus  virginiana,  is  native  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia  and  eastern  Texas  and  is  widely  dis- 
tributed between  these  points.  It  often  grows  naturally  in 
sandy  gravelly  hillsides  and  is  excellent  for  planting  in  poor 
sandy  soils.  The  red-cedar  is  quite  variable  in  its  habit,  as  it 
often  forms  a  narrow  pyramidal  tree  with  the  branches  erect, 
or  the  branches  are  horizontal  and  the  ends  ascending,  the 
general  outline  being  conical.  It  is  extremely  hardy  and  suitable 
for  planting  in  cold  exposures.  The  red-cedar  is  said  to  attain  a 
height  of  one  hundred  feet  in  some  native  conditions,  but  it 
does  not  exceed  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  cultivation. 

There  are  numerous  varieties  of  the  red-cedar  and  many  are 
excellent  decorative  garden  plants.  Var.  glauca  is  perhaps  one 
of  the  most  popular  forms  in  gardens.  The  habit  is  somewhat 
loosely  pyramidal  and  the  foliage  has  a  delicate  bluish  cast. 
Var.  tripartita  is  a  spreading  bushy  form  with  an  irregular  head 
which  in  twenty  years  does  not  exceed  eight  feet  in  height.  It 
looks  very  different  from  the  typical  red-cedar.  Var.  Schottii 
forms  a  low  dense  pyramid  with  foliage  of  a  light  olive-green 
color.  Var.  Canaertii  is  of  low,  compact,  pyramidal  habit,  with 
foliage  of  a  dark  grass-green  color,  and  appears  to  be  quite 
distinct  from  all  other  varieties  in  this  respect.  It  has  very 
distinct  bluish  berries.  Var.  venusta  forms  a  narrow  pyramidal 
column  and  in  twenty  years  attains  a  height  of  twenty-five 
feet.  It  has  light  green  scale-like  foliage.  This  is  a  rare  plant  in 
cultivation,  and  on  account  of  its  distinct  habit  is  very  desirable 
for  garden  decoration.  Var.  pendula  is  the  most  graceful  form 
for  the  garden.    The  habit  is  somewhat  spreading  and  the 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  71 

branchlets  pendulous.  There  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  this 
variety  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Var.  Kosteriana  forms  a 
wide-spreading  bush  and  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the 
variety  of  the  Chinese  juniper  known  as  Pfitzeriana,  the  general 
branching  habit  of  both  forms  being  much  alike,  Var.  Koster- 
iana in  time  will  probably  not  exceed  five  feet  in  height,  and 
with  its  graceful  spreading  branches  it  is  a  most  important 
decorative  plant  for  gardens.  A  low  prostrate  form  of  the  red- 
cedar,  which  is  said  not  to  grow  more  than  eighteen  inches  high 
on  some  cliffs  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  has  been  introduced  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum.  If  it  retains  this  habit  in  cultivation,  it 
will  be  a  most  important  low  juniper.  At  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  New  York  State  Horticultural  Society,  January,  1923,  at 
Rochester,  an  excellent  display  of  coniferous  and  other  ever- 
greens was  made  by  the  State  Agricultural  College,  Cornell 
University,  in  charge  of  Ralph  W.  Curtis.  He  showed  a  low, 
dense,  bushy  form  of  the  red-cedar  which  he  discovered  growing 
on  the  hills  a  few  miles  north  of  Ithaca.  It  was  not  more  than 
two  feet  high  and  was  evidently  an  old  plant.  Curtis  has  named 
it  provisionally  nana,  and  as  this  name  does  not  seem  to  appear 
in  any  cultivated  forms  of  the  red-cedar,  it  will  probably 
stand.  This  will  likely  become  an  important  plant  in  gardening. 
The  Chinese  juniper,  Junijperus  chinensis,  native  of  north- 
eastern Asia,  in  the  typical  form  does  remarkably  well  in 
cultivation.  The  habits  of  the  pistillate  and  staminate  forms 
are  quite  distinct;  the  staminate  is  more  robust  and  faster 
growing,  with  a  pyramidal  habit;  the  pistillate  or  fruit-bear- 
ing form  has  a  looser  habit  and  evidently  does  not  grow  so 
large.  The  brownish-yellow  fruit  is  very  attractive  throughout 
the  winter  months.  Many  species  of  junipers  have  two  tj^pes  of 
leaves — scale-like  and  acicular  (needle-shaped) .  This  is  marked 
in  the  Chinese  juniper.    Var.  Pfitzeriana  is  one  of  the  most 


72  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

important  decorative  junipers  in  cultivation  at  the  present 
time.  It  is  one  of  the  best  low  conifers  to  plant  close  to  the 
walls  of  a  house,  and,  if  given  room  to  develop,  adds  much 
dignity  to  a  home.  The  branches  spread  out  almost  horizontally 
and  in  time  form  a  large  irregular  bushy  head  six  to  eight  feet 
tall.  The  branchlets  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  are  pendulous 
and  the  foliage  is  light  olive-green.  Var.  columnaris  is  a  form 
introduced  to  cultivation  by  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  through  the  late  F.  N.  Meyer.  It  forms  a  distinct 
narrow  pyramid  and  all  the  leaves  are  acicular.  The  foliage  is 
light  bluish-green  and  is  remarkably  decorative.  Var.  Sargentii 
is  a  low-spreading  shrub  which  does  not  exceed  one  foot  in 
height  and  forms  dense  mats  ten  to  twelve  feet  in  diameter. 
Amongst  the  low-spreading  junipers,  this  is  one  of  the  most 
important  for  covering  banks  and  slopes,  and  is  useful  in  rock- 
gardening.  It  does  remarkably  well  in  poor  sandy  soil,  by 
cultivating  and  mulching  for  two  to  three  years  to  get  the 
roots  well  established.  Var.  albo-variegata  forms  a  low  dense 
pyramid  with  the  tips  of  the  branches  silvery-white.  The  white 
coloring  is  not  sufl5ciently  prominent  to  be  disagreeable. 

The  savin  juniper,  Junijperus  Sabina,  which  is  native 
throughout  many  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  has  a  low 
erect  habit  of  growth,  and  will  in  time  attain  a  height  of  six  to 
eight  feet.  The  usually  imbricated  leaves  are  quite  dark  green. 
Planted  four  to  five  feet  apart,  it  forms  an  excellent  border  to 
larger  evergreens  in  the  background.  It  is  also  valuable  for 
planting  at  the  angles  and  corners  of  cement  steps  winding  up 
steep  slopes.  It  is  not  fastidious  about  soil  conditions  and 
does  well  in  light,  sandy,  poor  soils.  Var.  tamariscifolia,  a 
geographical  form  from  southern  Europe,  has  a  spreading  or 
procumbent  habit  and  appears  to  be  quite  different  from  the 
type.    It  is  an  excellent  prostrate  juniper  and  has  a  most 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  73 

agreeable  bright  green  color.  The  leaves  commonly  are  needle- 
shaped.    It  is  excellent  on  banks  and  slopes. 

The  horizontal  juniper,  Juniperus  horizontalis,  is  widely- 
distributed  in  North  America  in  native  conditions.  It  is  often 
found  on  sand-dunes,  and  in  western  New  York,  in  Genesee 
County,  it  grows  abundantly  in  Bergen  Swamp  with  its  roots 
in  the  water.  The  horizontal  juniper  has  long  prostrate  stems 
which  cling  closely  to  the  ground  and  is  one  of  the  best  for 
banks,  rocky  slopes,  and  rock-gardening.  Var.  Douglasii  is  a 
very  low  trailing  form  with  bluish  foliage  which  assumes  a 
purplish  tinge  in  the  autumn.  This  is  often  sold  in  the  nurseries 
as  Waukegan  juniper.  In  twenty  years  it  will  form  a  low  mat 
twelve  to  fifteen  feet  across. 

The  common  juniper,  Juniperus  communis,  widely  native 
throughout  northern  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  is  rare 
in  cultivation  in  this  country.  Its  typical  tree  form,  with 
branches  forming  an  irregular  open  head  and  ten  to  twenty 
feet  tall,  is  said  by  Sargent  to  be  occasionally  found  in  New 
England,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  high  mountains  of 
North  Carolina.  The  writer  remembers  seeing  it  as  a  boy,  quite 
common  on  the  hillsides  in  the  north  of  Scotland  as  a  tree  of 
considerable  size.  Var.  depressa  is  the  common  low  form  sold 
in  nurseries  and  is  abundant  in  rocky  ground  and  poor  soil 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley,  New  England,  and  northern 
Ontario  and  Quebec.  In  several  forms  this  juniper  is  rather 
commonly  cultivated  and  is  valuable  for  rocky  banks  and 
slopes.  Planted  three  to  four  feet  apart  in  a  massed  border, 
it  forms  an  excellent  frontage  to  a  group  of  larger  conifers. 
The  habit  is  low  branching,  and  in  time  it  forms  stout  recum- 
bent stems.  It  seldom  exceeds  three  feet  in  height  and  usually 
it  is  not  over  two  feet.  There  is  a  var.  aurea  with  bright  golden- 
yellow  foliage  which  is  quite  striking.    Var.  oblonga,  with  an 


74  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

upright  slender  habit  and  branches  shghtly  diverging,  is  a  very 
decorative  plant.  The  Irish  juniper,  var.  hihernica,  and  the 
Swedish  juniper,  var.  suecica,  suffer  in  severe  winters.  The 
former  has  a  strict,  narrow,  columnar  habit.  The  Swedish 
juniper  is  also  quite  narrowly  upright,  but  the  ends  of  the 
branchlets  droop  slightly.  Both  of  these  junipers  are  likely 
to  be  pulled  apart  and  their  prim  stiff  forms  much  injured  by 
heavy  snowstorms.  It  is  necessary  to  support  them  with 
stout  iron  poles  driven  deeply  in  the  ground  and  kept  out  of 
sight  in  the  interior  of  the  mass.  When  tied  securely  outside  the 
branches  they  resist  the  destructive  tendencies  of  heavy  snow- 
storms, and  the  poles  are  left  undisturbed  throughout  the  year. 

Juniperus  rigida,  native  throughout  various  parts  of  north- 
eastern Asia,  bears  a  strong  resemblance  in  its  foliage  to  the 
common  juniper.  As  it  grows  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  perhaps 
twelve  to  fifteen  feet  tall,  it  is  highly  ornamental  with  an 
ascending  loose  pyramidal  habit  and  the  branchlets  pendulous 
at  the  tips.  Experience  seems  to  show  that  it  requires  moist 
good  soil  to  do  well. 

Juniperus  squamata,  from  western  China  and  the  Hima- 
layas, is  a  low  form  with  prostrate  stems  and  scale-like,  linear, 
much-crowded  leaves,  grayish-green,  with  two  white  bands 
above.  This  juniper  is  likely  to  suffer  in  a  very  cold  winter, 
unless  it  is  buried  in  snow.  At  one  time  the  late  Timothy 
McCarthy,  superintendent  of  Swan  Point  Cemetery,  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  used  J.  squamata  in  large  quantities  as 
an  edging  for  rhododendrons  and  also  as  a  mass  against  groups 
of  stone  bowlders,  with  excellent  effects.  Var.  Fargesii  is  an 
arborescent  form  said  to  attain  a  height  of  seventy  feet  in 
western  China.  The  plants  in  Highland  Park  are  still  small, 
but  they  show  a  tree  habit  and  appear  to  be  quite  hardy  in  an 
exposure  of  several  winters. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  75 

Juniperus  conferta,  introduced  by  Wilson  from  Japan  in 
1915,  is  a  littoral  species  and  forms  dense  mats  on  sandy  shores. 
The  deep  green  leaves  are  densely  crowded,  straight,  and 
pale  green  beneath.   It  shows  a  tendency  to  be  tender. 

Torreya. 

Torreya  nucifera  is  a  very  distinct  yew-like  plant  from  Japan. 
There  are  several  species  of  Torreya  but  nucifera  is  the  only 
one  fairly  hardy  at  Rochester,  New  York,  and  it  must  be 
planted  in  a  situation  well  protected  from  the  sweep  of  cold 
winds.  The  habit  is  spreading  and  bushy,  and  the  two-ranked, 
deep  green,  lance-shaped  leaves  are  very  ornamental. 

Yews. 

The  Japanese  yew,  Taxus  cuspidata,  is  the  most  important 
foreign  evergreen  ever  introduced  to  this  country.  The  rich 
dark  green  foliage,  which  is  maintained  without  loss  of  color 
throughout  the  entire  year,  renders  it  a  valuable  acquisition 
for  gardens  and  parks.  It  was  introduced  in  1862  and  has, 
therefore,  been  a  sufficient  time  in  cultivation  to  warrant  an 
opinion  on  its  merits.  It  passes  through  the  severest  winters 
without  injury.  Fortunately,  the  Japanese  yew  is  now  propa- 
gated in  many  American  nurseries  and  is  becoming  well 
known  in  many  gardens.  The  seedlings  show  much  variation, 
some  having  a  distinctly  arborescent  habit,  that  is,  growing  to 
one  tree-like  stem,  which  may  be  encouraged  by  a  little  pruning 
of  the  side  branches  to  develop  the  tree  habit.  Most  of  the 
seedlings  grow  into  various  bush-like  forms  with  wide-spreading 
branches,  and  others  seem  inclined  to  form  low  bushy  pyramids. 

The  form  of  the  Japanese  yew  commonly  seen  in  parks  and 
gardens  is  a  spreading  bush  with  its  branches  horizontal  and 
ascending  at  the  ends,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  across  and  five 
to  six  feet  high.    It  has  been  known  as  hrevifolia  but  is  now 


76  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

called  nana.  There  are,  however,  in  gardens  large,  broad,  bushy- 
forms  that  are  quite  different  from  nana  and  are  not  distin- 
guished by  any  varietal  name.  A  low  variety,  densa,  makes  a 
compact,  round,  spherical  bush.  Taxus  Hichsii  originated  in 
the  Hicks  Nurseries,  Westbury,  Long  Island.  It  forms  a 
narrow  pyramidal  head  and  gives  promise  of  being  an  excellent 
decorative  plant.  The  tree  form  of  the  Japanese  yew  is  very 
desirable,  and  a  beautiful  object  on  a  lawn. 

The  so-called  English  yew,  Taxus  baccata,  which  is  native  in 
Europe  and  parts  of  Asia,  cannot  be  compared  to  the  Japanese 
yew  in  hardihood.  In  severe  winters  it  is  likely  to  brown  badly, 
and  sometimes  branches  are  killed;  in  such  instances  it  is 
usually  late  in  summer  before  the  specimicns  recover  to  look 
presentable.  The  English  yew  is  a  most  beautiful  evergreen 
in  any  part  of  this  country  where  it  proves  hardy.  Var.  re- 
pandens  almost  approaches  the  Japanese  yew  in  hardihood. 
It  is  a  low-spreading  form  in  which  the  tips  of  the  branches 
turn  downward.  The  leaves  are  dark  green  with  a  slightly 
glaucous  tinge.  Var.  Washingtoni  forms  a  large  spreading 
bush  with  the  leaves  lightly  tinged  yellow,  and  seems  to  be 
hardier  than  the  type.  Var.  adpressa  has  short,  abrupt,  olive- 
green  leaves,  forms  a  low  irregular  bush,  and  is  fairly  hardy. 
Var.  ereda,  an  upright  bush  six  to  seven  feet  in  height,  has 
been  browned  in  winter  several  times  but  has  always  recovered. 
Anyone  who  attempts  to  grow  various  forms  of  the  English 
yew  in  this  country  should  be  cautious  to  plant  them  in  a 
situation  well  protected  from  the  sweep  of  the  cold  winds 
and  one  sheltered  by  some  means  from  the  sun  in  late 
winter. 

The  Canadian  yew,  Taxus  canadensis,  native  as  an  under- 
growth shrub  from  Newfoundland  to  Virginia,  is  often  known 
commonly  as  ground-hemlock.    In  damp  woods  it  produces  a 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  77 

charming  effect  with  its  spreading  branches  covered  with  the 
rich  dark  green  leaves.  It  does  remarkably  well  in  cultivation 
in  open  exposures,  provided  the  roots  are  thoroughly  mulched 
and  kept  cool.  The  leaves,  however,  assume  a  very  different 
appearance,  becoming  somewhat  smaller  and  shorter  and 
not  having  the  dark  green  color  they  show  in  native  shady 
conditions. 

Ginkgo. 

The  ginkgo  or  maidenhair  tree.  Ginkgo  biloba,  probably  a 
native  of  China  but  never  positively  found  in  the  wild  state, 
is  one  of  the  interesting  trees  of  the  world.  The  fern-like  leaves 
are  deciduous.  It  is  said  to  attain  a  height  of  one  hundred  feet 
in  gardens  and  temple  grounds  in  Japan  and  China,  and 
presents  a  majestic  appearance  in  old  age.  It  was  introduced  to 
the  United  States  and  planted  in  Philadelphia  in  1784.  It  is 
now  a  fairly  common  tree  in  many  gardens  and  parks  through- 
out the  country  and  is  perfectly  hardy.  In  a  young  state  it  is 
likely  to  be  very  aberrant  in  its  branching  habit,  that  is,  some 
branches  will  grow  erect  and  others  will  strike  out  at  right 
angles  from  the  stem,  and  some  trees  present  a  rather  grotesque 
aspect  with  such  a  contrariety  in  branching  habits.  However, 
with  age  and  as  the  trees  begin  to  assume  adult  size,  the  branch- 
ing becomes  much  more  regular.  There  are  trees  in  Rochester 
that  perhaps  were  planted  sixty  years  ago  and  are  now  of 
considerable  size  in  which  the  branches  are  now  thickly  and 
regularly  disposed,  and  they  are  of  much  interest.  Var. 
fastigiata  is  a  narrow  pyramidal  form  in  which  the  branches 
are  strictly  upright,  and  is  well  adapted  to  formal  situations. 
Sometimes  this  f astigiate  form  will  throw  out  aberrant  branches 
and  these  should  be  promptly  removed  if  it  is  desired  to 
maintain  the  narrow  habit. 


78  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

EXPERIENCES   WITH  CONIFERS  IN  SOUTHERN 
CONNECTICUT.— Brett 

The  site  on  which  the  following  coniferous  evergreens  are 
grown  is  an  exposed  hilltop,  three  hundred  feet  above  the  Sound 
and  about  five  miles  from  the  water.  The  soil  is  thin,  never 
more  than  a  foot  deep,  with  a  subsoil  of  bowlder  clay  of  extreme 
hardness  called  locally  "hardpan,"  almost  impervious  to  water 
and  breakable  only  by  the  pick  or  dynamite. 

The  firs  are  diflScult  to  establish  under  these  conditions  and 
the  losses  have  been  large,  fully  fifty  per  cent  in  the  case  of 
Abies  concolor,  and  with  smaller  losses  in  some  of  the  other 
varieties.  A.  concolor  does  well  when  once  established,  speci- 
mens after  barely  holding  their  own  for  two  or  three  years 
afterward  making  an  annual  growth  of  eight  to  nine  inches  and 
forming  perfect-shaped  trees.  A.  Veitchii  is  the  least  satis- 
factory of  the  firs  in  this  location,  the  upward  growth  being 
very  small  and  the  lower  foliage  becoming  unsightly.  A. 
Nordmanniana  and  A.  homolepis  are  more  satisfactory  than 
A.  Veitchii,  the  annual  growth  being  six  inches  or  more  and  the 
trees  making  otherwise  a  satisfactory  appearance,  except  that 
A.  homolepis  tends  to  lose  the  lowest  branches  as  time  goes  on. 

The  hemlocks  are  also  somewhat  unsatisfactory  in  such  a 
location.  All  varieties  purchased  from  nurseries  have  perished 
and  only  Tsuga  canadensis,  transplanted  from  the  wild,  has 
succeeded.  Even  here  the  losses  have  been  large,  fully  fifty 
per  cent,  as  the  tree  is  intolerant  of  wind  and  needs  shade 
through  the  first  few  years.  The  situation  is  exposed  to  very 
severe  winds  from  the  north  and  northwest  throughout  the 
autumn,  winter,  and  well  into  the  spring  months,  and  the 
hemlock  seems  to  resent  these  conditions.  Even  when  planted 
with  specially  prepared  windbreaks,  the  losses  have  been 
quite  large. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  79 

The  common  juniper  is  wild  throughout  western  Con- 
necticut. The  type,  however,  is  very  rare,  and  most  specimens 
are  Juniperus  communis,  a  dwarf  bush  usually  not  exceeding 
three  feet  in  height  and  very  often  six  to  eight  feet  across  in 
perfect  specimens.  It  is  very  easily  transplanted,  preferring 
dry  situations,  will  not  prosper  except  in  well-drained  soils, 
and  can  be  planted  to  great  advantage  on  rocky  hillsides.  As 
winter  comes  on,  the  tips  of  the  new  foliage  present  a  pinkish 
appearance  and  make  a  very  beautiful  picture. 

The  red-cedar,  Juniperus  virginiana,  is  not  planted  as  an 
ornamental  tree  nearly  as  much  as  its  merits  deserve.  Easily 
transplanted  at  almost  any  season  of  the  year  from  the  hillsides 
and  abandoned  fields  in  which  it  grows  abundantly,  it  becomes, 
under  cultivation  and  care,  a  handsome  tree  with  a  bright  full 
foliage,  and  is  useful  for  planting  along  roadsides  and  for 
hedges  and  for  blocking  out  unsightly  objects  in  the  landscape. 
It  is  not  a  fast  grower  as  compared  with  some  of  the  pines  and 
spruces,  but  makes,  under  favorable  conditions,  an  annual 
growth  of  about  eight  inches.  There  are  numerous  forms  in 
young  trees,  some  being  May-pole  shafts  twenty  feet  in  height, 
not  more  than  two  feet  broad  anywhere,  and  covered  with 
dark  green  foliage  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  tree.  A 
group  of  these  trees  with  their,  in  many  cases,  spire-like  heads, 
makes  a  beautiful  picture  against  the  winter  sky.  In  later 
years  the  branches  have  a  tendency  to  spread  and  in  picturesque 
old  age  become  horizontal  and  even  drooping,  the  tree  then 
requiring  much  more  room,  but  young  specimens  retain  their 
shape  for  many  years  and  can  be  used  in  formal  planting  and 
for  numerous  other  purposes.  In  young  trees  the  foliage  of 
native  specimens  often  rivals  J.  virginiana  var.  glauca  in  color 
and  retains  this  bluish  tinge  for  many  years,  the  foliage  of  such 
trees  being  usually  finer  than  that  of  the  type.    The  red-cedar 


80  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

is  easily  grown  from  seed  but  requires  shade  for  the  first  two 
or  three  years,  as  is  the  case  with  most  seedling  conifers. 

The  most  satisfactory  spruce  for  exposed  situations  is, 
without  doubt,  the  native  white  spruce.  It  is  not  quite  so 
rapid  a  grower  as  the  Norway  spruce,  but  makes  an  annual 
growth  of  usually  not  less  than  one  foot,  and  its  handsome 
blue-green  foliage  is  much  denser  than  that  of  the  Norway. 
It  is  one  of  the  best  trees  for  a  windbreak  or  for  dense 
hedges.  This  spruce,  however,  should  not  be  grown  in  shel- 
tered positions  or  anywhere  where  the  summers  are  extremely 
dry  and  hot. 

The  Norway  spruce  is  the  quickest  grower  of  all  the  spruces, 
some  trees  going  upward  at  the  rate  of  two  feet  or  even  more  a 
year.  Like  the  native  black  spruce,  however,  the  foliage, 
especially  of  the  lower  branches,  tends  to  become  ragged  and 
unsightly,  and  the  side  of  the  tree  exposed  to  the  severe  winds 
of  winter  is  nearly  always  less  dense  than  its  southern  aspect. 
This  is  also  true  of  the  black  spruce  which  suffers  as  an  orna- 
mental tree  also  by  reason  of  its  persistent  cones,  which  give 
the  tree  a  moth-eaten  ragged  appearance. 

Picea  pungens,  both  in  the  glauca  and  green  varieties,  and 
P.  Engelmanni,  are  slow  growers,  seldom  making  more  than 
six  inches  of  upward  growth  a  year.  They  appear  to  have  no 
insect  enemies,  but  P.  Engelmanni,  the  Douglas  spruce,  and 
some  of  the  firs  frequently  lose  their  leading  shoots,  apparently 
from  the  perverse  habit  of  the  birds  which  perch  on  the  young 
and  tender  leaders  and  sway  back  and  forth  in  the  winds  of 
early  spring.  However,  in  the  spring  of  1923,  Douglas  spruce 
was  attacked  by  immense  numbers  of  aphis  feeding  on  the 
new  growth.  Several  sprayings  with  fish-oil  soap  were  required 
to  combat  this  pest.  Lime  and  sulfur  were  also  tried,  but 
had  a  tendency  to  burn  the  needles. 


:*j'.-.«H,  .I!^^|-a3^ 


i^*    '^ 


Plate  XIV.     V  iii.irfjuieil  walk  — ylmupiru^  thnunsis  \.ir    ^argeidii) 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  81 

The  Black  Hills  spruce  is  a  very  satisfactory  tree,  with  an 
annual  growth  of  nearly  a  foot.  Its  perfect  deep  green  foliage, 
interspersed  with  the  white  inner  surface  which  shows  on  the 
new  growth,  makes  a  most  pleasing  picture.  It  seems  to  be 
hardy  under  all  conditions  and  to  have  no  insect  enemies. 

Picea  bicolor  is  very  tender  and  a  very  slow  grower.  The 
leading  shoots  again  and  again  suffer  in  the  late  spring  frosts, 
the  trees  otherwise  appearing  to  be  perfectly  healthy. 

With  the  white  pine  practically  eliminated  from  planting 
by  the  many  insect  enemies  to  which  it  is  now  subject,  except 
in  plantations  in  which  it  can  be  nursed  and  sprayed  with 
care,  the  Scotch  pine  becomes  the  most  rapid  grower  and  the 
best  species  to  use  for  covering  waste  spaces,  for  windbreaks, 
or  for  blocking  out  inequalities  of  the  landscape.  Very  variable 
in  habit,  some  of  these  trees  have  a  tendency  to  spread  in  a 
most  ungainly  manner,  horizontal  branches  being  thrown  out 
equal  in  length  to  the  height  of  young  trees,  while  others 
assume  a  pyramidal  form  or  develop  a  round-topped  head  and 
retain  a  satisfactory  appearance  for  many  years.  Apparently 
free  from  insect  enemies,  the  Scotch  pine  will  grow  under  any 
conditions,  not  minding  extreme  dryness  or  even  water  condi- 
tions at  the  roots  such  as  would  be  fatal  to  most  other  pines 
that  can  be  planted  safely  in  the  North. 

Pinus  Cemhra  is  a  very  slow  grower,  only  about  two  inches 
of  upward  growth  being  the  average  of  several  specimens,  the 
tree  being  otherwise  perfectly  healthy. 

Pinus  resinosa  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  pines,  being 
apparently  without  enemies  and  having  a  vigorous  growth, 
not  usually  averaging  more  than  a  foot  a  year,  however, 
against  the  two  feet  or  thereabouts  of  the  Scotch  pine.  This 
species  will  not  grow  when  planted  in  a  swamp,  as  is  stated 
bv  some  authorities. 


se  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Tlie  Austrian  pine  is  another  very  satisfactory  species, 
growing  about  equally  as  fast  as  P.  resinosa.  The  Scotch, 
resinosa,  and  Austrian  pines  are  all  excellent  trees  for  field  plant- 
ing and  for  covering  waste  spaces  and  rocky,  worthless  land. 

The  white  pine,  the  Bhotan,  and  some  other  of  the  soft- 
needle  pines  suffer  severely  from  the  pine  weevil,  and  unless 
constant  care  is  taken  and  the  trees  are  given  frequent  spraying, 
these  trees  lose  their  leading  shoots  and  become  mere  bushes, 
presenting  a  ragged  and  unsightly  appearance  and  are,  of 
course,  then  useless  for  timber  purposes.  These  trees,  together 
with  P.  Banhsiana  and  P.  Cemhra,  also  suffer  severely  from  a 
comparatively  new  insect  enemy,  the  imported  sawfly,  the 
larvae  of  which,  almost  as  numerous  on  these  trees  as  the  so- 
called  tent-worm  is  on  the  wild  cherries,  denude  the  trees  of 
their  needles,  and,  as  there  are  several  broods  a  year,  the  new 
growth  in  its  turn  is  destroyed,  so  that  the  tree  eventually 
dies  unless  it  is  saved  by  spraying  or  other  methods.  On  young 
trees,  the  best  plan  is  to  crush  the  caterpillars  with  the  hands, 
gloved  or  otherwise,  as  they  appear,  but  this  requires  constant 
watching  throughout  the  summer  because  of  the  several  broods. 
Another  recently  discovered  enemy,  but  attacking  only  the 
white  pine,  is  the  pine-tube  builder,  which  also  feeds  on  the 
foliage,  but  is  not,  so  far,  a  very  serious  menace. 

Pitch  pine  and  P.  ponderosa  are  among  the  very  slow  growers 
in  this  locality,  some  trees,  ten  to  twelve  years  of  age,  having 
attained  a  height  of  only  six  to  seven  feet  in  this  period. 

The  yew  deserves  to  be  much  more  widely  grown  for  orna- 
ment than  is  now  the  case.  Free  from  enemies,  a  fairly  rapid 
grower,  it  can  be  used  for  many  purposes.  It  makes  excellent 
hedges,  stands  pruning  well,  and  the  bright  red  berries  con- 
trasted with  the  deep  green  foliage  make  these  shrubs  in  the 
autumn  a  most  beautiful  picture. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  83 

EVERGREEN  CONIFERS  IN  CANADA.— I^Iacoun 

Vast  areas  in  Canada  were  at  one  time  covered  with  an 
evergreen  coniferous  forest,  and  over  other  very  large  tracts 
there  was  a  mixture  of  evergreen  and  deciduous  trees  in  which 
conifers  were  still  a  very  important  part  of  the  forest.  In 
addition,  in  the  more  southerly  parts  of  the  province  of  Ontario, 
the  hardwoods  were  the  prevailing  trees,  with  a  comparatively 
small  proportion  of  evergreens.  While  the  lumberman's  axe 
and  the  forest  fires  have  destroyed  thousands  of  square  miles 
of  fine  evergreens,  yet  there  are  still  great  coniferous  forests  in 
Canada,  fine  woodlands  of  mixed  timber,  as  well  as  those 
other  districts  in  which  there  are  just  enough  evergreens  to 
make  a  pleasing  variety  in  the  landscape.  Canada  is  looked 
on  by  many  as  the  land  of  the  pine  and  the  hemlock,  whereas, 
in  reality,  it  possesses  many  kinds  of  trees.  The  evergreen  is, 
however,  a  great  asset  because  of  its  value  for  lumber  and 
pulpwood,  but  it  means  much  to  the  average  citizen  apart 
from  this.  As  a  shelter  from  the  winds  of  winter,  a  windbreak 
of  evergreens  is  most  desirable  and  is  particularly  appreciated 
in  parts  of  Canada  where  high  winds  are  frequent,  and  espe- 
cially on  the  prairies,  where  the  cold  is  so  intense.  A  windbreak 
of  conifers  is  a  veritable  haven  of  shelter  for  the  farmer  and 
for  his  flocks  and  herds.  Not  only  do  evergreens  afford  this 
shelter  from  the  wind,  but  their  very  greenness  in  winter  makes 
the  landscape  much  more  cheery  during  the  months  of  frost 
and  snow.  When  used  as  specimens  or  in  groups  on  the  lawn, 
conifers  are  very  effective  in  beautifying  the  landscape.  As 
hedges,  evergreen  conifers  are  among  the  best  trees  and  should 
be  much  more  widely  used  for  this  purpose. 

The  pines. 

The  pine  is  closely  associated  with  the  name  of  Canada. 


84  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

It  is  one  of  the  most  important  timber  trees,  and  many  million 
feet  of  Canadian  pine  lumber  have  been  sent  to  other  lands. 
In  this  connection,  however,  the  pines  are  given  in  order  of 
their  usefulness  as  ornamental  trees  in  Canada,  the  native 
species  being  dealt  with  first. 

While  there  are  nine  native  species,  the  white  pine,  Pinus 
Strobus,  is  the  most  important  commercially  and  also  the  best 
for  ornamental  purposes.  It  is  wild  in  the  provinces  of  Mani- 
toba, Ontario,  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Prince  Edward  Island,  and  has  done  well  when  introduced  in 
British  Columbia,  but  is  not  hardy  on  the  prairies.  It  is  the 
most  attractive  pine  grown  in  Canada,  the  graceful  outline 
of  the  tree,  the  soft  leaves  and  their  lively  color  helping  to 
make  it  a  very  ornamental  species.  This  pine  has  made  an 
excellent  hedge  plant  at  Ottawa,  a  hedge  planted  thirty  years 
ago  still  being  in  excellent  condition. 

The  western  white  pine,  Pinus  monticola,  makes  a  fine  large 
tree.  It  is  a  native  of  southern  British  Columbia  and  grows 
there  at  an  elevation  of  about  6,000  feet.  While  not  so  graceful 
as  the  white  pine,  being  a  closer  or  more  upright  grower,  it 
makes  a  good  ornamental,  and  is  succeeding  very  well  at 
Ottawa,  Ontario. 

The  red  pine,  Pinus  resinosa,  is  found  in  the  same  provinces 
of  Canada  as  the  white,  but  is  not  nearly  so  common.  As  an 
ornamental  tree  it  has  proved  somewhat  disappointing  in 
places,  because  of  its  tendency  to  become  rather  ragged  in 
appearance  after  the  first  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  Its  foliage, 
also,  is  somewhat  dull  in  color.  It  is  not  as  attractive  as  the 
Austrian  pine,  which  it  resembles  somewhat,  although  it  is 
hardier  than  that  species. 

Western  yellow  pine,  Pinus  ponderosa,  is  a  native  of  the 
drier  districts  of  British  Columbia,  and  is  a  magnificent  tree 


Plate  XV.    The  silver  red-c'e(iiir  (J luiipcrDx  rir(jiinana  var.  glaiica) 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  85 

when  growing  either  under  forest  conditions  or  as  single 
specimens  in  that  province.  It  does  well  when  planted  in 
Ontario  and  makes  a  fine  ornamental  and  lawn  tree,  its  massive 
appearance  giving  it  quite  a  distinct  character.  The  bark  of 
the  trunk  is  also  striking.  It  bears  some  resemblance  in  a 
general  way  to  the  Austrian  pine,  but  can  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  having  leaves  in  clusters  of  three.  When  obtained 
from  the  coldest  part  of  its  range,  this  tree  proves  hardy  in 
places  on  the  prairies. 

The  lodge-pole  pine,  Pinus  contorta  var.  latifolia  (P.  Mur- 
ray ana),  is  a  very  useful  ornamental  species  for  the  prairie 
provinces  because  of  its  hardiness.  It  resembles  the  Banksian 
pine  very  closely,  but  is  more  ornamental,  the  tree  having  the 
appearance  of  being  better  clothed  with  foliage.  The  cones 
are  also  persistent  as  in  that  species.  It  is  a  native  of  the  foot- 
hills and  mountains  from  Alberta  in  the  east,  to  the  west 
coast,  and  varies  much  in  different  parts  of  its  range.  It  does 
well  when  planted  in  eastern  Canada,  where,  however,  it  is 
little  used  because  of  more  ornamental  species  hardy  there. 

Banksian  pine,  Pinus  Banksiana,  commonly  called  the 
jack  pine,  is  found  wild  on  poor,  light  soils  in  Canada  from  the 
Atlantic  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  has  little  value  as 
an  ornamental  tree,  as  it  has  the  appearance  of  lacking  foliage, 
but  is  useful  to  the  prairies  as  being  one  of  the  few  species 
that  can  be  grown  there. 

Pitch  pine,  Pinus  rigida,  is  a  native  of  eastern  Canada, 
although  not  a  common  tree  there,  and  is  one  of  the  few  three- 
leaved  pines  in  this  country.  It  is  not  of  particular  value  as 
an  ornamental,  not  being  very  attractive  in  outline. 

The  limber  pine,  Pinus  flexilis,  is  a  small,  not  very  orna- 
mental tree,  native  of  the  foothills  and  Rocky  Mountains  of 
southern  Alberta  and  British  Columbia.    It  helps  to  make  a 


86  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

greater  variety  of  evergreens  on  the  prairies  where  it  is  hardy, 
but  apart  from  this  would  seem  to  have  little  value  for  orna- 
mental purposes. 

Whitebark  pine,  Pinus  alhicaulis,  is  a  native  of  the  tim- 
ber limits  of  Alberta  and  British  Columbia,  where  it  is  but  a 
small  scrubby  tree.  So  far  as  known,  it  has  not  been  tested 
on  low  elevations  for  ornamental  purposes. 

While  not  having  as  wide  an  adaptability  as  some  species, 
the  Austrian  pine,  Pinus  nigra  var.  austriacay  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  ornamental  exotic  pine  which  thrives  in  Canada.  It  can 
be  grown  successfully  in  the  provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  and 
in  British  Columbia.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  and  makes  a 
good  lawn  specimen,  though  not  as  graceful  as  the  white  pine. 

Scotch  pine,  Pinus  sylvestris,  is  hardier  than  most  exotic 
species  and  trees  twenty-five  to  thirty  years  of  age  may  be 
found  on  the  Canadian  prairies,  and  here  it  is  proving  more 
useful  than  in  eastern  Canada  where  the  tree  does  not  become 
so  shapely  as  some  other  species.  The  Scotch  pine  varies  much 
in  growth  and  shape,  depending  on  the  source  of  the  seed  from 
which  the  trees  are  grown. 

Mountain  pine,  Pinus  Mugo,  and  particularly  the  dwarf 
variety  known  as  Mughus,  makes  a  very  attractive  bushy  tree 
and  is  always  much  admired.  It  succeeds  well  in  eastern 
Canada  and  can  be  grown  in  some  places  on  the  prairies. 

Swiss  stone  pine,  Pinus  Cembra,  although  one  of  the  slowest 
growing  of  all  pines  hardy  in  Canada,  is  one  of  the  most  orna- 
mental. It  is  suggestive  of  a  columnar-shaped  white  pine, 
being  very  upright  in  growth,  which  makes  it  suitable  for 
situations  in  which  a  tree  is  desired  that  shall  not  take  up 
too  much  space.  It  is  very  hardy  and  succeeds  in  all  the 
provinces  of  Canada. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  87 

While  the  Korean  pine,  Pinus  Jwraiensis,  has  been  little 
planted  in  Canada  as  yet,  and  is  a  rather  slow  grower,  it  is  a 
very  promising  species  for  ornamental  purposes.  At  Ottawa, 
a  tree  planted  in  189G  is  about  twenty  feet  in  height,  and  next 
to  the  white  pine  is,  perhaps,  the  most  ornamental  species  in 
the  Arboretum.  It  is  a  five-leaved  pine,  heavier  in  appearance 
and  darker  in  foliage  than  the  white  pine,  and  is  strongly 
recommended  for  trial  in  eastern  Canada. 

Few  trees  of  Pinus  Pence  are  to  be  found  in  Canada.  It  is 
proving  quite  hardy  at  Ottawa,  and,  planted  in  189(),  has  made 
a  compact,  attractive  tree  about  twenty  feet  in  height.  It  is 
a  rather  slow-growing  five-leaved  pine,  rather  upright  in  habit 
and  of  bluish-green  appearance,  and,  while  not  as  ornamental 
as  P.  Strobus,  P.  Cembra,  or  P.  koraiensis,  the  best  three  five- 
leaved  pines  for  eastern  Canada,  it  is  a  useful  species. 

Additional  species  doing  well,  at  least  when  young,  in  the 
coast  region  of  southern  British  Columbia,  including  Vancouver 
Island,  where  the  winters  are  very  mild,  are:  Pinus  Ayacahuite, 
P.  Coulteri,  P.  densiflora,  P.  Jeffreyi,  P.  Massoniana,  P. 
cembroides  var.  Parryana,  P.  radiata,  P.  Sabiniana,  P.  Tor- 
reyana.  No  doubt  other  species  not  yet  thoroughly  tested  will 
be  found  quite  hardy. 

Cunninghamia  lanceolata,  which  is  closely  related  to  the  pines, 
has  been  under  test  on  Vancouver  Island  for  several  years  and 
is  doing  fairly  well. 

The  spruces. 

The  spruce  is  a  very  important  tree  in  Canada,  as  a  large 
proportion  of  the  great  quantities  of  pulp  wood  cut  in  this 
country  is  spruce,  and  much  lumber  is  manufactured  from  it. 
It  is  valuable  for  ornamental  purposes  also.  There  are  five 
species  in  Canada,  the  white,  black,  and  red  in  the  east,  and  the 


88  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Engelmann  and  Sitka  spruces,  and  also  the  white,  in  western 
Canada.  Of  these,  the  most  ornamental  are  the  white  and  the 
Engelmann.  The  following  species  are  given  in  order  of  their 
relative  value  as  ornamental  trees,  beginning  with  the  most 
useful. 

White  spruce,  Picea  glauca,  is  wild  in  every  province  in 
Canada,  and  is  particularly  useful  in  the  prairie  provinces 
where  so  few  evergreens  are  hardy.  It  is  a  rapid-growing  tree 
of  attractive  form.  The  foliage  of  the  bluest  specimens  almost 
rivals  that  of  the  bluest  forms  of  the  Colorado  spruce  and,  if 
it  were  not  for  the  serious  insect  pests  which  attack  it  in  eastern 
Canada,  it  would  be  the  best  spruce  to  plant  for  ornamental 
purposes,  but  it  is  frequently  rendered  very  unsightly  by 
attacks  of  the  spruce  gall-louse  and  budworm. 

Black  spruce,  Picea  mariana,  is  a  much  slower  grower  than 
the  white  and  is  more  upright.  It  is  wild  mainly  in  the  swampy 
lands  of  eastern  Canada  and  in  the  prairie  provinces  northward. 
Though  not  nearly  as  attractive  as  an  ornamental  tree  as  the 
white  spruce,  its  characteristic  form  and  persistent  cones  give 
variety  and,  being  very  hardy,  it  is  also  useful  in  the  coldest 
parts  of  Canada.  The  var.  Doumetii  is  a  pyramidal  sort  of 
striking  color. 

Red  spruce,  Picea  rubra,  is  seldom  met  with  as  an  orna- 
mental tree,  as  it  is  not  nearly  so  attractive  as  the  white  spruce 
with  which  it  grows  in  eastern  Canada.  The  leaves  have 
none  of  the  bluish  tinge  which  makes  the  white  spruce  so 
attractive  and  it  resembles  the  Norway  spruce  in  color,  al- 
though not  so  graceful  a  tree  as  that  variety. 

For  nearly  thirty  years  the  Engelmann  spruce,  Picea  Engel- 
manni,  succeeded  well  at  Ottawa  and  has  now  reached  a 
height  of  about  thirty  feet,  but  the  leaves  and  branches  are 
dying  from  the  base  up  and  the  trees  are  becoming  very  un- 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  89 

sightly.  This  species  is  a  native  of  the  mountains  and  parti- 
cularly the  mountain  valleys  of  Alberta  and  eastern  British 
Columbia  and,  though  enduring  severe  winters  there,  is  evi- 
dently not  suited  to  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  low  altitudes 
in  eastern  Canada.  It  is  of  a  fine  pyramidal  form,  and,  when 
young,  the  trees  are  very  attractive.  As  with  the  Colorado 
blue  spruce  and  the  native  white  spruce,  the  color  varies  from 
greenish-  to  steely-blue. 

Sitka  spruce,  Picea  sitchensis,  is  a  fine  tree,  native  to  the 
western  coast  regions  of  Canada  where  it  reaches  a  large  size 
and  is  very  valuable  for  timber.  It  makes  a  good  ornamental 
subject  also,  the  foliage  being  particularly  attractive,  but,  in  a 
part  of  Canada  where  so  many  ornamental  evergreens  succeed, 
it  is  not  prized  as  much  as  a  lawn  tree  as  it  otherwise  would  be. 
It  is  not  hardy  in  eastern  Canada. 

The  Norway  spruce,  Picea  Abies,  is  the  most  generally 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  windbreaks  in  eastern  Canada. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  grower  and  soon  becomes  an  attractive  object 
on  the  lawn  or  quickly  makes  protection  from  wind.  It  is 
useful  for  hedges  also.  While  the  stock  usually  supplied  by 
nurseries  is  not  hardy  on  the  Canadian  prairies,  it  does  fairly 
well  when  seed  is  obtained  from  the  coldest  districts  in  which 
this  spruce  is  native.  At  Ottawa,  most  trees  of  Norway  spruce 
planted  thirty-three  years  ago  are  still  fine  specimens,  well 
clothed  with  foliage,  though  some  are  now  becoming  ragged. 
In  other  places  in  the  province  of  Ontario  good  trees  con- 
siderably older  than  this  may  be  found.  There  are  many 
horticultural  varieties  of  this  spruce,  most  of  those  listed  by 
nurserymen  having  been  tested  at  Ottawa.  The  best  of  the 
larger  growing  forms  is  var.  pyramidata,  which  makes  a  hand- 
some pyramidal-shaped  tree,  closer  in  habit  than  the  type. 
Some  of  the  pendulous  forms  are  attractive  for  a  time,  but  are 


90  THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

likely  to  become  ragged.  There  are  many  dwarf  or  semi-dwarf 
varieties  which  are  quite  attractive.  Among  the  best  of  these 
are  compada,  Remontii,  Clanbrasiliana,  and  pygmoea. 

Next  to  the  Norway,  the  Colorado  spruce,  Picea  pungens, 
is  the  most  planted  in  Canada  of  the  species  not  native.  It 
is  hardy  in  all  the  provinces,  succeeding  very  well  on  the 
prairies.  The  variety  with  steely-blue  leaves,  known  as  glauca, 
is  the  most  popular,  and  this  is,  as  a  rule,  the  only  tree  thought 
of  when  this  species  is  mentioned,  unless  it  be  the  form  known 
as  Kosteriana,  which  is  of  a  particularly  fine  bluish  color.  This 
variety,  which  is  usually  grafted,  needs  to  be  watched  when 
young  and  a  leader  trained,  as  it  often  takes  a  sprawling  habit 
for  a  time  unless  this  is  done.  While  the  Colorado  spruce  makes 
a  handsome  though  rather  rigid-looking  specimen  when  young, 
in  eastern  Canada  when  it  is  twenty -five  to  thirty  years  old 
the  foliage  and  branches  die  from  the  bottom  up,  and  in  a  few 
years  they  become  so  unsightly  that  they  have  to  be  removed. 
However,  they  are  well  worth  growing  for  the  first  twenty 
years  or  more,  and  some  specimens  at  Ottawa  over  thirty 
years  old  are  still  in  fine  condition. 

While  Picea  Omorika  is  not  well  known  in  Canada  as  yet, 
it  promises  to  be  a  very  useful  ornamental  species,  at  least  in 
the  eastern  provinces.  It  is  hardy  at  Ottawa  and  makes  a 
handsome  though  rather  slow-growing  tree.  There  is  a  pleasing 
contrast  in  the  leaves,  which  are  glossy  and  dark  green  on  one 
side  and  with  lines  of  white  on  the  other. 

Picea  jezoensis,  often  sold  under  the  name  of  Abies  Alcocki- 
ana,  while  hardy  so  far  as  the  terminal  growth  is  concerned, 
usually  has  many  dead  branches  in  eastern  Canada,  which 
prevents  it  from  being  as  attractive  as  it  otherwise  would  be. 
There  is  a  marked  contrast  between  the  deep  green  of  the 
lower  side  of  the  leaf  and  the  silvery-white  of  the  upper.    It 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  91 

should  be  more  satisfactory  on  the  west  coast.  The  var. 
hondoensis  has  made  a  better  specimen  tree,  being  much  more 
clothed  with  foliage  than  the  species. 

Picea  SchrenJciajia  is  an  attractive  looking  spruce  of  py- 
ramidal habit  and  quite  hardy  at  Ottawa.  The  foliage,  while 
rather  dull  in  color,  is  quite  distinct  from  other  species.  It  is 
uncommon  in  Canada  as  yet,  but  is  well  worth  having  where 
one  has  room  for  a  number  of  species. 

Picea  ohovata  is  much  like  the  many  small-leaved  and  slow- 
growing  varieties  of  Norway  spruce  and  has  been  called  a 
variety  of  it.  The  cones  are,  however,  much  smaller  than  those 
of  the  Norway  spruce.   It  is  hardy  at  Ottawa. 

Some  specimens  of  the  small-foliaged  Picea  orientalis  have 
proved  hardier  than  others  at  Ottawa.  In  most  cases  it  has 
killed  back  considerably  and  is  not  satisfactory  on  the  whole. 

The  Douglas  fir. 

Douglas  fir,  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  Canadian  trees.  It  reaches  a  great  size  in  British 
Columbia,  where  it  is  native,  and  it  grows  also  in  Alberta  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  use  as  a  timber  tree  is  well  known, 
but  where  it  is  native  it  is  not  prized  as  an  ornamental,  except 
that  huge  specimens  are  admired  in  the  parks  or  native  wood- 
lands. In  eastern  Canada,  however,  where  it  has  been  planted 
for  ornament,  it  has  proved  to  be  very  desirable.  After  thirty 
years  it  is  better  clothed  with  foliage  and  branches  at  Ottawa 
than  almost  any  other  conifer,  and  from  this  experience  it  is 
highly  recommended.  Trees  are  now  nearly  fifty  feet  in  height. 
It  is  important  when  growing  this  tree  in  eastern  Canada  to 
obtain  seed  or  plants  from  the  colder  or  interior  parts  of  its 
range.  If  obtained  from  the  west  coast,  it  will  not  do  well. 
The  color  of  the  foliage  varies  considerably. 


92  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  firs. 

The  firs  are  not  so  valuable  as  the  spruces  for  ornamental 
purposes,  for  although  attractive  in  eastern  Canada  when 
young,  they  lose  many  branches  and  become  ragged-looking 
later  on.  In  the  coast  regions  of  British  Columbia,  however, 
they  succeed  particularly  well  and  make  fine  ornamental 
specimens  for  many  years. 

The  balsam  fir,  Abies  balsamea,  is  a  rapid-growing  tree  which 
is  quite  attractive  when  young,  with  its  deep  green  glossy 
foliage,  and  is  useful  for  temporary  effects  in  the  landscape. 
When  grown  in  the  open,  however,  it  becomes  rather  unsightly 
after  being  planted  twenty  to  twenty-five  years,  and  at  Ottawa 
many  specimens  have  died  about  this  age. 

While  some  specimens  of  alpine  fir,  Abies  lasiocarpa,  have 
killed  back  at  Ottawa,  most  have  proved  hardy.  Much  depends 
on  the  source  of  the  plants  or  seed  from  which  they  are  grown. 
It  has  a  denser  habit  of  growth  than  A.  balsamea  and  promises 
to  remain  well  clothed  with  foliage  for  a  longer  period.  It  is 
wild  in  the  Canadian  Rocky  and  Selkirk  mountains,  and  east 
of  the  mountains  in  the  Peace  River  district. 

Lowland  fir,  Abies  grandis,  is  a  native  of  the  west  coast  of 
Canada  and  grows  to  be  very  large  there.  When  given  abun- 
dance of  room  it  makes  a  fine  ornamental  tree.  It  does  not 
succeed  in  eastern  Canada. 

White  or  amabilis  fir,  Abies  amabilis,  is  native  in  the  coast 
regions  of  British  Columbia  and  is  not  hardy  in  eastern  Canada. 
Its  habit  is  more  pendulous  than  that  of  most  species. 

White  or  silver  fir,  Abies  concolor,  is  the  best  ornamental 
species  in  eastern  Canada.  Some  forms  are  almost  or  quite  as 
blue  as  the  Colorado  spruce  and,  because  of  its  more  graceful 
or  less  stiff  outline,  is  more  attractive  than  that  spruce.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  evergreens  hardy  in  eastern  Canada. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  93 

Nordmann  fir,  Abies  Nordmanniana,  is  a  useful  ornamental 
tree  for  the  west  coast.  The  dark  green  glossy  leaves  with  the 
silvery-white  of  the  under  side  give  it  a  very  striking  appear- 
ance. Specimens  from  coldest  districts  are  worth  trying  in 
eastern  Canada. 

Siberian  fir,  Ahies  sihirica,  is  quite  hardy  at  Ottawa  but 
looks  best  when  young.  The  foliage  is  of  a  lighter  green  than 
that  of  most  other  firs.  It  is  more  useful  for  temporary  than 
for  more  permanent  planting. 

Like  the  other  firs,  Veitch  fir,  Ahies  Veitchii,  looks  best 
when  young.  The  foliage  is  attractive,  being  deep  green  above 
and  silvery  below,  making  a  fine  contrast.  This  is  compara- 
tively hardy  at  Ottawa,  but  loses  some  of  its  branches  from 
winter-injury.   It  also  is  more  suitable  for  the  west  coast. 

Additional  species  succeeding  in  the  coast  region  of  southern 
British  Columbia,  including  Vancouver  Island,  are:  Abies 
cephalonica  and  var.  Apollinis,  A.  homolepis,  A.  cilicica,  A. 
nobilis,  A.  alba. 

The  arhor-vitcB. 

The  American  arbor-vitse  is  one  of  the  most  useful  trees  in 
eastern  Canada,  and  in  British  Columbia  the  western  arbor- 
vitae,  Thuja  plicata,  is  also  very  valuable.  Not  only  is  the 
American  arbor- vitse  one  of  the  most  durable  so  far  as  the  wood 
is  concerned — and  it  is  particularly  valuable  for  fence,  tele- 
graph, and  telephone  poles — but  it  makes  the  best  evergreen 
hedge  plant  for  eastern  Canada  and  is  one  of  the  most  orna- 
mental lawn  trees  when  given  room  for  full  development. 

While  the  ordinary  wild  type  oi  American  arbor-vitae, 
Thuja  occidentalis,  makes  a  well-shaped  and  attractive  speci- 
men tree,  there  are  many  horticultural  forms  which  give  great 
variety  to  the  landscape.    Many  of  these  have  been  tested  at 


94  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Ottawa  during  the  past  thirty  years,  and  some  have  been  found 
much  more  satisfactory  than  others  in  their  abihty  to  withstand 
chmatic  conditions.  Among  the  best  of  these  are:  Douglasii 
■pyramidalis,  an  attractive  pyramidal  variety,  not  so  narrow 
or  columnar  as  fastigiata.  It  has  very  distinct  foliage  and  is 
one  of  the  hardiest  forms.  Because  of  its  general  soft  ap- 
pearance, caused  by  its  small  foliage,  and  on  account  of  its 
having  withstood  severe  tests  well,  Ellwangeriana  is  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  as  a  lawn  specimen.  It  is  really  a  semi-dwarf 
with  broad  outline,  and  after  thirty  years  is  only  about  fifteen 
feet  high  at  Ottawa.  Globosa  is  another  reliable  variety,  well 
named,  as  its  outline  is  almost  globose.  This  also  is  a  semi- 
dwarf,  being  only  six  feet  high  after  thirty-three  years  at 
Ottawa.  It  has  never  been  injured  by  winter.  Var.  fastigiata 
or  'pyramidalis  is  usually  known  as  the  pyramidal  arbor- vitse 
and  is  one  of  the  most  striking  hardy  evergreens.  It  is  quite 
columnar  in  habit — specimens  at  Ottawa  thirty  feet  in  height 
are  but  six  feet  across  at  the  base.  Occasionally  limbs  of  this 
variety  are  injured  in  winter,  but,  as  a  rule,  it  is  quite  hardy. 
Var.  Vervwneana  has  proved  reliable.  It  is  more  graceful  in 
habit  than  the  species  and  a  slower  grower.  It  has  yellowish 
foliage  which  is  not  quite  definite  enough  to  make  it  specially 
attractive  on  this  account.  Var.  rohusta  or  Wareana,  often 
called  the  Siberian  arbor-vitse,  would  seem  to  be  even  hardier 
than  the  type  as  it  has  succeeded  on  the  prairies  where  the 
type  or  species  did  not.  It  is  more  compact  than  the  latter, 
with  characteristic  bright  green  foliage.  Many  other  varieties 
might  be  mentioned,  none  of  which  is  as  satisfactory  as  those 
just  described.  The  golden-leaved  sorts  are  more  attractive 
when  young  than  later. 

Western  arbor-vitse  or  giant-cedar.  Thuja  plicata,  is  a  very 
beautiful  tree  when  growing  wild  in  the  mountains  of  western 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  95 

Canada  and  at  the  Pacific  Coast.  While  it  is  not  often  found 
there  under  cultivation,  it  makes  a  fine  lawn  tree,  though 
requiring  much  room  to  develop  to  its  full  extent.  When  this 
species  is  obtained  from  the  colder  parts  of  its  range,  it  does 
well  at  Ottawa,  although  a  comparatively  slow  grower  there. 
It  is  such  an  attractive  tree  that  it  should  be  tested  more 
than  it  is. 

The  hemlocks. 

The  common  hemlock,  Tsuga  canadensis,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  North  American  trees.  It  is  graceful  in  habit  and 
its  small  foliage  is  of  a  distinct,  characteristic,  and  pleasing 
shade  of  green.  It  grows  to  large  size,  but  is  a  relatively  slow 
grower,  and  for  this  reason  makes  a  good  lawn  specimen  for 
many  years,  as  the  branches  usually  are  held  to  near  the  ground. 
One  is  fortunate  in  having  large  specimens  of  hemlock  in  a 
landscape  where  there  are  clumps  of  trees  or  woodland  and  it 
makes  a  very  attractive  feature.  When  used  for  hedge  pur- 
poses, hemlock  proves  very  satisfactory  and  makes  one  of  the 
best  low-growing  evergreen  hedges,  as  it  is  a  slow  grower  and 
can  be  readily  kept  in  shape.  Moreover,  it  stands  shade  better 
than  some  other  trees.  Var.  gracilis  has  smaller  leaves  than 
the  type  and  is  even  slower  growing.  It  is  an  ornamental 
variety.  The  common  hemlock  is  not  hardy  on  the  prairies, 
but  does  well  both  in  eastern  Canada  and  in  British  Columbia. 

Western  hemlock,  Tsuga  heterophylla,  makes  a  fine  large 
tree  in  British  Columbia,  where  it  is  native  in  the  mountains 
and  along  the  western  coast.  It  is  an  important  timber  tree, 
the  wood  being  better  than  T.  canadensis  in  the  East.  While 
it  has  not  been  used  much  as  an  ornamental,  it  is  attractive  in 
appearance  and  very  graceful  in  outline  and  should  be  planted 
more.    It  is  not  known  under  cultivation  in  eastern  Canada. 


96  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

From  most  sources  it  would  prove  too  tender,  but  if  obtained 
from  the  coldest  districts  where  it  grows  wild  it  might  succeed. 
This  was  long  listed  as  T.  Mertensiana  in  Canadian  hsts  of 
plants. 

Black  hemlock,  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  is  a  native  of  the  moun- 
tainous and  western  coast  regions  of  British  Columbia.  It  is 
a  rather  small  tree  as  it  grows  in  Canada,  with  bluish-green 
foliage,  and  is  quite  ornamental,  but  has  been  little  cultivated 
as  yet.  This  may  be  grown  successfully  in  eastern  Canada  if 
specimens  are  obtained  from  the  coldest  part  of  its  range. 

The  junipers. 

The  junipers  are  not  planted  widely  for  ornament  in  Canada. 
Although  some  may  not  be  particularly  attractive,  others 
make  good  lawn  specimens  and  the  low-growing  sorts  are  very 
useful  for  covering  banks  or  for  rocky  places.  They  are  of 
comparatively  little  value  for  their  wood  in  Canada,  as  none 
of  them  becomes  more  than  a  small  tree  and,  except  Juniperus 
scopulorum,  are  little  more  than  shrubs  at  the  best. 

The  savin,  Juniperus  Sabina,  and  its  varieties,  is  the  most 
generally  useful  juniper  for  ornamental  planting  in  Canada. 
The  vars.  cupressifolia  and  tamariscifolia  should  be  much  more 
extensively  employed  where  low-growing  evergreens  are 
desired.  They  are  particularly  effective  when  covering  steep 
slopes  or  planted  among  rocks  or  in  sandy  places,  where  they 
look  much  at  home.  These  varieties  sometimes  reach  a  height 
of  three  to  four  feet,  but  often  grow  close  to  the  ground.  They 
are  dense  in  habit,  very  effective  in  a  mass,  and  are  quite 
hardy,  doing  well  in  the  prairie  provinces.  The  type  has 
reached  six  feet  in  height  at  Ottawa. 

The  common  juniper,  Juniperus  communis,  has  many 
varieties.    The  commonest  one  in  Canada  in  most  of,  if  not  all. 


Monkey-puzzle 
{Arancaria  aravcana) 

Plate  XVII. 


California    incense-cedar 
{Libocedrus  decurrens) 
A    California  group. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  97 

the  provinces  is  var.  depressa,  also  sometimes  called  var.  nana. 
It  forms  broad  masses  usually  on  stony  or  dry  soil,  and  reaches 
a  height  of  three  to  four  feet.  It  is  seldom  planted  for  orna- 
ment, but  it  does  much  to  improve  the  appearance  of  otherwise 
barren  places.  Var.  aurea  is  a  golden-leaved  form  of  var. 
depressa,  and  is  also  hardy  and  rather  attractive.  The  var. 
montana,  sometimes  called  alpina,  is  found  in  the  northern 
and  mountainous  parts  of  Canada.  The  most  ornamental 
forms  of  the  common  juniper  are  var.  suecica  and  var.  hihernica. 
Neither  of  these  is,  however,  quite  satisfactory  at  Ottawa,  as 
the  tips  of  the  previous  year's  growth  are  usually  killed  in 
winter  and  the  branches  are  rather  unsightly  until  new  growth 
has  been  made.  Both  are  very  compact  and  upright  growlers,  in 
fact,  quite  columnar.  The  Irish  juniper  has  greener  leaves  than 
the  Swedish.  They  do  well  in  the  coast  region  of  British  Colum- 
bia.   The  Swedish  is,  perhaps,  a  little  hardier  than  the  Irish. 

Prostrate  juniper,  Juniperus  horizontalis,  has  been  con- 
founded with  J.  Sahina.  It  growls  wild  in  most  of  the  provinces 
of  Canada  and  usually  lies  close  to  the  ground  and  trails  over 
it,  where  it  forms  a  virtual  carpet.  The  foliage  is  bluish  and 
when  large  masses  are  seen  it  has  a  very  pleasing  effect.  It 
does  well  as  a  ground-cover  in  the  prairie  provinces. 

The  red-cedar,  Juniperus  virginiana,  does  well  in  eastern 
Canada  as  it  is  native  there,  but,  owing  to  the  dullness  of  the 
foliage,  the  type  is  not  particularly  valuable  for  ornamental 
planting.  One  of  the  best  varieties  is  elegantissima,  which  is 
yellow-tipped,  making  a  pleasing  contrast  in  color.  The  habit 
is  also  more  graceful  than  some.  The  var.  Schottii  has  brighter 
green  foliage  than  the  type  and  is  more  attractive.  Var.  glauca 
has  bluish  foliage,  which  is  quite  distinct,  but  does  not  seem 
so  hardy  as  the  others.  The  pyramidal  form  is  quite  striking 
in  outline,  but  the  foliage  is  not  very  attractive. 


98  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Western  red-cedar,  Juniperus  scopulorum,  is  native  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  through  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is 
much  Hke  J.  virginiana,  but  is  a  larger  tree.  It  is  not  known  in 
cultivation  in  eastern  Canada. 

The  upright-growing  forms  of  the  Chinese  juniper,  Juniperus 
chinensis,  have  not  proved  sufficiently  hardy  in  eastern  Canada 
to  be  entirely  satisfactory,  except  var.  mas,  which  has  done 
well.  The  low-growing  varieties,  such  as  pendula  and  Pfitzeri- 
ana,  make  very  ornamental  shrubs  of  compact  habit,  about 
four  feet  in  height. 

The  specific  name  of  the  Japanese  juniper,  Juniperus 
rigida,  would  suggest  a  stiff  habit.  On  the  contrary,  this  is 
one  of  the  most  graceful  junipers.  At  Ottawa,  a  specimen 
planted  in  1896  is  about  twelve  feet  in  height.  The  young 
branches  are  quite  pendulous  and  the  general  habit  of  the  tree 
pleasing.  The  foliage  is  of  a  yellowish-green,  being  quite 
distinct  in  color  from  most  other  species.  This  juniper  is  well 
worth  planting  as  a  lawn  specimen. 

The  cypress. 

The  true  cypress  is  too  tender  for  Canada,  but  there  are 
other  trees  known  as  cypress  which  are  hardier.  Few  species 
succeed  in  eastern  Canada,  however,  but  on  the  lower  main- 
land of  British  Columbia  and  on  Vancouver  Island  they  do 
well,  the  fine  Lawson  cypress  being  one  of  the  most  useful 
ornamental  trees.  The  yellow  cypress  is  the  only  species 
native  to  Canada. 

Yellow  cypress,  Chamcecyparis  nootkatensis,  is  a  west  coast 
species  which  is  too  tender  in  eastern  Canada,  although  it  and 
some  of  its  varieties  have  grown  for  a  time,  but  once  above  the 
snow-line  they  are  killed  back.  Varieties  with  bluish  foliage  are 
quite  attractive  and  when  hardy  are  well  worth  growing. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  99 

There  are  many  varieties  of  Lawson  cypress,  Chamcecy- 
paris  Lawsoniana,  and  most  of  them  succeed  well  near  the 
west  coast  of  British  Columbia  where  the  winters  are  mild. 
In  eastern  Canada  they  are  not  hardy.  Some  of  the  best 
varieties  are  Alumi,  argeniea,  erecta  glauca,  erecta  viridis, 
glauca,  gracilis,  and  pyramidalis. 

White-cedar,  Chamoocyparis  thyoides,  is  hardy  in  eastern 
Canada  and  is  interesting  as  being  a  native  of  the  Eastern 
States.  It  is  rather  loose  in  habit  with  dull-colored  foliage,  and, 
on  the  whole,  is  not  very  ornamental,  though  interesting. 

Hinoki  cypress,  Chamoocyparis  obtusa,  is  a  Japanese  species 
which  is  fairly  hardy  at  Ottawa  if  grown  in  a  rather  sheltered 
place,  but  needs  a  milder  climate  for  best  development.  There 
are  several  good  varieties  which  show  to  advantage  in  the 
coast  region  of  British  Columbia,  among  the  best  being  var. 
aurea. 

Sawara  cypress,  Chamoecyparis  pisifera,  proves  fairly  satis- 
factory' in  eastern  Canada,  being  practically  hardy.  It  is  not 
as  ornamental,  however,  as  its  varieties,  which  are  referred  to 
under  retinispora. 

The  retinisporas. 

The  retinisporas  are  graceful  Japanese  conifers  which  are 
very  useful  for  landscape  effects  in  eastern  Canada  and  in 
British  Columbia  near  the  coast.  There  is  a  marked  difference, 
however,  in  the  relative  hardiness  of  the  sorts,  some  of  the 
varieties  of  Retinispora  pisifera  being  the  hardiest  and  most 
useful.    They  are  really  cypress  of  the  genus  Chamaecyparis. 

Retinispora  pisifera  is  hardy  at  Ottawa,  but  is  not  so  orna- 
mental as  certain  of  its  varieties.  Among  the  best  of  these  is 
var.  filifera,  which  may  be  considered  perfectly  hardy  at 
Ottawa,  and,  after  a  thirtv-vear  test  is  still  in  excellent  condi- 


100  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS, 

tion,  the  best  specimens  being  about  eighteen  feet  in  height. 
The  graceful,  pendulous  form  of  this  tree  and  its  linear  leaves 
and  branchlets  make  it  a  most  attractive  lawn  specimen,  and 
it  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended.  Some  specimens  are 
now  developing  more  tree-like  characters  with  a  strong  central 
leader. 

The  var.  plumosa  is  a  fine  form,  more  compact  in  its  habit 
of  growth  than  the  type.  The  leaves  are  bluish-green  above 
and  silvery  on  the  under  side.  The  tips  of  the  branches  often 
winter-kill  at  Ottawa  and  turn  brown,  rendering  the  specimen 
rather  unsightly  until  the  new  growth  is  made.  The  golden- 
leaved  form  is  not  quite  so  hardy  or  satisfactory.  This  variety 
reverts  to  the  type  after  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  branches 
appearing  and  taking  the  lead  with  foliage  of  R.  pisifera. 

Where  var.  squarrosa  is  hardy,  as  on  the  west  coast,  it  is 
perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  the  retinisporas  because  of  its 
soft,  light,  bluish-green  foliage.  However,  in  eastern  Canada  it 
is  the  least  satisfactory  variety  as  it  kills  in  patches  in  the 
winter,  becoming  very  unsightly,  although  when  somewhat 
protected  by  other  trees  it  comes  through  fairly  well. 

Retinispora  ericoides  is  sometimes  Thuja  occidentalis  var. 
ericoides,  and  sometimes  a  chamsecyparis,  but  it  is  usually  sold 
under  the  name  of  retinispora.  It  is  of  dwarf  habit,  with  soft 
fine  leaves  and  weak  branches,  and  in  winter  is  badly  injured 
by  snow  at  Ottawa,  and  usually  there  is  more  or  less  scalding 
of  foliage.  After  the  new  growth  is  made,  however,  it  is  a 
pleasing  object. 

The  yews. 

Owing  to  the  many  persons  of  British  origin  living  in  Canada 
who  have  a  certain  reverence  for  the  yew,  of  which  there  are 
such  old   specimens   in   Great  Britain,   there  is   considerable 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  101 

interest  in  the  yew  in  the  Dominion.  In  the  coast  regions  of 
British  Columbia,  where  Taxus  brevifolia  becomes  quite  a 
fair-sized  tree,  one's  affection  for  the  yew  is  readily  satisfied, 
but  in  eastern  Canada  the  wild  species,  T.  canadensis,  is  so 
unlike  the  British  yew  that  it  is  scarcely  taken  into  considera- 
tion.  The  Japanese  yew,  T.  cuspidaia,  has  filled  the  want  there. 

While  the  common  yew,  Taxus  haccata,  succeeds  well  near 
the  west  coast  of  British  Columbia,  it  is  not  satisfactory  in 
eastern  Canada,  although  it  will  sometimes  grow  well  for  a 
time.  No  doubt,  if  plants  were  obtained  from  the  coldest  part 
of  its  range  in  Europe,  the  yew  would  succeed  better  than  it 
usually  does.  A  specimen  of  var.  variegata,  after  twenty-three 
years'  growth,  is  still  in  good  condition  at  Ottawa  and  is 
now  about  five  feet  high. 

The  western  yew,  Taxus  brevifolia,  reaches  a  height  of 
twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  or  more  along  the  west  coast  of 
British  Columbia  where  it  is  native.  It  is  not  grown  much 
under  cultivation  there,  although  it  is  a  fairly  ornamental  tree. 
It  is  not  hardy  in  eastern  Canada  above  the  snow-line. 

Canadian  yew,  Taxus  canadensis,  is  a  native  of  Canada 
from  the  extreme  east  to  the  province  of  Manitoba.  It  has 
been  under  cultivation  at  Ottawa  for  thirty  years  and  has 
reached  a  height  of  about  five  feet,  but  is  so  open  in  habit  that 
it  is  not  particularly  ornamental. 

The  Japanese  yew,  Taxus  cuspidata,  has  been  under  test 
at  Ottawa  for  twenty-six  years  and  has  proved  quite  hardy. 
The  best  specimen,  planted  in  1896,  is  now  about  ten  feet  in 
height.  The  foliage  is  a  rich  deep  green  in  color,  and,  as  the 
tree  or  bush  is  of  a  compact  habit,  it  is  quite  ornamental  and 
makes  a  good  substitute  for  T.  haccata.  The  var.  nana  or 
compacta  is  also  quite  hardy,  but  specimens  planted  in  1896 
are  but  three  feet  high,  though  compact  in  habit. 


102  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  cedars. 

The  three  well-known  species  of  cedar  succeed  near  the 
Pacific  Coast  in  British  Columbia,  namely,  Cedrus  atlantica, 
C.  Deodara,  and  C.  lihani.  The  Deodar  cedar  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  popular.  They  are  striking-looking  trees  and  are  used 
with  good  effect. 

The  cryptomeria. 

These  beautiful  Asiatic  trees  do  not  succeed  in  eastern 
Canada,  but  do  well  near  the  Pacific  coast  and  especially  on  the 
southern  part  of  Vancouver  Island.  There  is  but  one  species, 
Cryptomeria  japonica,  of  which  there  are  a  number  of  horti- 
cultural varieties,  the  best  being  var.  elegans.  The  attractive 
foliage  and  form  of  the  cryptomerias  make  them  very  popular 
where  they  grow  well. 

The  sequoias. 

The  sequoias,  or  big  trees  of  California,  of  which  there  are 
two  species.  Sequoia  sempervirens  and  *S.  gigantea,  grow  well 
near  the  southwest  coast  of  British  Columbia,  including  the 
southern  part  of  Vancouver  Island.  The  California  big  tree, 
S.  gigantea,  succeeds,  perhaps,  better  than  the  other  species, 
and  is  making  a  fine  evergreen  tree  there. 

CONIFEROUS  EVERGREENS  FOR  THE  MIDDLE  WEST.— 

Bollinger 

Pines  are  very  easy  to  cultivate.  So  various  are  the  soils 
and  situations  in  which  the  different  species  are  found  in  their 
native  countries  that  there  is  scarcely  a  spot  for  which  one  or 
another  variety  is  not  suitable.  Some  grow  on  the  bleakest 
hills  and  flourish  in  shallow  sands  near  the  Great  Lakes  and 
the  seashores.  For  dry,  windy  and  exposed  situations,  Pinus 
ponder osa,  or  bull  pine,  is  well  adapted.   It  thrives  in  pure  clay. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  103 

and  also  does  remarkably  well  in  sandy  soils.  Its  broad,  coarse, 
twisted,  flexible  leaves  of  deep  grayish-green,  set  firmly  in  a 
strong  sheath,  stand  stormy,  sweeping  winds  well.  The  tree 
may  be  used  for  screens,  windbreaks,  or  as  a  background  for 
other  trees. 

The  red  pine,  Pinus  resinosa,  grows  in  almost  any  kind  of 
land,  except  a  heavy  clay,  but  thrives  best  in  a  sandy  soil.  It 
is  perfectly  hardy,  even  in  northern  Canada,  and  is  often  planted 
in  places  where  no  other  pine  will  grow.  Its  luxuriant  dark 
green  foliage  and  uniform  size  add  to  the  landscape. 

The  gray  pine,  Pinus  Banksiana,  is  found  farther  northward 
than  any  other  American  pine.  It  has  no  commercial  value 
and  is  planted  only  on  account  of  its  peculiar  stunted  growth. 

In  America  the  Scotch  pine,  Pinus  sylvestris,  is  cultivated 
largely  for  windbreaks  and  when  quick  growth  is  desired.  It 
grows  in  most  kinds  of  soil,  from  a  heavy  clay  to  a  pure  sand. 
This  species  bears  transplanting  better  than  other  pines. 

The  white  pine,  Pinus  Strobus,  grows  in  very  different 
situations  and  soil,  except  in  pure  sand  or  submerged,  but 
thrives  best  in  a  sandy  loam.  It  is  extensively  planted  for 
forest  purposes,  not  only  in  America  but  in  Europe,  on  account 
of  its  fast  growth  and  the  commercial  value  of  its  wood,  and 
is  also  widely  used  for  ornamental  planting  on  large  estates 
for  natural  or  for  woodland  effects.  It  is  very  pleasing  as  a 
background  for  other  pines  and  conifers  on  account  of  its 
rapid,  stately  growth.  Wliite  pines  transplant  easily  and  require 
less  care  after  transplanting  than  any  other  pines. 

The  limber  pine,  Pinus  flexilis,  resembles  somewhat  the 
white  pine,  but  is  of  more  compact  habit  and  the  foliage  is  a 
darker  green.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the  Northwest  and  grows 
in  any  kind  of  soil,  but  prefers  a  sandy  loam.  The  branches  are 
flexible  and  the  tree  of  bushy  habit.    It  is  used  in  ornamental 


104  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

planting  for  barren  bluffs  and  ravines  where  natural  effects 
are  desired. 

Pinus  nigra  var.  austriaca,  or  Austrian  pine,  is  grown  for 
its  wood  and  for  ornamental  purposes.  Its  form  is  a  regular 
symmetrical  pyramid,  and  when  older  its  flat  top  becomes 
picturesque.  It  is  valuable  for  bold  natural  effects  and  wind- 
breaks. Given  ample  space  it  will  maintain  its  lower  branches 
and  become  a  source  of  beauty  for  thirty  to  forty  years.  Its 
dark  green  foliage  and  stiff  branches  will  withstand  wind  and 
heavy  snow. 

Pinus  Mugo  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  pine  family  for  low 
and  compact  growth.  In  form  it  varies  from  a  prostrate  shrub 
to  a  pyramidal  tree  twenty-five  to  forty  feet  in  height.  This 
pine  is  perfectly  hardy  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  and  grows  in  any  kind  of  soil  except  in  low  muck 
and  undrained  marsh-land;  it  will  do  well  even  in  sandy, 
gravelly  soil. 

Pinus  rigida,  or  pitch  pine,  is  an  open,  irregular,  pyramidal 
tree  to  about  seventy-five  to  eighty  feet  high.  It  is  planted  on 
rocky  slopes  on  account  of  its  picturesque  habit  when  older. 
Plants  are  easily  raised  from  seeds. 

Pinus  pungens,  western  table  mountain  pine,  is  a  most 
interesting  irregular  tree  and  when  young  resembles  P.  Mugo 
in  habit  but  not  in  color.  ^  Its  foliage  is  of  a  pale  yellowish- 
green.  This  tree  will  grow  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  The 
branches  are  spreading,  forming  a  broad  often  fiat-topped 
head.  It  is  hardy  in  the  Northwest  and  Canada.  The  tree 
grows  in  moist  soil  but  prefers  a  gravelly  subsoil. 

The  Swiss  stone  pine,  Pinus  Cembra,  has  been  a  favorite  for 
ornamental  planting.  Its  leaves  are  dark  green  and  the  tree 
of  very  compact  pyramidal  form.  The  branches  are  short 
and  when  the  tree  is  older  it  becomes  often  very  picturesque. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  105 

having  an  open  round-topped  head.  It  is  somewhat  diflBcult 
to  raise  from  seed  as  they  are  slow  to  germinate  and  the  seed- 
lings are  likely  to  damp  off  unless  closely  watched  on  hot, 
sultry  days. 

Pinus  densiflora  is  perfectly  hardy,  of  compact  habit,  but 
exceedingly  slow  in  growth.  Its  density  of  foliage  and  drooping 
habit  make  it  a  valuable  ornamental  tree  for  formal  effect. 
The  foliage  is  a  bright  green.  The  var.  globosa  forms  a  perfectly 
flat  top.  It  is  quite  hardy  and  valuable  for  ornamental 
planting,  and  is  a  promising  asset  to  the  newly  introduced 
conifers. 

The  spruces  are  natives  of  the  cold  climates  and  should  not 
be  planted  extensively  in  the  South.  In  northern  Illinois  and 
southern  Wisconsin  the  white,  black,  blue,  and  green  Colorado 
spruces  are  very  often  badly  damaged  by  the  red-spider. 
When  a  good  force  of  water  is  convenient,  they  are  easily 
eradicated;  if  not,  the  trees  will  gradually  die.  Like  the  pine, 
spruces  are  easily  propagated  from  seeds  sown  in  the  spring. 

The  white  spruce,  Picea  glauca,  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the 
extreme  North.  It  grows  in  any  kind  of  soil  and  can  stand 
low  situations  better  than  any  other  spruce.  Its  height  is 
about  fifty  to  sixty  feet.  The  trees  are  planted  very  extensively 
for  ornamental  purposes  on  account  of  the  plea^sing  whitish- 
green  color. 

Black  spruce,  Picea  mariana,  grows  in  nearly  the  same 
situations  as  the  white  spruce.  Its  habit  is  a  regular  pyramid, 
its  foliage  bluish-green,  and  the  bark  lighter  colored.  The  wood 
is  inferior  in  quality  and  snaps  frequently  in  burning.  It  is  a 
beautiful  tree  while  young  and  is  valuable  for  parks  and  gardens 
on  account  of  its  close,  compact  growth,  color  of  foliage,  and  the 
retaining  of  its  branches  close  to  the  ground  even  when  old. 

The  Norway  spruce,  Picea  Abies,  is  probably  the  best  known 


106  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

and  most  extensively  cultivated  spruce  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe.  It  has  a  straight  trunk  from  one  hundred  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  height  and  from  five  to  six  feet  in 
diameter.  None  is  better  adapted  for  planting  in  narrow  strips 
for  shelter  or  seclusion,  because  of  its  rapid  growth;  it  makes 
excellent  hedges  for  shelter  in  nursery-gardens,  windbreaks  for 
fruit-gardens  and  farm  buildings.  In  the  great  prairie  country 
of  America  this  beautiful  and  useful  tree  should  be  planted  for 
protection.  It  grows  in  any  kind  of  soil  except  gravelly  and 
sour  or  water-soaked,  undrained  ground.  It  maintains  its 
branches  well  to  the  ground  if  given  ample  room  to  grow,  and 
is,  therefore,  valuable  for  single  specimens  on  lawns  as  well 
as  for  a  background  to  other  evergreens.  The  foliage  is  dark 
green,  and  when  older  the  branches  are  drooping,  melancholy 
yet  graceful,  and  beautiful  for  the  open  stretch  of  landscape 
as  well  as  for  woodland  effects. 

Some  of  the  variegated  forms  of  Norway  spruce  are  in- 
teresting when  young.  The  young  growth  of  var.  argenteo-spica 
is  whitish,  gradually  turning  a  pale  green.  Var.  aureahsis  leaves 
of  a  golden-yellow  on  the  exposed  side  and  the  remainder  dark 
green,  giving  the  tree  a  peculiar  aspect.  Both  varieties  are 
beautiful  when  the  sun  plays  on  the  branches,  which  on  young 
trees  are  erect,  but  when  older  become  pendulous.  Trees  do 
not  grow  quite  so  fast  as  the  Norway  spruce,  but  are  just  as 
hardy,  and  grow  well  in  any  kind  of  soil,  even  in  a  heavy  clay. 
They  do  especially  well  in  partially  shady  places  and  in  the 
open  lawn;  on  account  of  the  dense  growth  are  well  adapted 
for  single  specimens.  These  forms  should  be  grafted  on  the 
Norway  spruce  when  dormant,  as  they  do  not  come  true  from 
seed  like  most  variegated  conifers. 

Picea  joungens,  Colorado  spruce,  grows  in  all  soils,  seems 
perfectly  hardy  in  most  northern  climates  and  is  easily  raised 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  107 

from  seeds.  It  is  a  strong,  symmetrical,  upright  tree.  The 
color  of  foliage  varies  from  light  silvery  to  dull  green,  and  from 
a  dark  blue  to  light  purple.  Color  and  form  make  it  a 
valuable  tree  for  the  landscape-gardener.  It  is  of  very  slow 
growth  until  about  a  foot  high,  then  it  seems  to  shoot  up  very 
fast,  keeping  its  lower  branches  well  to  the  ground.  This 
spruce  is  not  so  easily  transplanted  as  some  other  piceas.  It 
should  be  root-pruned  or  transplanted  at  intervals.  It  develops 
fibrous  roots.  Transplanting  on  cloudy  days  and  a  liberal 
overhead  watering  for  several  consecutive  days  will  benefit 
the  plants.  The  red-spider  is  a  common  enemy  of  this  beautiful 
spruce.  A  good  force  of  water  applied  once  or  twice  a  week 
during  the  gr6wing  season  will  usually  prevent  this  pest. 

Picea  Engelmanni  somewhat  resembles  the  white  spruce, 
only  it  is  more  beautiful  in  color  and  texture  of  foliage,  a 
silvery-bluish  hue.  The  habit  of  the  tree  resembles  P.  pungens. 
It  is  just  as  valuable  for  ornamental  planting,  but  should  be 
placed  on  northern  exposures.  It  is  unable  to  stand  the  hot, 
dry  winds  in  the  open  prairies,  but  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the 
other  Northern  and  Western  States.  The  tree  grows  well  in 
a  clay  loam,  but  not  in  a  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

Another  interesting  spruce  is  Picea  orientalis,  native  of 
Asia.  It  does  well  only  in  partially  shaded  situations  and  it 
does  not  grow  rapidly.  It  holds  its  branches  well  to  the  ground 
and  thrives  best  in  a  rich  black  loarp.  This  species  is  subject 
to  winter  sunburn,  and  should  be  planted  on  northern  expo- 
sures or  where  it  is  partially  shaded  during  the  winter  months 
by  other  trees. 

The  hemlock  spruce,  Tsuga  canadensis,  likes  moist  ground 
and  will  grow  to  a  height  of  seventy-five  to  eighty  feet,  with  a 
circumference  of  six  to  nine  feet,  and  uniform  for  two-thirds 
of  its  length.    When  young  and  planted  in  a  favorable  soil,  the 


108  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

hemlock  is  very  ornamental,  owing  to  the  symmetrical  arrange- 
ment of  its  branches  and  to  its  tufted  foliage.  At  this  age  it 
is  used  for  hedges,  owing  to  its  density  of  growth  and  ease  of 
shearing.  It  is  very  valuable  for  single  specimens  and  if  pruned 
occasionally  will  maintain  i^s  branches  well  to  the  ground.  If 
planted  with  erect-growing  conifers  the  hemlock  will  relieve 
their  stiff  effect  with  its  graceful  drooping  branches.  It  will 
adapt  itself  well  in  shady  places  for  undergrowth  for  other 
trees  and  will  grow  in  such  situations  better  than  any  other 
evergreen.  For  planting  on  northern  exposures  of  bluffs  and 
ravines,  the  hemlock  is  most  valuable. 

Abies  halsamea,  balsarfi  fir,  rarely  exceeds  fifty  feet  in  height. 
As  an  ornamental  it  has  no  special  value,  as  it  retains  its  beauty 
only  for  the  first  fifteen  years.  During  this  period,  when  in 
health  and  vigor,  it  is  extremely  beautiful,  both  in  color  and 
form.  Balsam  fir  should  be  employed  in  ornamental  planting 
rather  as  a  filler  and  not  as  a  permanent  tree  for  later  years, 
as  it  loses  its  lower  branches,  has  a  sickly  appearance,  and 
should  then  be  removed.  The  balsam  fir  is  easily  propagated 
from  seed,  which  germinates  freely. 

Abies  concolor,  white  fir,  is  grown  extensively  for  ornamental 
purposes.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 
It  grows  in  any  kind  of  soil,  but  thrives  best  in  a  well-drained 
clay  or  loam  with  a  gravelly  subsoil;  it  will  not  do  well  in  low 
or  water-soaked,  undrained  ground.  The  color  of  the  foliage 
varies  from  a  soft  sea-green  to  a  deep  blue.  Its  stately,  erect, 
and  spreading  branches  give  this  tree  a  strikingly  noble  char- 
acter. The  white  fir  withstands  heat  and  drought  well  in  the 
Middle  West.  It  grows  from  one  hundred  fifty  to  two  hun- 
dred fifty  feet  high  and  its  trunk  from  three  to  six  feet  in 
diameter.  The  seeds  taken  from  the  Colorado  type  are  more 
likely  to  germinate  than  those  grown  at  the  Pacific  Coast. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  109 

'  The  Nordmann  fir,  with  its  dark  green  fohage,  silvery- white 
below,  does  well  when  planted  with  other  evergreens  in  groups, 
when  it  is  partially  if  not  wholly  shaded  and  protected  from 
the  winter's  sun.  Most  firs  are  subject  to  sun-scorch,  but 
especially  Abies  Nordmamiiana  and  A.  Veitchii.  Both  are 
perfectly  hardy  and  should  be  planted  on  a  northern  exposure, 
in  medium  clay  loam.  They  will  do  well  on  undrained  land  or 
in  a  gravelly  hard-pan  soil. 

Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  Douglas  fir,  is  valuable  for  land- 
scape planting  on  account  of  its  easy  propagation  from  seeds, 
easy  transplanting  and  fast  growth,  hardiness  and  adaptation 
to  any  soil  except  low,  undrained,  swampy  soil.  The  tree  is  of 
tall  sj^mmetrical  habit.'  The  foliage  varies  in  color  from  a  dark 
green  to  a  li^ht  bluish-silvery  hue.  It  withstands  the  wind 
remarkably  well  and  can  stand  considerable  shade,  maintaining 
its  branches  to  the  ground  when  given  ample  room,  and  mak- 
ing fine  lawn  specimens. 

Thuja  occidenialis,  or  white-cedar,  is  one  of  the  hardiest  and 
best  evergreens  for  shelter-belts  and  timber  planting.  The 
American  arbor-vitse  is  the  original  from  which  many  types 
have  been  developed.  When  planted  with  ample  space,  it 
maintains  its  branches  from  the  bottom  up/'  It  is,  therefore, 
very  attractive  for  lawns  and  windbreaks.  This  tree  is  very 
hardy  and  dependable  in  almost  any  situation,  but  moist 
location  is  preferred.  The  foliage  is  soft  and  flexible  and  of 
fine  deep  green  color.  The  tree  is  easily  grown  from  seeds  sown 
in  early  spring  in  lath  frames  or  brush-shades.  Var.  Doiiglasii 
aurea  is  a  type  with  deep  yellow  foliage,  of  medium  height, 
forming  a  broad  bushy  specimen.  In  planting  it  is  grouped 
with  other  evergreens  and  adds  contrast  with  its  unusual  bright 
golden  color,  being  especially  attractive  when  planted  with  the 
darker  shades  of  green  as  a  background.     It  grows  in  any 


110  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

ordinary  good  soil,  but  does  especially  well  in  a  damp,  cool, 
clay  loam.  It  does  not  always  come  true  from  seed  and  is 
usually  propagated  from  cuttings  taken  in  early  fall,  with 
gentle  bottom  heat  in  frames  or  greenhouse.  The  cuttings 
should  be  kept  cool  until  callousing  takes  place,  when  heat 
both  in  bottom  and  top  can  gradually  be  increased.  Cuttings 
should  be  shaded  from  the  direct  sun,  watered  freely  overhead, 
and  given  plenty  of  air.  Var.  Douglasii  pyramidalis  has  feathery, 
lace-like,  crested  foliage  of  a  dark  green  color.  The  habit  is 
pyramidal.  It  is  of  slow  growth,  to  about  eighteen  to  twenty 
feet  high,  and  is  perfectly  hardy  and  grows  well  in  moist  clay 
loam.  Var.  lutea,  Peabody  golden  arbor-vitse,  is  a  distinct 
bright  golden  type.  It  is  of  rather  slender  growth,  twelve  to 
fifteen  feet  high.  It  grows  best  in  clay  loam.  On  account  of  its 
brilliant  golden  hue,  it  is  useful  where  color  effect  is  desired. 
Var.  alba  has  silvery  white-tipped  foliage,  forming  a  pleasing 
contrast  to  the  otherwise  dark  green  leaves.  It  varies  in  habit 
from  a  low  compact  growth  to  a  loose,  feathery,  pyramidal 
bush,  and  is  hardy  and  easily  propagated  from  cuttings  or  by 
grafting.  Var.  rohusta,  Siberian  arbor-vitse,  is  a  very  beautiful, 
dark  green,  conical  type.  Its  habit  is  distinct  and  its  branches 
short  and  stiff.  The  foliage  is  a  dark  sea-green.  It  is  of  rugged 
constitution  and  perfectly  hardy,  but  of  slow  growth.  It  is 
propagated  from  cuttings.  Var.  Woodwardii  is  one  of  the  best 
globe-shaped  arbor- vitaes.  It  maintains  its  shape  without 
artificial  means.  The  color  of  foliage  is  a  pleasing  sea-green. 
It  grows  about  three  feet  high  and  is  as  hardy  as  the  species. 
Var.  Hoveyi  is  a  very  pretty,  dwarf,  compact  form,  with  yellow- 
ish-green foliage.  The  habit  is  globose.  It  is  hardy  in  southern 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  other  western  States  and  is  useful 
for  low  planting  in  front  of  other  taller-growing  plants.  It 
is  propagated  from  cuttings.    The  soil  requirement  is  a  moist 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  111 

well-drained  silt  loam,  but  it  also  does  well  in  moist,  black, 
mucky  soil.  This  plant  is  subject  to  winter  sun-scorch  and 
should  be  planted  where  the  rays  of  the  sun  will  not  fully 
reach  it  in  the  middle  of  the  day.  Var.  Smithiana  is  a  beauti- 
ful, low-growing,  compact  form.  The  very  dark  green,  soft 
foliage,  gradually  changing  to  almost  purple  in  the  fall,  gives 
this  plant  a  special  merit  where  low  growth  in  formal  and 
rock-gardens  is  required,  also  for  grouping  in  front  of  taller 
varieties.  It  will  maintain  its  low-growing  tendencies,  but 
will  spread,  unlike  any  other  arbor-vitse.  It  grows  best  in  a 
well-drained  clay  loam  and  is  easily  propagated  from  cuttings, 
the  wood  being  rather  soft.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  and  does  well 
in  partial  shade  as  well  as  in  the  full  sun.  It  is  not  subject  to 
sunburn  in  late  winter,  and  is  easily  transplanted.  Var. 
Tom  Thumb  is  the  smallest  of  its  class  known,  being  a  tufted 
little  plant  of  very  low,  compact  growth,  rarely  exceeding 
nine  inches.  It  is  valuable  for  rock  and  Japanese  gardens  and 
the  edgings  of  walks.  The  plant  is  propagated  from  cuttings 
and  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the  Northwest. 

ChamoBcyparis,  or  Retinispora,  pisifera,  is  an  open  grower 
of  upright  form,  the  branches  somewhat  pendulous  toward  the 
end.  The  foliage  is  light  green,  glaucous  beneath,  very  graceful 
and  feathery.  Var.  filifera  is  a  medium-sized  pyramidal  tree  of 
unusually  graceful  outlines,  the  ends  of  the  branches  drooping 
in  long  filaments.  This  variety  seems  to  be  perfectly  hardy  in 
the  most  extreme  exposures,  either  to  heat  or  cold.  *  It  does  best 
when  planted  in  a  damp  but  well-drained  clay  loam.  Var. 
plumosa  (Chamsecyparis)  and  its  variants  are  not  hardy  in  the 
extreme  North,  but  in  the  Middle  West  they  are  planted  exten- 
sively on  account  of  the  beautiful  soft  foliage  and  pleasing 
form.  These  are  perfectly  hardy  without  protection  even  in 
the  northern  parts  of  America.     Both  varieties  are  propagated 


112  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

from  cuttings  and  grafting.  They  require  a  silt  loam  soil 
with  perfect  drainage. 

Retinispora  plumosa  argentea  has  light  green  foliage  and 
white-tipped  branches.  R.  plumosa  aurea  is  a  golden  form. 
Both  varieties  require  some  protection  in  winter,  especially 
from  the  sun.  R.  squarrosa  is  a  densely  branched  bushy  tree 
with  spreading  feathery  branchlets.  It  is  not  a  strong  grower 
and  should  be  planted  in  front  of  taller  trees.  All  the  retinis- 
poras  are  propagated  from  cuttings  or  grafted.  They  require 
care  when  young,  gentle  bottom  heat  for  the  cuttings  in  lath 
frames  as  well  as  in  the  greenhouse,  and  copious  watering 
overhead. 

Chamcecyparis,  or  Retinispora,  obtusa,  is  a  bushy  grower  of 
solid  or  compact  form.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  growers  of  its 
class.  The  foliage  is  firm,  of  a  clear  green  color  and  graceful 
drooping  habit.  Var.  nana,  with  very  dense,  short  foliage  of 
an  extremely  dark  green,  is  well  adapted  for  rock-garden 
planting. 

Taxus  canadensis,  American  yew,  is  a  valuable  dwarf  ever- 
green seldom  more  than  three  feet  high,  with  dense,  dark 
green  foliage.  It  is  particularly  attractive  in  autumn  when 
loaded  with  its  scarlet  fruits.  It  thrives  best  in  shady  situations 
and  well-drained  silt  loam  and  is  hardy  in  the  Northwest  and 
Canada.  This  yew  is  useful  for  nature  planting  as  well  as 
for  hedges  and  formal  gardens.  It  can  be  pruned  to  any  de- 
sired shape.  The  foliage  assumes  a  reddish  tint  in  winter.  It 
is  propagated  from  cuttings  in  lath  frames  with  gentle  bot- 
tom heat  or  in  hothouses. 

Taxus  cuspidata,  or  Japanese  yew,  grows  forty  to  fifty 
feet  high  in  Japan,  but  under  cultivation  does  not  attain  this 
height.  It  is  one  of  the  hardiest  yews  and  withstands  extreme 
heat  and  cold  in  America.    It  is  of  close,  upright,  compact 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  113 

habit.  This  beautiful  yew  is  valuable  on  account  of  its  dark, 
luxurious  foliage  and  irregular  form  of  growth.  The  tree  grows 
in  any  rich  garden  soil  with  perfect  drainage.  It  is  propagated 
from  cuttings  and  grafting  on  T.  canadensis. 

Taxus  brevifolia  is  of  dwarf,  compact  growth.  It  is  the 
darkest  of  all  evergreen  trees  and  is  of  irregular  and  picturesque 
outline,  about  five  to  sLx  feet  high  and  with  a  spread  of  four 
to  five  feet.  It  is  very  popular  on  account  of  its  extreme 
hardiness  and  beautiful  dark  green  color.  It  requires  a  rich 
clay  loam  and  perfect  drainage  and  is  propagated  from  cuttings 
and  by  grafting  on  T.  canadensis. 

Taxus  baccata  var.  repandens  is  a  low  spreading  form  with 
luxuriant  dark  green  foliage  not  unlike  T.  cuspidata,  but  of 
lower  growth  and  more  spreading.  For  planting  in  front  of 
other  evergreens  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable.  It  stands  the 
winter  well  when  planted  in  a  sandy  loam  with  perfect  drainage. 
It  is  well  to  shade  the  plant  somewhat  when  exposed  to  full 
sun  in  late  winter  as  it  is  somewhat  subject  to  sunburn,  and, 
therefore,  does  best  on  a  northern  exposure.  Var.  aurea  is  a 
golden  form.  Var.  fastigata  and  fastigiata  aurea  can  be  grown 
in  the  Northwest  with  protection  and  planted  in  a  protected 
spot  among  other  evergreens.  All  varieties  of  English  yew 
are  propagated  from  cuttings  or  grafting. 

Of  late  years  the  red-cedar  (Juniperus  virginiana)  has  been 
extensively  employed  for  ornamental  planting,  especially  in 
the  Northwest  and  Canada.  Its  extreme  hardiness  and 
stately,  upright,  compact  habit  make  it  very  useful  for  wind- 
breaks, especially  for  exposed,  windy  positions.  It  grows  well 
in  any  soil  except  in  a  sour  alkali,  but  does  best  on  a  gravelly 
or  sandy  subsoil.  The  color  of  foliage  varies  from  a  dark  green 
to  a  steel-blue.  Junipers  vary  in  habit  from  a  tall  pyramidal 
tree  to  a  low  prostrate  or  trailing  shrub.    J.  virginiana  and  its 


114  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

allies  are  mostly  propagated  from  seeds,  cuttings,  and  layers. 
The  seed  is  hard  to  sprout  and  requires  two  to  three  years 
for  germination.  When  propagated  from  cuttings,  a  gentle 
bottom  heat  is  required.  It  is  best  done  under  glass,  taking  the 
cutting  from  nearly  ripened  wood  in  the  early  fall.  Stool 
cuttings  are  preferable  for  those  varieties  with  scale-like  leaves. 
These  are  also  increased  by  side  grafting  in  the  winter  on 
previously  potted  plants  of  allied  species.  Copious  watering 
overhead  is  essential  until  the  graft  is  set.  The  plants  pro- 
pagated by  layers  in  early  fall  require  gentle  bottom  heat.  -' 

Juniperus  virginiana  var.  glauca  is  a  distinct  blue  type  of 
pyramidal  habit.  The  young  growth  is  almost  silvery-white, 
changing  to  a  beautiful  bluish-green  in  winter.  For  landscape 
effect  it  is  excellent.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  of  compact  growth, 
and  thrives  in  a  rich  clay  loam.  Propagation  is  by  grafting 
on  J.  virginiana.  Var.  Schottii  is  planted  for  its  pyramidal, 
compact  growth  and  extreme  hardiness.  It  is  propagated  from 
cuttings.  Var.  Canaertii  is  a  pyramidal  compact  form  attaining 
a  height  of  fifteen  to  eighteen  feet.  The  foliage  is  dark  green.  The 
plant  is  useful  for  planting  in  formal  and  natural  gardens  and  its 
silver-colored  fruit  is  attractive.  It  does  well  in  any  ordinary 
garden  soil  and  is  propagated  from  cuttings  and  grafting. 

Juniperus  communis  var.  depressa  has  many  branches  and 
seldom  exceeds  five  feet  in  height.  It  thrives  best  in  a  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil  and  is  extremely  hardy  and  a  rapid,  vigorous 
grower.  The  foliage  is  grayish-green,  light  silvery-green  be- 
neath. It  is  propagated  from  seeds  and  cuttings.  Landscape 
planters  make  use  of  it  to  cover  unsightly  spots  and  as  an 
edging  to  taller  trees.  Fruit  of  this  variety  matures  the  third 
year  when  it  is  used  for  medicinal  purposes  and  manufacturing 
of  spirits.  Var.  aurea  is  a  golden  form.  It  is  hardy  and  useful 
for  color  effect  with  other  junipers. 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  115 

Irish  juniper,  var.  hibernica,  is  a  compact,  pyramidal  or 
columnar  form.  It  does  best  in  damp  but  perfectly  drained  soil 
and  is  quite  hardy  in  the  Middle  West.  It  requires  copious  and 
frequent  watering  during  the  summer  months.  It  is  valuable 
for  formal  planting  in  gardens  and  lawns.  Propagation  is  by 
cutting  or  grafting.  Swedish  juniper,  var.  suecica,  is  quite 
similar  to  var.  hibernica,  but  grows  higher  and  is  of  a  lighter 
and  more  bluish  color  and  the  branches  do  not  grow  quite  as 
stiff  and  compactly.  In  general  the  form  is  pleasing  and  useful 
where  formal  effects  are  desired.  It  is  propagated  from  seeds, 
cuttings,  and  grafting. 

Juniperus  horizontalis  is  a  trailing  or  creeping  form  em- 
ployed for  ground-cover  and  edging  garden  walks.  It  is  propa- 
gated from  cuttings  and  layers.  The  Waukegan  juniper, 
var.  Douglasii,  is  an  interesting  creeping  form.  It  seems  to 
love  the  sand  and  gravelly  soil,  yet  it  will  do  equally  well  in 
rich  garden  soil  or  on  rocky  slopes,  banks,  and  terraces.  The 
color  of  the  foliage  is  a  soft  blue  in  spring,  changing  to  a  rich 
purple  color  in  the  fall.  This  form  is  very  useful  for  wall- 
covering, rock-gardens,  and  edging  of  walks.  It  is  a  rapid 
grower  and  easily  propagated  from  layers  taken  in  early 
October  and  planted  in  lath  frames  in  a  sharp  sand.  The 
plant  thrives  on  sunny  slopes  and  does  equally  well  in  partially 
shady  situations. 

Jwiiperus  scopulorum  is  a  narrow,  compact,  symmetrical 
form  with  one  single  stem.  It  grows  well  in  the  North  and 
South.  It  is  valuable  for  landscape  effect  on  account  of  its 
close,  compact  and  erect  habit  and  beautiful  silver  foliage. 
Propagation  is  by  cutting  or  grafting  on  allied  stock. 

Juniperus  Sabina  is  very  hardy,  of  erect  habit,  with  numer- 
ous spreading  branches.  It  is  useful  for  a  foundation  for  other 
trees.    The  plant  does  best  in  a  dry,  gravelly,  sunny  situation. 


116  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Propagation  is  from  layers  and  cuttings.  Var.  tamariscifolia  is 
an  excellent  dwarf  creeping  variety,  suitable  for  rock-gardens, 
edging,  and  ground-cover.  It  is  quite  hardy  in  the  Northwest 
and  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  low  type  of  junipers. 

Juniperus  chinensis  var.  albo-variegata  is  a  white-tipped 
form  of  columnar  growth,  reaching  a  height  of  twenty  feet 
or  more.  The  foliage  is  a  dark  bluish-green  with  white  tips  at 
the  end  of  twigs  and  branches.  It  requires  a  damp  but  well- 
drained  soil  and  is  useful  for  planting  in  formal  gardens  and 
lawns.  Var.  aureo-glohosa  forms  a  perfectly  round  globe,  is 
very  dense  in  growth,  with  light  green  foliage  having  a  yellowish 
hue.  It  is  valuable  where  low  planting  is  desired  in  rock- 
gardens,  Japanese  and  flower-gardens.  It  requires  a  rich 
sandy  loam,  is  propagated  from  cuttings  and  grafting  on  allied 
stock  and  is  quite  hardy  if  planted  on  well-drained  soil.  Var. 
japonica  is  a  very  dwarf  form  seldom  growing  over  twelve 
inches  high.  It  is  a  rapid  grower,  producing  long  branches 
that  cling  to  the  ground.  It  is  useful  for  terraces,  hillsides,  and 
edging  of  rock-gardens  and  is  perfectly  hardy.  Propagation  is 
by  cuttings  and  layers.  Var.  Pfitzeriana  forms  a  low,  broad 
pyramid.  The  branches  grow  horizontally  from  the  stem, 
forming  a  flat,  spreading  top.  It  is  not  a  rapid  grower,  attaining 
a  height  of  six  to  ten  feet,  and  is  perfectly  hardy.  This  variety 
is  valued  for  its  graceful  plumosa-hke  foliage.  Propagation  is 
by  cuttings  and  grafting. 

CONIFERS  FOR  THE  PACIFIC  SLOPE.— Braunton 
Conifers  should  be  planted  only  for  certain  restricted  uses 
for  which  they  are  peculiarly  well  fitted.  Indeed,  so  many 
conifers  do  not  thrive  luxuriantly  in  the  semi-arid  atmosphere 
of  California  that  they  are  not  always  ornate.  Those  from 
humid  climes  are  poorly  clothed,  and  this  deficiency  becomes 


Plate  XIX.    Law-son  cypress  {ChanKrcyparis  Luw.soniana) 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  117 

more  marked  with  age,  so  that  many  species  are  welcomed  in 
youth,  tolerated  at  mid-age,  and  destroyed  when  old.  In  fact, 
in  southern  California  conifers  of  large  size  are  not  easy  to 
find,  yet  many  were  planted  long  years  ago.  Their  retirement 
from  public  favor  may  be  due,  in  part,  to  their  misuse  in  land- 
scape planting.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  conifers  native  to 
snow-capped  mountains  on  the  lower  levels,  and  above,  other 
and  broad-leaved  evergreens  from  the  tropics — evergreens  so 
tender  that  their  foliage  is  injured  by  light  frosts.  It  is  rarely 
indeed  that  conifers  may  be  planted  harmoniously  below  the 
line  of  ordinary  vision.  Conifers  are  primarily  for  the  heights 
and  should  overtop  all  other  trees.  They  should  not  be  too 
closely  associated  with  dwellings,  unless  on  tracts  of  some 
altitude  or  as  backgrounds  above  to  relieve  otherwise  bare 
landscapes  and  provide  or  suggest  shelter. 

Parks  and  large  gardens  may  carry  conifers  in  considerable 
numbers,  but  the  small  garden  is  better  with  none,  or  the 
planting  confined  to  dwarf  species  or  one  or  two  isolated  speci- 
mens of  unusual  attractiveness.  Considerable  space  is  needed 
for  natural  development  without  pruning,  and  seldom  does  a 
conifer  attract  favorable  notice  or  comment  when  the  lower 
branches  have  been  removed.  For  this  reason,  conifers  are 
unfitted  to  roadside  alignment  unless  a  parking  of  twenty  or 
more  feet  has  been  reserved.  The  greatest  misuse  to  which  they 
are  subjected  in  California,  and  the  most  common,  is  to  mix 
species  from  habitats  of  almost  perpetual  snow  with  palms 
from  the  tropics,  several  of  each  on  an  ordinary  city  lot. 
Aside  from  contrasts  in  form,  the  palms  are  in  shades  of  lightest 
green,  while  the  conifers  are  of  the  darkest. 

California  possesses  numerous  native  species  of  conifers. 
Including  Taxaceae,  they  number  forty-two,  divided  in  popular 
groups  as  follows:  Pine  family,  twenty-eight;  redwood  family. 


118  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

two;  cypress  family,  ten;  yew  family,  two.  So  many  of  these 
are  of  decided  horticultural  value  that  one  may  plant  richly 
and  in  great  variety  of  species  and  general  appearance  without 
using  other  than  natives  of  California.  W^hile  all  pines  are 
much  alike  in  general  appearance,  and  also  cypresses,  three 
species  of  the  latter  family  have  unusually  handsome  and 
distinct  foliage  and  are  widely  planted  in  park  and  garden. 
They  are:  Lihocedrus  decurrens,  incense-cedar;  Thuja  plicata, 
canoe-cedar;  and  Chamcecyparis  Lawsoniana,  Port  Orford 
cedar,  better  known  in  California  as  Lawson  cypress.  However, 
of  all  native  conifers  planted  as  single  or  solitary  specimens, 
the  most  popular  are  the  redwoods,  or,  as  known  to  the  plant 
trade,  the  redwood  and  the  big  tree.  Sequoia  sempervirens 
and  S.  gigantea. 

Of  the  twenty-eight  species  of  native  pines,  several  are 
employed  in  forestry  work  by  the  state  and  federal  depart- 
ments and  only  about  four  in  ornamental  grounds.  Of  the 
latter,  Pinus  radiata  is  used  more  than  all  species  combined, 
either  as  an  ornamental  or  for  woodlot  and  small  forest  plant- 
ings. It  is,  however,  very  short-lived,  being  estimated  that  at 
the  most  it  lives  but  one  hundred  fifty  years,  and  on  its  native 
heath  it  sometimes  dies  at  forty  years  of  age.  In  park  and 
garden  it  does  not  always  live  the  stated  minimum,  so  that 
many  perish  of  mature  old  age  during  the  life  of  the  planter. 
The  three  other  garden  species,  in  the  order  of  their  popularity, 
are:  P.  Coulteri,  P.  Torreyana,  and  P.  cemhroides  var.  Par- 
ryana,  the  latter  often  catalogued  as  P.  quadrifolia. 

Of  cypresses,  the  Monterey,  Cupressus  macrocarpa,  far  out- 
classes all  other  species  in  numbers  planted.  Thirty  years  ago 
it  was  much  used  for  hedges  in  city  and  village,  but  hedges  are 
now  very  little  planted,  though  Monterey  cypress  is  much  in 
evidence  in  windbreaks  about  orchards  and  is  almost  the  only 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS    .  119 

conifer  so  employed.  Of  the  yews,  the  one  known  as  the  CaU- 
fornia-nutmeg,  Torreya  californica,  is  more  planted  than  the 
western  yew,  Taxus  brevifolia,  though  neither  is  much  used  in 
gardens.  It  is  well  known  that  coniferous  trees  seldom  sprout 
from  the  stump  when  cut  down,  but  these  yews  do.  In  this 
respect  the  nutmeg  is  extremely  vigorous,  as  much  as  the 
redwood  which  is  noted  among  conifers  for  stump-sprouting 
and  the  rapid  growth  and  great  size  of  comparatively  young 
second-growth  trees.  In  odd  forms  and  habits  California  has 
but  one  curiosity,  a  weeping  spruce,  Picea  Breweriana,  a  very 
pendulous  form. 

Cedrus  Deodara  is  by  far  the  best  conifer  for  general  planting 
in  all  parts  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  C.  atlantica  var.  glauca 
may  be  given  second  place.  Araucaria  Bidwillii,  Sequoia 
semper vire?is,  Chamcecyparis  Lawsoniana  and  its  varieties, 
Lihocedrus  decurrens,  Araucaria  excelsa  and  var.  compacta, 
Cupressus  guadalupensis  and  var.  glauca,  Abies  Pinsapo  var. 
glauca,  Picea  pungens  var.  glauca,  and  Cupressus  arizonica, 
are  most  frequently  planted  in  the  order  named.  In  the 
region  of  Los  Angeles  Taxus  baccata,  Taxodium  mucronatum, 
and  Agathis  rohusta  thrive. 

In  northern  California  the  following  are  the  most  satis- 
factory conifers:  Abies  balsamea,  A.  N ordmanniana,  Cedrus 
atlantica,  C.  Deodara,  and  C.  libani,  Chamcecyparis  Lawsoniana, 
Cupressus  arizonica,  Juniperus  communis  var.  hibernica, 
Libocedrus  decurrens,  Picea  Abies,  Pinus  radiata  and  P.  excelsa. 
Sequoia  sempervirens  and  S.  gigantea,  Taxus  baccata  var. 
fastigiata,  and  Thuja  orientalis  var.  aurea. 

For  southern  California  the  most  popular  conifers  planted 
are:  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Cedrus  Deodara,  Pinus  canariensis, 
Picea  Abies,  Cupressus  guadalupensis  and  var.  glauca, 
Chamwcyparis  Lawsoniana  and  varieties,  and  C.  obtusa,  Cupres- 


120  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

sus  arizonica,  Abies  Pinsapo  and  A.  concolor,  Picea  pungens  var. 
Kosteriana.  Other  species  worthy  of  mention  are:  Cryptomeria 
japonica  var.  elegans,  Thuja  orientalis  var.  aurea,  Cupressus 
sempervirens  and  C.  macrocarpa,  Pinus  radiata,  and  Juniperus 
chinensis. 

In  the  cold  snaps  of  January,  in  the  years  1913  and 
1922,  many  of  the  largest  and  oldest  Araucaria  excelsa  were 
frozen  to  death  and  size  and  age  seemed  to  be  no  protection, 
as  it  is  generally  conceded  to  be  with  trees  in  general.  Some 
of  the  very  largest  in  Los  Angeles  perished,  and  they  seemed  to 
be  frozen  in  all  parts,  from  the  base  of  trunk  covered  with 
thick  bark,  up  to  the  tip,  seventy-five  or  more  feet  above. 
This  freezing  of  mature  bark-protected  trunks  is  believed  to  be 
due  to  continuation  of  low  temperatures  through  several 
nights,  which  was  cumulative  in  effect,  gradually  breaking 
down  the  tissues.  Lower  temperatures  of  shorter  duration 
would  not  have  resulted  in  such  fatalities,  which,  strange  to 
say,  were  not  visited  upon  any  other  conifer. 

The  remarkable  ease  with  which  the  Monterey  pine  and  the 
Monterey  cypress  may  be  grown  from  seeds  and  safely  trans- 
planted, coupled  with  their  drought-resistance,  have  made  them 
prime  favorites  for  covering  bare  hillsides  when  landscape 
effect  is  sought.  When  fuel  is  desired,  eucalypts  are  planted. 
California,  except  in  very  cool  and  damp  coastal  districts,  is 
too  hot  and  dry  during  summer  to  suit  some  very  ornate 
species.  Araucaria  hrasiliana  and  Cunninghamia  lanceolata  are 
two  of  this  class.  Unless  planted  in  a  lawn,  where  there  is  a 
constantly  rising  humidity,  Araucaria  araucana  grows  but 
slowly  and  is  poorly  furnished  with  branches  near  the  ground. 
In  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  it  reaches  a  better 
development  than  at  any  point  farther  south.  Cedrus  Deodar  a 
has  proved  a  pleasant  surprise  in  its  really  remarkable  adapta- 


ADAPTATION    OF    CONIFERS  121 

bility  to  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  climates,  even  on  the  dry 
hillsides  of  forest  reserves  in  the  south  end  of  the  State. 
Another  handsome  conifer  also  growing  well  in  similar  situa- 
tions is  Pinus  canariensis.  Single  conifers  are  seldom  planted 
primarily  for  shade,  but  P.  Pinea  has  received  such  con- 
sideration and  may  occasionally  be  seen  in  garden  or  farm- 
yard, singly  or  in  groups  of  three  or  more.  It  is  the  only 
round-topped  or  umbrella-shaped  conifer. 

A  few  species  are  planted  because  of  the  oddity  or  beauty 
of  the  leaves,  such  as  Agathis  robusta,  the  Dammar-pine  from 
Australia.  Its  thick  flat  leaves  are  two  inches  wide  and  three 
inches  long.  Species  of  Podocarpus  are  also  provided  with 
leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  blackwood.  Acacia  melanoxylon. 
More  nearly  needle-like,  yet  somewhat  "leafy,"  is  the  foliage 
of  Sciadopitys  verticillata,  the  Japanese  umbrella-pine,  a  species 
not  common  on  the  south  Pacific  Coast,  but  more  popular 
northward  in  more  humid  atmospheres.  All  conifers  on  the 
Pacific  Slope  thrive  better  the  farther  northward  they  are 
planted,  except  those  requiring  subtropical  winter  tempera- 
tures. So  favorable  are  the  climates  of  Oregon  and  Washington 
to  the  growth  of  conifers  that  the  planter  need  consider  but 
the  one  point  of  hardiness  to  cold. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES  OF 
ORNAMENTAL  CONIFERS 

A  CONNECTED  discussion  of  the  insects,  diseases,  and 
main  injuries  to  which  ornamental  conifers  are  subject, 
is  here  brought  together  in  this  country  for  the  first 
time.  With  the  exception  of  the  white  pine  bhster-rust  (page 
154),  none  of  these  pests  is  likely  to  be  greatly  destructive 
over  large  areas,  although  the  white  pine  weevil  (page  127) 
is  a  serious  menace  and  a  more  adhesive  paint-like  spray  is 
apparently  needed  for  it.  The  grower  of  conifers,  however, 
must  always  be  on  the  lookout  for  insect  and  pathological 
depredations;  and  those  that  seem  to  differ  from  the  ones  here 
described  or  which  are  doing  extensive  damage  should  be 
promptly  reported  (with  specimens)  to  the  experiment 
station  of  the  State  or  to  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

This  chapter  is  in  two  main  parts — the  insects  (page  124), 
and  the  diseases  and  injuries  (page  138).  These  parts  are 
prepared  by  specialists  directly  for  this  book,  the  former  by 
C.  R.  Crosby,  Extension  Professor  of  Entomology,  and  J.  B. 
Palmer,  Instructor,  Cornell  University,  the  latter  by  F.  Dick- 
son, Instructor  in  Plant  Pathology,  Cornell  University. 

The  second  part,  on  diseases  and  injuries,  is  divided  into 
four  coordinate  parts: 

1.  Coniferous  seedling  diseases  and  injuries,  page  140. 

2.  Diseases  and  injuries  of  older  coniferous  trees,  page  144. 

3.  Tree  surgery,  page  161. 

4.  Fungicides,  page  165. 

(122) 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES  123 

Experience  of  growers  with  insects  and  diseases  in  this 
class  of  plants  should  be  assembled  and  organized.  On  the 
subject  of  the  spraying  of  conifers,  George  P.  Brett  writes 
as  follows: 

"It  is  desirable  that  more  experiments  in  regard  to  the 
spraying  of  evergreens  should  be  made,  as  there  is  little  satis- 
factory information  to  be  had  about  it  at  the  present  time  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  ordinary  amateur  grower.  What  is  the 
best  spray  for  the  pine  weevil,  for  example,  and  is  there  any 
spray  that  will  check  the  depredations  of  pine  blister-rust? 
As  far  as  the  pine  weevil  is  concerned,  I  have  tried  arsenate 
of  lead,  scalecide,  and  some  other  preparations,  but  not  with 
complete  success.  What  is  wanted  for  this  veritable  scourge 
of  the  soft-needle  pines  is,  I  should  guess,  a  sort  of  paint  which 
would  prevent  the  attack,  this  paint  to  be  applied  to  the  leading 
shoots  at  the  time  of  the  year  when  the  danger  exists,  and  it 
ought,  with  proper  experiments,  it  seems  to  me,  to  be  easy  to 
find  some  deterrent  which  would  keep  off  the  attacks  of  the 
insect  without  poisoning  the  tree. 

"The  imported  sawfly  is  easy  to  manage  if  you  attend  to  it 
in  time.  It  mostly  attacks  the  soft-needle  pines,  and  I  have 
seen  Cembra,  Banksiana,  Strobus,  and  the  Bhotan  so  com- 
pletely stripped  of  their  needles  by  the  larvae  of  this  fly  as  to 
kill  the  tree,  but  it  can  be  easily  controlled  with  arsenate  of 
lead,  provided  care  is  taken  to  make  the  applications  frequently 
enough  to  care  for  the  broods  which  appear  at  regular  in- 
tervals during  the  summer,  the  last  brood  on  my  place  this 
year,  for  instance,  having  appeared  in  late  September,  just  be- 
fore we  had  our  first  serious  frost.  The  Scotch  pine  and  the 
hemlock  are  also  attacked  by  this  pest,  but  little  damage  seems 
to  be  done  to  these  trees,  the  larvae  apparently  thriving  only 
on  the  soft-needle  pines." 


124  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

INSECTS  OF   CONIFEROUS  EVERGREENS.— Crosby  and  Palmer 

The  number  of  insects  doing  serious  damage  to  conifers 
under  conditions  of  cultivation  is  relatively  few,  and  the 
discussion  of  the  depredations  need  not  be  extensive.  This 
account  begins  with  insects  more  or  less  common  to  all  conifers 
— the  borers  and  bark-beetles,  the  bag-worm,  and  the  gipsy 
moth.  Then  follow  the  insects  preying  specially  on  pines, 
spruces,  and  larches. 

Borers  and  bark-beetles. 

Conifers  that  are  in  a  weakened  or  unhealthy  condition 
from  insect  depredations  or  other  causes  are  subject  to  attack 
by  a  host  of  borers  and  bark-beetles  of  many  kinds.  The  borers 
may  burrow  just  under  the  bark  or  in  the  solid  wood,  often 
causing  decay  to  ensue.  Bark-beetles  bore  through  the  bark 
and  construct  brood  chambers  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood  in  which  they  deposit  their  eggs.  The  larvae  or  grubs 
form  burrows  which  gradually  increase  in  size  as  they  become 
larger.  These  burrows  are  half  in  the  wood  and  half  in  the 
inner  bark.  When  abundant  they  girdle  the  tree  or  branch, 
causing  its  death.  When  the  bark  is  removed,  their  burrows 
are  evident  in  impressed  grooves  in  the  surface  of  the  sap  wood. 
These  engraved  patterns  are  characteristic  of  the  species  and 
have  given  the  insects  the  popular  name  of  "engraver  beetles." 

The  depredations  of  borer  and  bark-beetles  can  only  be 
prevented  by  keeping  the  trees  in  a  healthy  and  vigorous 
condition,  since  most  of  these  pests  are  unable  to  gain  entrance 
or  breed  in  thrifty  trees.  After  the  tree  has  been  weakened  so 
that  the  infestation  has  begun,  there  is  little  that  can  be  done 
to  prevent  its  death. 

The  bag-worm  {Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis,  Ha  worth). 
Arbor- vitae  and  cedar  in  southeastern  NeW  York,  central 


Plate  XX.    American  arbor- vita>  {Thuja  occidentalis) .   Left,  var.  Buchananii. 
Right,  var.  Columbia 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND   INJURIES  125 

Ohio,  and  southward  are  subject  to  attack  by  the  larva  of  a 
moth  which  protects  itself  by  a  silken  bag  into  which  are 
incorporated  bits  of  leaves  and  small  twigs.  The  larva  remains 
in  this  bag  throughout  its  entire  feeding  period  and  carries  the 
bag  with  it  wherever  it  goes.  It  protrudes  the  head  and  front 
part  of  the  body  when  moving  about  or  feeding.  The  young 
larvae  appear  in  May  or  June  and  maturity  is  reached  in  the 
fall.  The  female  moth  is  wingless  and  does  not  leave  the  bag 
till  after  she  has  deposited  her  eggs.  The  bag  containing  the 
eggs  remains  on  the  tree  throughout  the  winter  firmly  attached 
to  the  twig  by  a  band  of  silk.  In  this  way  the  twigs  are  often 
girdled  and  killed.  ^Tien  abundant,  defoliation  may  be  severe 
and  the  trees  stunted  and  killed. 

The  bag-worm  may  be  controlled  effectively  by  spraying 
with  arsenate  of  lead,  three  pounds  of  powder  in  one  hundred 
gallons  of  water,  as  soon  as  the  larvae  have  all  hatched,  that 
is,  some  time  early  in  June.  In  case  only  a  few  trees  are 
affected,  hand-picking  the  bags  in  the  fall  or  early  spring 
is  an  effective  measure. 

The  gipsy  moth  {Porthetria  dispar,  L.).    Figs.  8,  9. 

The  gipsy  moth  is  a  serious  forest  and  shade-tree  pest 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  New  England.  It  is  a  European 
insect  and  was  introduced  into  eastern  Massachusetts  in 
1869  where  it  has  become  a  much  more  serious  pest  than  in 
its  native  home.  The  winter  is  spent  in  the  egg  state.  The  egg 
masses  are  oval  in  outline,  light  brown  in  color,  covered  with 
hairs  from  the  moth's  body,  and  are  placed  on  trunks  of  trees 
or  in  any  sheltered  place.  The  eggs  hatch  in  the  spring  just 
as  the  buds  are  bursting,  and  the  caterpillars  feed  on  the  tender 
foliage.  The  young  caterpillars  are  not  able  to  feed  on  the 
leaves  of  pine,  but  the  older  ones  thrive  on  this  food  plant. 


126 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


If  other  trees  are  growing  with  them,  the  partly  grown  cater- 
pillars may  migrate  to  the  pines,  causing  a  stripping  of  the 
leaves.    The  larvae  become  full  grown  about  the  first  week  of 

July.  The  full-grown  cater- 
pillar is  about  two  inches  long; 
the  ground  color  is  dark  gray 
and  there  are  eleven  pairs  of 
prominent  tubercles  on  the 
back.  The  first  five  pairs  are 
blue  and  the  last  six  dark  red. 
There  is  only  one  generation 
a  year,  the  moths  appearing 
the  latter  part  of  July. 

The  gipsy  moth  may  be 
controlled  in  ornamental 
plantings  by  spraying  the  trees 
with  arsenate  of  lead — five 
pounds  of  powder  in  one 
hundred  gallons  of  water.  The 
application  should  be  made  as 
soon  as  the  eggs  have  hatched, 
more  resistant  to  the  poison. 


Gipsy  larva  {Porthetria  dispar). 


as  the  older  caterpillars  are 
Pines  are  less  subject  to  injury  when  grown 
by  themselves  because  the  young  larvae  do 
not  have  jaws  strong  enough  to  devour  the 
leaves.  The  removal  of  deciduous  trees  from 
pine  groves  will  make  it  easier  to  protect  the 
latter  from  the  ravages  of  the  gipsy  moth. 
In  the  winter,  trees  should  be  examined 
carefully  for  egg-masses  and  the  eggs  killed 
by  saturating  them  with  crude  coal-tar 
creosote   to   which   a    little    lampblack    has 


9.   Gipsy  moth. 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES 


127 


been  added  as  a  marker.  It  is  also  good  practice  to  band  the 
trunks  with  "tree  tanglefoot"  to  prevent  the  ascent  of  mi- 
grating caterpillars. 

The  white  fine  weevil  {Pissodes  strohi.  Peck).    Figs.  10,  11. 

White  pine  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a  weevil  which  kills 
the  central  leader  or  topmost  shoot,  thus  ruining  the  symmetry 
of  the  tree  and  caus- 
ing the  trunk  to  be 
crooked  and  mis- 
shapen. The  parent 
insect  is  a  small  brown 
snout  beetle  with  a 
whitish  spot  near  the 
hind  end  of  each 
wing-cover.  The 
beetles  emerge  from 
hibernation  in  May 
and,  after  feeding  for 
a  time  on  the  terminal 
shoot,    they    deposit 

.1     •  •  10.    Work  of  the  white  pme  weevil. 

then*   eggs   m   punc-  ^ 

tures  in  the  twig.  The  eggs  hatch  in  a  few  daj^s  and  the  larvae 
burrow  in  all  directions  through  the  shoot,  riddling  the  tissue 
and  causing  the  death  of  the  branch.  The  grubs  become  full 
grown  in  August  and  the  beetles  emerge  in  early  fall  and  go 
into  hibernation  under  trash  and  in  similar  sheltered  places. 
There  is  only  one  generation  a  year. 

Much  may  be  done  to  keep  the  weevils  from  injuring  the 
pine  leaders  by  spraying  this  part  of  the  tree  about  May  1, 
before  the  new  leaves  appear,  with  lime-sulfur  solution — one 
part  in  eight  parts  of  water.    This  acts  as  a  deterrent  and 


128 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


keeps  the  beetles  away.  Arsenate  of  lead — one  ounce  of 
powder  in  two  gallons  of  water — is  of  considerable  value  but 
does  not  give  as  good  results  as  the  lime- 
sulfur.  Jarring  the  beetles  into  a  specially 
constructed  insect  net 
is  also  a  practical 
means  of  control.  The 
jarring  should  begin  in 
April  or  May  when  the 
beetles  first  appear 
and  should  be  repeated 
at  intervals  of  one 
week  as  long  as  the  beetles  are  to  be  found. 


11.  White  pine  weevil  (Pissodes  strobi). 


Pine-leaf  scale  (Chionaspis  pinifoliw, 
Fitch).    Figs.  12,  13. 

Austrian  and  other  hard  pines,  when 
grown  for  ornamental  purposes,  are  especially 
subject  to  attack  by  the  pine-leaf  scale.  The 
mature  female  scale  is  about  one-tenth  inch  in 
length,  elongate,  rounded  behind  and  pointed  in 
front.  The  color  is  pure  white  with  a  yellowish 
shield  at  the  pointed  end.  The  male  scales  are  smaller, 
narrower,  and  have  a  ridge  along  the  back.  The  winter 
is  passed  in  the  egg  stage.  The  eggs  are  reddish  and  are 
closely  packed  under  the  old  scale  of  the  mother.  The 
eggs  begin  to  hatch  in  May  and  the  young  scale  insects 
crawl  out  on  the  new  leaves  where  they  settle  down, 
insert  their  bristle-like  mouth-parts  and  begin  feeding. 
A  scale-like  covering  is  soon  formed.  Hatching  con- 
tinues over  a  considerable  period.  In  New  York  there 
are  two  broods  and  possibly  a  partial  third. 


12.    Chionaspis 
■pinifolice 
as  shown 
on  the 
leaves. 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES 


129 


When  this  scale  is  abundant,  the  growth  of  the  leaves  is 
retarded,  they  turn  reddish,  die,  and  fall  off.  Infestations  as 
serious  as  this  are  ra£her  uncommon,  but  it  is  not  unusual  to 
find  trees  which  have  a  distinctly  grayish  color  due  to  the 
presence  of  myriads  of  the  scales. 

In  cases  in  which  the  pine-leaf  scale  is 
present  in  threatening  numbers,  it  may  be 
held  in  check  by  spraying  with  nicotine 
sulfate — one  pint  in  one  hundred  gallons  of 
water  in  which  four  to  five  pounds  of  soap 
have  been  dissolved.  To  be  most  effective, 
the  application  should  be  made  soon  after  the 
eggs  have  hatched  and  before  the  young  in- 
sects have  formed  a  protective  scale.  This 
will  be  in  May  or  early  June.  It  has  been 
reported  that  good  results  can  be  obtained  by 
spraying  with  a  miscible  oil — one  part  in  six- 
teen parts  of  water — in  the  spring  before  the 
buds  have  started.  Care  should  be  taken, 
however,  to  do  the  spraying  on  a  bright,  sunny  day  when  there 
is  no  danger  of  freezing  and  thus  avoid  possible  injury  to 
the  foliage. 

The  jyine  sawfly  {Lophyrus  ahhottii,  Leach  and  others). 

The  larvae  of  several  species  of  sawflies  attack  the  foliage 
of  the  pine.  The  most  common  species  in  the  East  is  known 
as  Abbott's  sawfly.  The  larvae,  when  full  grown,  are  three- 
fourth  inch  in  length,  yellowish-white  in  color,  marked  with 
rows  of  rectangular  black  spots.  The  eggs  seem  to  be  laid 
over  an  extended  period  so  that  larvae  of  different  sizes  may 
be  found  at  almost  any  time  throughout  the  summer.  Whole 
trees  may  be  defoliated,  but  it  is  more  common  to  find  the 


13.  Pine-leaf  scale 
(Chionaspis 
pinifolicB). 


130  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

injury  restricted  to  individual  branches.  The  insect  passes 
the  winter  in  cocoons  under  trash  on  the  ground.  There  is 
only  one  generation  a  year. 

On  small  trees,  jarring  the  larvae  on  to  ascreen  or  some  similar 
device  is  a  good  method  of  control.  On  larger  trees  the  larvae 
may  be  killed  by  spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead  at  the  rate  of 
three  pounds  of  powder  to  one  hundred  gallons  of  water. 

Pine  bark  aphid  {Chermes  pinicorticis.  Fitch). 

White  pines  growing  under  more  or  less  adverse  conditions 
are  especially  subject  to  attack  by  a  small  reddish  aphid  which 
is  rendered  very  conspicuous  by  a  covering  of  white  waxy 
material.  Scotch  and  Austrian  pines  are  sometimes  slightly 
infested,  but  the  injury  is  negligible.  The  insects  confine  their 
attack  to  the  smooth  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  and 
congregate  at  the  base  of  the  needles.  Badly  infested  trees 
become  sickly,  the  leaves  turn  yellowish  and  in  severe  cases 
the  tree  may  die. 

The  aphid  passes  the  winter  on  the  bark  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  mass  of  wax.  Early  in  the  spring  a  cluster  of 
eggs  is  deposited.  The  eggs  hatch  in  April  and  May,  the  young 
scatter  over  the  bark,  settle  down,  and  become  covered  with 
a  mass  of  waxy  white  threads.  On  badly  infested  trees  the 
bark  has  the  appearance  of  being  whitewashed.  There  are 
several  generations  during  the  season.  It  is  quite  probable 
that  this  plant-louse  has  an  alternate  food  plant,  but  this  phase 
of  its  life  history  has  not  been  studied. 

The  pine  bark  aphid  may  be  controlled  satisfactorily  by 
thorough  spraying  with  kerosene  emulsion — one  part  of 
standard  stock  emulsion  in  nine  parts  of  water.  When  good 
water  pressure  is  available,  the  pest  can  be  held  in  check  by 
washing  the  trees  with  a  stiff  spray  of  clear  water. 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES 


131 


The  pitch-mass  borer  (Parharmonia  pini,  Kellicott) . 

The  trunks  of  healthy  pine  trees  are  often  disfigured  by 
large  unsightly  masses  of  gum,  caused  by  the  larvae  of  a  beau- 
tiful, blue-black  and  orange,  narrow- winged  moth  which 
burrows  in  the  inner  bark  and  sapwood.  The  insect  sometimes 
requires  three  years  to  complete  its  development.  It  may  be 
held  in  check  by  carefully  removing  the  mass  of  pitch  and 
killing  the  borer  in  its  burrow. 

Spruce  gall  aphid  (Chermes  ahietis,  L.).    Figs.  14,  15. 

Norway  and  white  spruces  are  subject  to  attack  by  a 
plant-louse  which  causes  the  formation  of  cone-shaped  galls 
at  the  base  of  the  smaller  twigs.  These  galls  are  about  one 
inch  long  and  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  a  small  pineapple. 
The  infested  twigs  may  die,  and  when  the  galls  are  numerous 
the  tree  may  assume  a  ragged  and  unsightly  appearance. 
Young  trees  are  most  liable  to  serious  injury. 

The  plant-louse 
which  produces  the  galls 
lives  over  winter  in  a 
partly  grown  condition, 
hidden  away  in  cracks 
of  the  bark  around  the 
buds.  In  the  spring 
these  aphids  complete 
their  growth  and  about 
the  middle  of  May  de- 
posit a  cluster  of  ap- 
proximately three 
hundred  yellowish  eggs. 
These     eggs     hatch    in 

about    a    week    and    the  h.  Work  of  spruce  gall  aphid— C/termcs  abietis. 


132 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


young  lice  crawl  to  the  tender  growth  where  they  station 
themselves  on  the  leaves  which  have  already  begun  to 
show  indications  of  the  developing  gall.  The  formation  of 
the  gall  is  apparently  initiated  by  the  feeding  of  the  parent 
plant-louse.  As  the  gall  increases  in  size,  the  leaf  tissue  grows 
over  the  young  aphis  which  thus  comes  to  occupy  a  closed  cell. 

Within  this  retreat  the  aphid 
passes  through  four  stages;  the 
cell  then  opens  and  it  escapes. 
This  usually  takes  place  in 
August.  At  the  last  molt  the 
plant-louse  acquires  wings  and 
then  takes  her  position  on  a 
spruce  leaf  where  she  deposits 
a  cluster  of  eggs,  leaving  her 
dead  body  over  them  as  a  protec- 
tion. On  hatching,  the  young  lice 
scatter  over  the  nearby  branches  and  attach  themselves  to 
the  leaves  and  in  crevices  around  the  buds.  It  is  in  this  condi- 
tion that  the  insect  passes  the  winter. 

It  is  thought  by  some  that  the  life  history  of  the  insect  is 
not  as  simple  as  is  indicated  above  but  that  there  is  a  regular 
migration  from  spruce  to  larch  and  from  larch  to  spruce.  It 
is  quite  probable  that  a  migration  does  take  place  when  both 
kinds  of  trees  are  growing  near  each  other.  In  cases  in  which 
larches  are  not  present,  the  insect  seems  to  be  capable  of 
breeding  indefinitely  on  spruce. 

The  spruce  gall  aphid  can  be  controlled  effectively  on 
ornamental  plants  by  thoroughly  spraying  with  whale-oil 
soap — one  pound  in  two  gallons  of  water.  The  application 
should  be  made  during  the  winter  or  in  early  spring  before 
new  growths  start.     A  miscible  oil — one  part  in  twenty  of 


15.  Spruce  gall  aphid  on  larch. 


INSECTS,    DISEASES,    AND    INJURIES  133 

water — has  given  good  results  when  used  on  nursery  trees  in 
the  early  spring.  In  England  a  weak  kerosene  emulsion  is 
sometimes  employed.  In  case  spraying  has  been  neglected 
till  too  late  in  the  season,  much  can  be  done  to  reduce  the 
numbers  of  the  lice  by  cutting  off  and  burning  the  galls  before 
they  open.  This  method  is  not  to  be  recommended  when 
spraying  is  possible.  When  the  trees  have  become  infested  in 
the  nursery,  it  is  well  to  fumigate  them  before  planting  out. 

The  Colorado  blue  spruce  is  also  subject  to  attack  by  a 
closely  related  gall-forming  plant-louse  {Chermes  cooleyi, 
Gillette).  The  galls  are  similar  in  structure  to  those  caused 
by  the  spruce  gall  aphid,  but  are  more  elongate  and  are  at 
the  end  of  the  twig  instead  of  at  the  base.  The  same  species 
also  attacks  Engelmann  spruce.  Its  life  history  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  form  previously  treated.  It  may  be  controlled 
by  the  same  measures.  The  fact  that  this  species  regularly 
migrates  to  red  fir  and  breeds  there  during  part  of  its  life  cycle 
would  indicate  the  undesirability  of  planting  these  two  conifers 
on  the  same  or  adjoining  estates. 

Red  and  black  spruces  in  the  East  are  likely  to  have  the 
tips  killed  by  the  formation  of  a  tight  cone-shaped  gall  which 
superficially  resembles  the  true  cone  of  the  tree.  This  gall  is 
produced  by  a  plant-louse  {Chermes  pinifolicE,  Fitch)  which 
spends  part  of  its  life  cycle  on  the  leaves  of  the  white  pine, 
where  it  is  known  as  the  white  pine  leaf -aphid.  Winged  forms 
appear  on  the  pine  in  May  and  June  and  the  next  generation 
settle  on  the  young  leaves.  The  lice  are  covered  with  a  white 
waxy  secretion  which  renders  them  conspicuous.  They  cause 
the  leaves  to  turn  yellowish  and  may  materially  stunt  the 
new  growth. 

On  spruce  this  insect  may  be  controlled  by  removing  and 
destroying  the  galls  before  the  lice  emerge.    On  pine,  spraying 


134  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

with  whale-oil  soap — one  pound  in  two  gallons  of  water — 
will  give  effective  control.  The  lice  are  destroyed  in  great 
numbers  by  insect  enemies,  and  artificial  control  measures 
are  rarely  necessary. 

The  spruce  hud-worm  {Tortrix  fumiferana,  Clemens). 

The  most  serious  pest  of  the  great  spruce  forests  of  the 
northern  United  States  and  Canada  is  a  bud-worm,  the  larva 
of  a  small  light-brown,  gray-mottled  moth.  Outbreaks  occur 
at  intervals  of  several  years  and  large  areas  of  forests  are 
defoliated  and  in  many  cases  killed.  At  such  times  ornamental 
trees  do  not  escape  attack,  but  may  be  seriously  injured  by  the 
small  caterpillars. 

The  caterpillars  hibernate  in  an  early  stage  of  their  develop- 
ment and  resume  feeding  in  the  spring  as  soon  as  the  new 
growth  appears.  They  cut  off  the  needles  at  the  base  and  then 
web  them  together  with  silk,  forming  a  loose  shelter  in  which 
they  live  and  continue  feeding.  The  caterpillars  become  full 
grown  about  the  middle  of  June  in  Maine  and  pupate  within 
the  web.  The  moths  emerge  a  week  or  ten  days  later  and  lay 
their  eggs  in  small  oval  clusters  on  the  spruce  needles.  The 
eggs  hatch  in  about  a  week  and  the  young  caterpillars  feed 
on  the  opening  buds.    There  is  only  one  brood  a  year. 

On  ornamental  trees  the  spruce  bud-worm  may  be  controlled 
by  spraying  in  the  spring,  just  after  the  buds  open,  with 
arsenate  of  lead — three  pounds  of  powder  in  one  hundred 
gallons  of  water.  The  application  should  be  repeated  a  week 
or  ten  days  later. 

The  larch  case-bearer  {Coleophora  laricella,  Hiibner).    Fig.  16. 

Young,  vigorous  larch  trees  are  frequently  attacked  by  a 

small  case-bearer  that  mines  in  the  leaves,  causing  a  yellowish, 

unhealthy  appearance  of  the  foliage.    Badly  infested  trees  may 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND    INJURIES 


135 


turn  brown  early  in  the  season  and  after  repeated  attacks 
may  die,  European  larch  and  tamarack,  or  American  larch, 
are  subject  to  attack  by  this  insect  both  in  woodlands  and  in 
ornamental  plantings. 

The  larva  of  the  larch  case-bearer  crawls  into  a  leaf  which 
has  been  burrowed  out  and  carries  this  case  as  a  protection  for 
its  tender  body.  The  insect  passes  the 
winter  in  a  partly  grown  condition  within  its 
dark  gray  cylindrical  case.  At  this  time  the 
cases  are  about  one-seventh  inch  in  length 
and  are  relatively  slender. 

The  hibernating  cases  may  be  observed 
readily  on  infested  twigs,  lying  flat  on  the 
bark  or  projecting  at  various  angles  from 
the  twigs.  In  the  spring  the  case-bearer 
migrates  with  its  case  to  the  buds  wnere  it 
burrows  as  far  as  possible  into  the  leaf,  but 
retains  a  hold  on  the  case.  One  larva  will 
attack  and  mine  a  large  number  of  leaves 
while  it  is  completing  its  growth. 

When  full-grown  the  larvae  attach  them- 
selves and  their  cases  to  the  bark  at  the  base 
of  short  side  branches  where  they  pupate, 
emerge  two  to  three  weeks  later  and  mate  in  a  short  time. 
Early  in  June  the  females  begin  laying  their  brown  ridged 
eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  larch.  On  hatching  the  larvae  bore 
directly  through  the  eggshell  into  the  leaf  and  burrow  in  the 
tissues.  Early  in  September  the  case-bearing  habit  is  assumed, 
using  for  a  case  either  a  portion  of  a  leaf  already  mined  or 
perhaps  a  new  leaf.  In  either  event,  the  larva  lines  part  of  the 
hollow  leaf  with  silk,  cuts  off  both  ends,  and  migrates  to  new 
leaves,  carrying   the   case   about   in  typical  fashion.     In  the 


IG.  The  larch  case- 
bearer  {Colcophora 
laricella) . 

The  tiny  moths 


136  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

latter  part  of  October  they  migrate  from  the  leaves  to  the 
twigs,  where  they  fasten  one  end  of  the  case  to  the  bark  and 
hibernate  in  this  condition. 

No  practical  method  of  control  is  known  for  this  pest  in 
forest  areas.  In  ornamental  plantings,  however,  a  dormant 
spray  of  lime-sulfur  solution,  testing  32  degrees  Baume,  diluted 
at  the  rate  of  one  part  of  lime-sulfur  to  eight  parts  of  water, 
has  given  good  results.  It  is  advisable  to  make  this  application 
just  as  late  as  possible  in  the  spring  before  the  buds  start 
growing. 

The  larch  sawfly  {Lygceonematus  erichsonii,  Hartig). 

The  larch,  both  under  cultivation  and  in  the  forest,  is 
subject  to  severe  defoliation  by  the  larva  of  a  sawfly.  The 
insect  hibernates  as  a  larva  in  tough  brownish  cocoons  on  the 
ground  under  the  litter  beneath  the  trees.  The  sawflies  appear 
in  late  May  or  early  June.  The  female  inserts  her  eggs  in  the 
young,  green,  terminal  twigs,  causing  them  either  to  die  or  to 
become  bent  and  distorted.  The  eggs  hatch  in  about  a  week 
and  the  larvae  become  full  grown  in  three  to  four  weeks.  When 
abundant,  the  tree  is  completely  defoliated  and  the  growth 
seriously  checked.  The  young  larvae  are  pea-green  in  color, 
with  dusky  heads.  When  full  grown  the  head  is  black  and  the 
body  is  glaucous-green.  There  is  only  one  generation  a  year. 
On  reaching  maturity  the  larvae  descend  to  the  ground  and 
spin  their  cocoons  under  trash  or  in  the  ground  very  near  the 
surface. 

The  larch  sawfly  can  be  controlled  effectively  on  orna- 
mental trees  by  spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead — three  pounds 
of  powder  in  one  hundred  gallons  of  water.  The  application 
should  be  made  late  in  May  just  as  the  eggs  are  hatching. 
When  only  a  few  trees  are  to  be  protected  and  when  spraying 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND    INJURIES 


ISI 


is  objectionable,  the  insect  may  be  eliminated  almost  entirely 
by  collecting  and  destroying  the  cocoons  in  the  autumn.  The 
soil  and  litter  around  the  tree  should  be  removed  to  a  depth 
of  an  inch  or  two  and  carted  away.  It  should  be  buried  or 
disposed  of  in  such  a  way  as  to  kill  all  the  cocoons.  Isolated 
trees  may  be  rendered  free  from  attack  for  several  years  by 
this  treatment. 

Woolly  larch  aphid  (Chermes 
strobilobius,  Kaltenbach). 
Fig.  17. 

The  leaves  of  the  larch  are 
often  badly  infested  by  a 
small,  nearly  black  plant-louse 
which  covers  itself  with  a  con- 
spicuous mass  of  wax-wool. 
Infested  trees  often  have  the 
appearance  of  being  dusted 
with  flour. 

The  life  history  of  this 
plant-louse  is  extremely  com- 
plicated. The  insect  hiber- 
nates both  on  larch  and  on 
spruce  and  can  breed  for  at  least  two  years  on  larch,  but 
there  is  a  regular  migration  between  these  two  trees.  On  the 
spruce  the  lice  form  galls  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
spruce  gall  aphid.  On  the  larch  the  over- wintered  females  and 
their  eggs  may  be  found  in  abundance  in  early  May  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf-clusters.  On  hatching,  the  young  crawl  to 
the  leaves  where  they  settle  down  and  secrete  a  white  waxy 
covering.  The  aphids  are  most  abundant  in  late  June  although 
they  are  present  in  smaller  numbers  until  fall. 


17.    Chermes  strobilobius. 


138  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

This  plant-louse  rarely  causes  enough  injury  to  spruce  to 
make  remedial  measures  necessary.  The  methods  suggested 
for  the  control  of  the  spruce  gall  aphid  would  be  equally 
applicable  to  the  present  species.  On  larches  the  aphids  may 
be  killed  by  spraying  with  kerosene  emulsion.  In  the  case  of 
young  trees  it  might  be  advisable  to  fumigate  them  before 
planting  out. 

DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  OF  ORNAMENTAL  CONIFERS.— Dickson 
Trees,  like  all  other  living  organisms,  are  liable  to  suffer 
from  numerous  diseases  and  injuries  throughout  their  life, 
from  the  time  the  seeds  germinate.  Some  of  these  tend  to 
reduce  the  vigor  of  the  trees  or  to  open  the  way  for  more 
serious  maladies;  others  depreciate  their  value  from  a  com- 
mercial or  ornamental  standpoint;  while  others  kill  them  out- 
right. In  the  forests,  diseases  cause  an  inestimable  annual 
loss,  due  to  the  ideal  conditions  for  their  spreading;  but 
individual  conifers,  as  employed  for  ornamental  planting,  are 
usually  fairly  healthy  as  far  as  actual  diseases  are  concerned. 
The  commonest  troubles  of  such  trees  are  often  directly  trace- 
able to  environmental  factors.  It  should  always  be  borne  in 
mind  that  trees  require  care  and  attention,  for  when  growing 
under  unfavorable  conditions  they  will  not  thrive  and  are 
much  more  subject  to  disease  than  when  planted  in  a  favorable 
environment. 

Trees  require  a  considerable  amount  of  water  and  food. 
These  factors  are  naturally  cared  for  in  the  forest  by  the 
covering  vegetation  of  the  forest  floor  and  the  accumulation 
of  fallen  leaves  and  debris  which  is  continually  adding  to  the 
nutritive  contents  of  the  soil.  On  lawns  and  in  parks,  however, 
such  materials  are  constantly  removed  for  various  reasons  and 
it  often  becomes  necessary  to  compensate  for  this  loss  of 


INSECTS,    DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES  139 

natural  food  by  the  application  of  artificial  fertilizers.  The 
drainage  in  such  places  may 'be  such  that  trees  will  suffer 
from  lack  of  water  under  certain  conditions.  This  must  also 
be  readjusted.  Air  is  another  essential  for  growth  and  health 
of  trees.  This  applies  as  much  to  the  root  system  as  to  the 
aerial  portions,  for  trees  are  often  killed  by  root  suffocation 
due  to  the  banking  up  of  soil  around  their  butts  during  grading 
operations  or  to  the  tight  packing  of  the  soil.  It  is  not  always 
possible  to  loosen  the  soil  around  trees,  but  doing  so  will 
often  add  to  their  vigor  and  health  by  conserving  the  soil- 
moisture  and  by  permitting  the  circulation  of  air  among  their 
root  systems.  Certain  other  factors,  such  as  too  high  or  too 
low  a  temperature,  sudden  changes  in  temperature,  the 
presence  of  smoke  or  noxious  fumes  in  the  air,  the  penetration 
of  illuminating  gases  into  the  soil  from  leaky  mains,  lightning, 
and  ordinary  mechanical  injuries,  play  an  important  role  in 
impairing  the  health  of  trees  outside  of  the  forest. 

A  brief  introductory  statement  concerning  the  fungi  as 
causal  factors  in  disease  will  probably  help  the  layman  better 
to  appreciate  such  diseases  in  the  following  discussion.  The 
fungi  are,  for  the  most  part,  microscopic  plants  which  possess 
no  green  parts  and  are,  therefore,  unable  to  manufacture  any 
food  materials  for  themselves.  For  these  materials  they  depend 
largely  on  the  higher  plants  on  or  in  which  they  live.  The 
various  tissues  of  the  plants  are  attacked  and  certain  parts  of 
them  converted  into  food  for  the  fungi.  During  these  processes 
conditions  arise  which  are  injurious  to  the  higher  plants  and 
which  are  designated  by  the  term  disease,  while  the  plant 
affected  is  called  the  host.  Sooner  or  later,  changes  consequent 
on  the  diseased  condition  become  apparent.  Such  changes, 
which  may  take  the  form  of  swellings,  wilting,  variations  in 
color,  death  of  parts  or  of  the  whole  plant,  dwarfing,  and  the 


140  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

like  constitute  the  symptoms  of  the  disease.  The  fungi,  with 
but  few  exceptions,  propagate  themselves  by  means  of  tiny 
structures,  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  called  spores,  which  are 
produced  in  extremely  large  numbers.  Under  suitable  condi- 
tions, these  germinate  and  reproduce  the  fungus  from  which 
they  arose. 

1.  Coniferous  seedling  diseases  and  injuries 

Damping-off  (caused  by  various  fungi). 

In  most  regions  damping-off  is  by  far  the  most  serious  loss 
factor  in  the  nursery.  All  species  of  conifers  are  susceptible 
to  this  disease,  although  the  junipers  are  generally  considered 
somewhat  more  resistant  than  the  remainder.  The  young 
root  may  be  rotted  off  soon  after  the  seed  germinates  and 
before  the  sprout  appears  above  the  surface,  such  losses  often 
being  laid  to  poor  seed  germination.  After  the  shoot  has 
appeared,  a  rotted  area  may  develop  at  or  just  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  causing  the  seedling  to  fall  over,  wilt, 
and  die.  This  happens  before  the  stem  has  become  woody, 
i.e.,  before  the  seedlings  are  about  two  months  old.  At  this 
time,  also,  the  seedling  may  wilt  and  die  while  still  remaining 
erect,  due  to  the  rotting  of  the  young  root  system.  A  fourth 
variation  in  the  symptoms  is  exhibited  when  the  upper  part 
of  the  seedling  only  is  rotted,  infection  having  taken  place 
before  the  tip  finally  withdrew  itself  from  the  seed-coat.  Of 
these  types,  the  first  two  are  the  most  important.  Infection 
in  a  bed  usually  commences  at  certain  points  and  spreads 
rapidly  in  all  directions  from  these  foci. 

This  disease  is  caused  by  certain  fungi  (Corticium  vagum, 
B.  &  C,  var.  solani,  Burt,  Pythium  deharyanum,  Hesse  and 
Fusarium  spp.  being  the  most  usual  in  this  country)  which 
are  commonly  present  in  the  soil.    They  become  active  and 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,   AND  INJURIES  141 

cause  their  greatest  damage  under  moist  conditions.  Control 
measures  should,  therefore,  aim  at  the  destruction  of  these 
fungi  in  the  soil  and  at  the  regulation  of  the  surface  moisture 
in  the  seedling  beds.  In  the  case  of  coniferous  seedlings,  the 
application  of  sulfuric  acid  has  proved  the  most  satisfactory 
eradication  measure,  but  in  applying  it  attention  must  be 
paid  to  the  physical  character  and  natural  acidity  of  the  soil. 
An  average  strength  for  use  is  three-sixteenths  of  a  fluid  ounce 
of  clear  commercial  sulfuric  acid  to  one  quart  of  water  (1 
part  of  acid  to  170  parts  of  water),  this  amount  being  applied 
to  each  square  foot  of  soil  immediately  after  the  seed  is  sown. 
In  the  case  of  open  porous  soils,  from  which  surface  evaporation 
is  rapid,  it  will  be  necessary  to  water  the  beds  once  or  twice 
a  day  to  prevent  acid  injury  to  the  roots.  In  using  this  method, 
it  is  advisable  for  the  grower  to  make  individual  tests  on  his 
own  soil  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  most  suitable  strength.  In 
addition  to  preventing  damping-off,  sulfuric  acid  will  also 
keep  down  weeds  and  cause  increased  vigor  in  the  seedlings. 

Soil  alkalinity  seems  to  favor  the  disease  so  that  the  addi- 
tion of  lime  and  wood-ashes  as  fertilizers  should  be  avoided. 
Unrotted  stable  manure  is  also  likely  to  increase  the  loss 
from  this  disease. 

The  surface  moisture  and  temperature  may  be  effectively 
controlled  by  inclosing  the  beds  with  upright  wire-mesh 
screens  and  placing  laths  across  the  top.  These  laths  may  be 
removed  when  the  surface  becomes  too  moist  or  replaced  to 
give  the  required  amount  of  shading.  If  this  does  not  result 
in  sufficient  drying  out  of  the  surface,  coarse  dry  sand  may  be 
scattered  over  the  bed. 

As  the  crowding  of  seedlings  is  an  important  factor  in  the 
spread  of  the  disease,  broadcast  sowing  is  recommended.* 

♦Hartley,  C.  Damping-off  in  Forest  Nurseries.  U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agr.  Bull.  934: 
1-99.  1921. 


142  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Sun-scorch. 

This  important  trouble  occurs  on  all  conifers  during  the 
growing  season,  in  hot,  dry  weather,  especially  when  the 
seedlings  or  transplants  are  dense  and  the  soil  is  sandy.  It  is 
due  to  more  water  being  given  off  by  the  plants  than  is  ab- 
sorbed by  their  root  systems.  In  serious  cases  seedlings  of  all 
ages  are  killed  outright,  but  when  it  is  less  severe,  only  parts 
of  the  plants  may  die.  The  needles  first  turn  yellow,  com- 
mencing at  their  tips,  and  then  gradually  become  a  deeper 
brown  color  and  finally  nearly  red.  There  is  a  simultaneous 
death  of  the  root  system.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  affected  areas 
are  often  in  well-defined  patches  in  certain  beds,  the  trouble 
is  at  times  mistaken  for  one  due  to  a  fungous  attack.  The 
relation  of  the  blight  to  the  weather  conditions,  crowding,  and 
soil  character  will,  however,  usually  help  one  to  diagnose  the 
trouble  correctly. 

Complete  control  may  be  obtained  by  heavy  watering,  at 
least  once  a  week  after  the  seedlings  are  over  two  months  old. 
Lath  shades,  as  described  under  "damping-off,"  or  some  other 
means  to  the  same  end,  will  also  prove  helpful.  Crowding  of 
the  seedlings  and  extremely  sandy  soil  should  be  avoided. 

Whitespot. 

A  type  of  injury  which  may  be  mistaken  for  damping-off 
sometimes  appears  in  coniferous  seed-beds  in  very  hot  weather, 
particularly  when  the  soil  is  very  porous  and  black.  Small, 
somewhat  sunken  lesions,  which  are  light  in  color  and  have 
quite  a  definite  margin,  appear  at  the  base  of  the  stems.  The 
lesion  is  often  only  on  the  side  of  the  stem  which  faces  the 
south,  but  it  may  encircle  the  whole  stem.  Seedlings  thus 
affected  may  remain  turgid  and  upright  for  several  days  but 
sooner  or  later  they  fall  over  and  die.    This  is  often  due  to 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,   AND  INJURIES  143 

secondary  fungous  attacks  which  cause  a  decay  and  bring 
about  an  extension  of  the  original  lesion. 

For  whitespot,  which  is  apparently  due  to  surface  heating 
of  the  soil,  shading  and  frequent  light  watering  have  given 
satisfactory^  control.  When  possible,  soils  which  are  porous 
and  of  a  dark  color  should  be  avoided. 

Winter-killing. 

Winter-killing  is  very  similar  to  "sun-scorch."  It  occurs, 
however,  when  the  ground  is  frozen  so  that  the  roots  are 
unable  to  supply  a  sufficient  amount  of  water  to  the  tops 
during  warm  periods  of  winter  or  in  the  early  spring.  It  differs 
also  from  "sun-scorch"  in  that  open  stands  are  more  liable  to 
be  affected. 

The  application  of  a  light  straw  mulch  to  the  beds  and  the 
erection  of  windbreaks  will  give  control.  Care  must  be  taken 
in  the  use  of  a  mulch,  as  injury  might  accrue  from  too  heavy 
an  application,  as  described  below. 

Frost-injury. 

This  differs  from  winter-killing  in  the  fact  that  it  is  not  due 
to  a  drying-out  effect  but  to  the  formation  of  ice  crystals 
within  the  unripened  tissues  of  the  plant.  It  results  from 
early  frosts  which  occur  before  the  tissues  have  matured  or 
from  late  spring  frosts.  Certain  trees,  such  as  jack  pine,  com- 
mence growth  very  early  in  the  spring  so  that  the  terminal 
buds  and  young  shoots  are  often  killed  by  such  late  frosts. 

Very  late  spring  sowing  and  the  forcing  of  growth  toward 
the  end  of  the  growing  season  should  be  avoided  in  order  to 
give  the  tissues  a  chance  to  mature  before  the  advent  of  frosts. 
Mulching  the  beds  will  also  help  to  prevent  injury.  Growth 
should  be  retarded  by  shading  or  some  other  method  in  the 
spring  until  all  danger  of  severe  frosts  is  passed. 


144  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Mulch  injury. 

When  close,  heavy  mulches  are  used,  the  tops  of  seedlings 
may  die  in  winter  while  the  mulch  is  still  on  or  just  after  it 
is  removed.  The  roots,  however,  do  not  die  until  some  time 
after  the  tops.  The  immediate  cause  of  death  is  at  present 
unknown,  but  it  may  be  prevented  by  care  in  supplying  a 
mulch  which  is  neither  too  heavy  nor  too  compact. 

2.  Diseases  and  injuries  of  older  coniferous  trees 
Winter-killing. 

This  type  of  injury  has  been  described  as  it  occurs  in  the 
nursery.  Older  trees  are  also  subject  to  it,  especially  in  mild 
winters  when  there  is  very  little  snow  covering  and  in  the 
early  spring.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  conifers  retain  their 
leaves  during  the  winter  and,  therefore,  transpire  more  freely 
at  the  critical  periods  than  do  deciduous  trees,  they  are  par- 
ticularly susceptible.  The  symptoms  are  as  previously  de- 
scribed. The  needles  die  from  their  tips  and  finally  become  a 
reddish-brown  color.  Many  terminal  buds  are  often  killed 
and  whole  trees  are  sometimes  defoliated.  Certain  junipers, 
especially  Juniperus  virginiana  and  J.  chinensis,  are  very  cap- 
able of  withstanding  such  conditions. 

The  injury  is  most  likely  to  occur  when  ornamental  trees 
with  a  shallow  root  system  are  situated  in  exposed  positions. 
Mulching  should  afford  satisfactory  control. 

Frost-injury  to  roots. 

In  very  severe  winters  when  there  is  but  little  snow,  the 
roots  of  trees  may  be  partially  or  entirely  killed.  This  is  very 
likely  to  occur  in  the  case  of  trees  which  possess  shallow  root 
systems,  such  as  European  larch,  pines,  and  hemlock.  It  is 
frequent  in  white  pines.     If  all  the  roots  are  killed,  the  tree 


Plate  XXII.    ITmbrella-pine  (Sciadopitys  verticillata),  near  and  remote  views 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,   AND  INJURIES  145 

may  appear  normal  in  the  spring  and  until  the  soil  begins  to 
dry  out;  then  the  death  of  the  tree  follows  rapidly,  usually 
commencing  at  the  tip  of  the  leader.  In  the  case  of  a  partial 
killing  of  the  roots,  severe  sun-scorch  may  develop  with  the 
appearance  of  the  first  hot,  dry  weather. 

This  injury  may  be  prevented  by  the  use  of  a  mulch  when 
such  weather  conditions  exist. 

Frost-injury  to  the  bark. 

This  is  a  type  of  winter-injury  which  occurs  on  the  sun- 
exposed  side  of  the  trees.  Among  the  conifers,  pine  and  spruce 
are  particularly  susceptible.  It  is  thought  that  repeated 
freezing  and  thawing  of  the  tissues  of  this  side  of  the  tree 
causes  the  death  of  patches  of  the  bark  which  often  peel  off 
and  expose  the  sapwood.  In  some  cases,  the  bark  adheres 
firmly  but  becomes  somewhat  sunken  so  that  canker-like 
areas  are  produced.  These  dead  spots  form  suitable  places 
for  the  activities  of  various  fungi. 

In  order  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  fungi,  the  injured  bark 
should  be  removed  by  proper  tree-surgical  methods  and  the 
exposed  wood  protected  by  a  suitable  dressing.  For  this 
purpose  a  coating  of  good  shellac  should  be  applied  to  prevent 
drying  out  and  when  this  is  dry  it  should  be  covered  with  a  coat 
of  tar  or  thick  bark-colored  paint.     (See  under  tree  surgery.) 

Frost-cracks. 

Frost-cracks  are  much  more  common  on  deciduous  trees 
than  on  conifers,  although  they  occur  fairly  frequently  in  the 
case  of  the  spruce  and  fir.  The  cracks  appear  as  longitudinal 
slits  running  for  some  distance  up  and  down  the  trunk  on  the 
sunny  side,  and  are  caused  by  sudden  falls  in  temperature. 
They  open  wider  during  cold  weather,  while  during  warm 
periods  they  may  completely  close  up.    They  are  chiefly  of 


146  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

importance  in  that  they  provide  avenues  for  the  entrance  of 
fungi  which  may  cause  serious  wood-rots. 

Cracks  of  this  type  will  usually  heal  over  naturally  unless 
they  are  repeatedly  reopened  by  low  temperatures.  The 
healing  may  be  hastened,  however,  by  using  staples  to  close 
the  wound.  The  exposed  surfaces  of  wood  and  bark  should 
be  sterilized  and  waterproofed  (see  under  tree  surgery)  in  the 
winter  when  the  crack  is  wide  open.  The  stapling  should  be 
done  in  the  spring  when  the  wound  is  closed.  Staples  may  be 
made  of  iron,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
should  be  four  to  five  inches  wide  and  about  the  same  length. 
The  bark  and  wood  is  removed  to  allow  the  staples  to  be 
driven  in  flush  with  the  wood,  and  the  exposed  tissue  should  be 
treated  with  creosote  and  tar  or  thick  bark-colored  paint. 
The  staples  should  be  about  two  feet  apart,  and  better  results 
will  be  obtained  if  the  points  are  bent  slightly  inward. 

Sun-scorch. 

This  is  also  similar  to  the  trouble  described  under  the  same 
name  in  connection  with  seedling  diseases.  In  its  effects  it 
resembles  winter-drying,  but  it  occurs  during  the  summer 
months.  It  usually  becomes  evident  after  high  winds  on  hot 
days.  The  needles  on  the  exposed  side  of  the  trees  become 
yellow  and  then  brown  from  their  tips,  giving  the  tree  a 
scorched  appearance.  Norway  spruce,  Douglas  fir,  pines, 
white-cedar,  and  arbor- vitse  are  more  commonly  affected. 

Sun-scorch  is  a  result  of  drought  conditions  brought  about 
by  excessive  transpiration.  To  a  considerable  extent  such 
injuries  are  unavoidable,  but  they  may  be  lessened  by  any 
measures  which  tend  to  keep  the  soil  moist  and  well  aerated. 
Mulching,  when  practicable,  is  beneficial,  especially  when 
combined  with  artificial  watering. 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,   AND  INJURIES  147 

Smoke  and  fume  injury. 

In  manufacturing  cities  and  in  the  vicinity  of  smelters, 
pulp  and  fertilizer  mills,  brick-kilns,  coke-ovens,  and  blast- 
furnaces, particularly  where  sulfur  gases  are  produced,  the 
effects  on  all  kinds  of  foliage  are  very  evident.  Evergreens 
in  general  are  most  sensitive,  probably  owing  to  the  long  life 
of  their  individual  leaves.  Junipers,  however,  show  a  distinct 
resistance,  while  pines  and  firs  are  much  more  susceptible. 
The  degree  of  injury  is  governed  by  the  distance  from  the 
source  of  the  smoke  and  fumes,  by  the  direction  of  the  pre- 
vailing winds,  and  by  the  topography  of  the  ground.  Injured 
trees  show  a  dying  and  browning  of  the  needles  from  their  tips. 
There  may  also  be  a  curling  of  the  leaves,  while  the  trees  are 
generally  stunted  and  of  a  sickly  appearance.  The  injury  may 
result  in  defoliation  and  ultimate  death  of  the  trees. 

Unfortunately,  there  is  no  control  measure  for  this  trouble 
within  the  power  of  the  individual  grower.  It  is  a  case  of 
either  smoke  and  fumes  or  trees  having  to  go.  Smoke  and  fume 
prevention  on  the  part  of  the  manufactories  concerned  is  the 
only  remedy  if  the  more  susceptible  evergreens  are  to  be  grown. 
The  planting  of  junipers  in  districts  in  which  the  trouble  is 
most  acute  should  be  considered. 

Electrical  injuries. 

Electrical  injuries  may  be  divided  into  those  due  to  the 
natural  phenomenon  of  lightning  and  those  caused  by  high 
tension  line  wires. 

The  common  effects  of  lightning  are  probably  familiar  to 
all;  but  trees  may  be  injured  in  a  number  of  freakish  ways, 
some  of  which  are  more  difficult  of  diagnosis.  Sometimes  trees 
are  cleft  longitudinally  or  are  completely  shattered  by  very 
powerful  discharges.  When  these  are  less  powerful,  strips   of 


148  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

bark  may  be  torn  from  the  trunk,  either  in  continuous  Hues 
or  at  various  isolated  points.  The  whole  or  a  portion  of  a  tree 
may  be  killed,  and  this  often  takes  place  without  any  external 
signs  of  injury.  It  is  probably  due  to  a  killing  of  the  root 
system  or  to  a  girdling  of  a  large  or  small  zone  of  the  living 
tissues.  Many  trees  are  struck,  however,  which  show  no  ill 
effects  to  the  untrained  observer.  There  is  apparently  no 
difference  in  the  susceptibility  of  the  various  kinds  of  trees 
to  injury  by  lightning,  but  it  is  more  likely  to  occur  on  those 
which  are  more  or  less  isolated  on  high  ground  and  which 
have  deep  root  systems. 

High-tension  line  wires  may  cause  a  local  burning  or  a 
partial  destruction  of  trees,  due  to  leakage  from  the  wires 
when  they  are  in  contact  with  the  trees  or  when  they  are 
poorly  insulated.  This  leakage  occurs  particularly  in  wet 
weather  when  there  is  a  film  of  moisture  on  the  surface  of  the 
tree.    In  rare  cases,  trees  may  be  killed  outright. 

Apart  from  their  unsightly  character,  such  wounds,  unless 
properly  cared  for,  allow  many  destructive  fungi  to  gain  access 
to  the  wood  of  the  tree.  They  may  easily  be  prevented  by 
insisting  on  the  proper  insulation  of  the  wires. 

Injury  due  to  illuminating  gases. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  gases  used  for  illuminating  and 
heating  purposes,  such  as  water  gas,  coal  gas,  gasoline  gas, 
acetylene  gas,  and  others,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  poison- 
ous to  vegetation.  The  injury  caused  to  trees  is  due  to  leaky 
mains,  from  which  the  gases  penetrate  into  the  soil  about  the 
root  systems.  Certain  of  the  substances  are  absorbed  with  the 
soil-moisture,  producing  various  reactions  in  the  tissues  of 
the  trees.  Conifers  are  very  resistant  to  gas  poisoning  and  may 
completely  recover  from  an  exposure. 


Plate  XXIII.    A    Calitornia    phiniin^.-SujijoKi    scmpervirens   in   center;    Italian 

cypress  {Cwpressus  semperrirens  var.  .itricfa)   clipped  into  formal 

shape  for  about  thirty  years 


tni/%t»m'WV     w  nk^  < . 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,  AND   INJURIES  149 

Injury  from  this  cause  is  very  difficult  to  diagnose  in  the 
living  tree,  as  the  symptoms  are  very  diverse  and  many  of  them 
are  also  exhibited  by  trees  which  are  declining  for  other  reasons. 
A  general  sickly  appearance,  with  yellowing  or  browning  of 
the  leaves  and  probably  partial  defoliation,  may  first  be  seen. 
This  usually  commences  at  the  top  of  the  tree  and  progresses 
downward.  The  twigs  become  brittle  and  lose  their  bark,  and 
this  shedding  of  the  bark  may  continue  until  a  large  portion 
of  the  trunk  is  bare.  Unless  the  trouble  is  remedied  in  time, 
death  of  the  tree  results.  If  a  tree  is  deteriorating  and  no  other 
cause  of  injury  can  be  found,  the  above  symptoms  would 
warrant  one  in  suspecting  illuminating  gases  as  the  causal 
factor,  but  no  degree  of  certainty  could  be  felt  without  a 
careful  examination  of  the  tissues.  The  wood  shows  a  marked 
brittleness,  while  the  tissues  outside  of  the  wood  are  dry  and 
brown.  The  roots,  naturally,  are  the  first  parts  to  be  affected. 
The  wood  of  affected  trees  possesses  a  characteristic  odor  for 
one  who  is  familiar  with  this  trouble.  One  would  also  be  able 
to  detect  the  smell  of  gas  in  the  soil. 

If  the  injury  is  very  extensive,  it  is  doubtful  whether  any 
remedial  measures  will  be  effective  in  saving  the  trees,  although, 
as  mentioned  above,  conifers  may  recover  after  considerable 
exposure.  If  only  a  portion  of  the  roots  is  affected,  they  should 
be  removed.  After  the  leak  has  been  repaired,  the  soil  should 
be  dug  up  and  well  aerated  for  several  days  or,  better  still, 
it  should  be  replaced  by  other  soil  which  is  not  impregnated 
with  the  gases. 

Wood-rots. 

While  very  serious  losses  occur  in  coniferous  trees  in  the 
forest,  due  to  several  destructive  wood-rots,  these  diseases 
rarely  cause  much  damage  to  individual  ornamental  specimens. 


150 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  conditions  for  the  spreading  of 
the  causal  fungi  are  ideal  in  the  forest,  but  are  much  less 
favorable  outside  of  these  domains.   Most  of  the  fungi  causing 

these  wood-rots  are  on  one  general 
type  commonly  known  as 
"bracket-fungi"  or  "polypores." 
One  of  the  toadstools  {Armillaria 
mellea),  however,  is  responsible 
for  an  important  root-rot,  not 
only  of  conifers  but  also  of  a 
great  variety  of  other  trees  and 
even  of  herbaceous  plants. 

The  wood  may  be  attacked  in 
various  ways.  The  heart  wood 
alone  may  be  decayed 
to  a  greater  or  less 
extent.  This  may  take 
place  in  the  roots,  at 
the  butt  or  higher  up 
in  the  trunk  and 
branches.  In  most 
cases,  the  parts  at- 
tacked are  so  weakened 
that  the  tree  is  eventually  uprooted  or  broken  off  by  the  wind. 
Less  commonly,  the  sapwood  and  bark  of  living  trees  are  also 
attacked  and  rotted.  In  such  cases,  death  of  certain  parts  or 
of  the  whole  tree  may  ensue,  due  to  an  interference  with  the 
passage  of  food  materials. 

Infection  takes  place  through  injuries  exposing  the  heart- 
wood  or  sapwood,  as  the  case  may  be.  Spores  of  the  fungi 
concerned,  falling  on  the  injured  spots,  germinate  under 
suitable  conditions,  producing  a  small  tube  which  penetrates 


18.    Sporophores  on  trunk  of  tree. 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES  151 

into  the  wood.  Here  it  continues  to  grow  and  causes  the  wood 
to  disintegrate  in  a  typical  manner.  Usually  no  external 
evidence  of  the  disease  is  apparent  until  the  fruiting  structures 
(sporophores)  of  the  fungi  appear  on  the  injured  part,  and 
this  does  not  occur  until  one  or  more  years  after  infection. 
By  that  time  one  may  generally  consider  that  the  rotting  of 
the  wood  is  well  advanced. 

The  fruiting  structures  of  the  polypores  are  commonly 
known  as  "punks"  and  usually  project  as  bracket-like  bodies 
from  the  surface  of  the  tree  (Fig.  18).  In  some  cases  they  may 
appear  as  sheets  more  or  less  appressed  to  the  surface.  The 
under  side  of  these  bodies  is  covered  with  minute  pores  which 
are  the  openings  to  tubes.  Within  these  tubes  millions  of 
spores  are  produced,  which  at  maturity  are  shed  through  the 
openings.  When  the  sporophores  arise  near  the  base  of  the 
tree,  one  may  often  see  the  ground  covered  by  a  thick  brown 
dust  made  up  of  these  spores.  The  wind  carries  them  to 
other  trees,  where  fresh  infections  may  be  initiated. 

In  the  case  of  the  toadstool  referred  to  above,  the  sporo- 
phores arise  from  exposed  or  superficial  roots  or  as  clusters 
around  the  base  of  the  tree.  They  possess  a  stalk  and  a  cap 
which  is  honey-yellow  in  color  and  for  this  reason  the  fungus 
is  often  called  the  honey-mushroom.  The  stalk  is  somewhat 
swollen  at  the  base  and  just  below  the  cap  it  is  encircled  by  a 
fragile  collar.  The  spores  are  produced  on  the  sides  of  plates 
or  gills  on  the  under  surface  of  the  cap  (Fig.  19).  The  base  of 
the  stalk  is  connected  with  the  tree  roots  by  means  of  round 
black  strands  which  have  the  appearance  of  shoe-strings. 
These  grow  through  the  soil  from  the  roots  of  one  tree  to  those 
of  another,  penetrate  the  bark  and  produce  infection.  Spores 
may  also  cause  infection  through  wounds  at  the  base  of  the 
tree  or  in  exposed  roots. 


152  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  wood-rots  which  attack  coniferous  trees  are  too  numer- 
ous to  be  dealt  with  in  detail,  but  all  conform  more  or  less 
closely  to  the  general  description  given  above.  The  following 
are  some  of  the  more  important  fungi  which  are  responsible 
for  these  rots : 

Trametes  pini,  Fries,  causes  a  destructive  rot  of  fir,  spruce, 
larch,  and  pine.  The  heartwood,  sapwood,  and  bark  are 
attacked  and  trees  are  often  killed.  The  common  name  for 
the  disease  produced  is  "ring-shake,"  on  account  of  the  fact 
that  complete  annual  rings  are  rotted. 

Fomes  pinicola.  Fries,  occurs  less  frequently  on  living  trees, 
but  is  common  on  those  which  have  been  killed  or  weakened 
by  other  agencies.  It  causes  a  sapwood  rot  in  which  the  wood 
becomes  powdery  and  red-brown  in  color. 

Fomes  roseus.  Fries,  attacks  fir,  juniper,  larch,  spruce,  pine, 
hemlock,  and  arbor-vitae,  causing  a  brown  heart-rot. 

Echinodontium  tindorium,  Ellis  and  Everhart,  is  important 
in  the  West  where  it  causes  a  peculiar  heart-rot  in  fir,  spruce, 
and  western  hemlock.  The  spring  wood  is  particularly  at- 
tacked, causing  the  annual  rings  to  become  separated  into 
disconnected  cylinders.  Finally  the  summer  wood  also  is 
destroyed,  leaving  the  trees  hollow. 

Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  Fries,  causes  a  rot  of  the  heartwood  in 
the  roots  and  butts  of  pine,  fir,  spruce,  hemlock,  larch,  and  arbor- 
vitse.    It  often  results  in  the  uprooting  of  the  trees  by  wind. 

Armillaria  mellea,  Quelet  (Fig.  19),  is  more  common  on 
deciduous  trees  but  attacks  pine,  larch,  and  hemlock,  causing 
a  rot  of  the  bark  and  sapwood  of  the  roots.  The  rot  may  also 
extend  to  the  butt.  The  final  result  is  usually  the  death  of 
the  trees  attacked,  but  this  may  not  occur  for  several  years. 

Fomes  juniperinus,  Schrenk,  is  responsible  for  a  heart-rot 
of  junipers  which  often  makes  the  trees  hollow. 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES 


153 


Mechanical  injuries  should  be  avoided,  for  these  open  the 
way  for  the  entrance  of  wood-rotting  fungi.  All  wounds  should 
be  carefully  cleaned  out,  disinfected,  and  coated  with  some 
such  dressing  as  coal-tar  or  asphaltum  (see  under  tree  surgery). 

All  fruiting  bodies  should  be  destroyed  as  soon  after  they 
begin  to  form  as  possible.  This  will  not  arrest  the  decay  in  the 
diseased  individual,  but  will  prevent 
the  spores  from  infecting  other  trees. 
Other  sporophores  will  be  produced 
later  and  these  should  be  consistently 
destroyed. 

In  cases  in  which  the  value  of  the 
tree  justifies  the  expense  and  when 
the  decay  is  not  too  far  advanced,  the 
diseased  wood  may  be  removed.  This 
should  be  done  by  a  capable  person 
using  proper  tree-surgical  methods. 
Such  treatments  are  expensive  and  it 
should  always  be  remembered  that 
it  is  now  possible  to  transplant  large 
trees  at  a  comparatively  low  cost. 

Special  treatment  is  necessary  in  the  case  of  the  root-rot 
caused  by  Armillaria  mellea.  If  the  disease  is  discovered  in 
the  early  stages,  there  are  reasonable  chances  that  the  tree 
may  be  saved.  All  the  soil  should  be  removed  from  the  butt 
and  main  roots.  The  bark  should  then  be  removed  from  the 
butt  with  a  sharp  knife  and  all  diseased  roots  traced  out  as 
far  as  possible,  cut  off  and  burnt.  The  exposed  surfaces  on  the 
butt,  including  all  scars  caused  by  the  removal  of  roots,  should 
be  sterilized  with  creosote  and  waterproofed  with  a  good 
coating  of  tar  or  asphaltum  before  the  soil  is  returned.  It 
is  advisable  to  leave  a  fair  portion  of  the  root  system  (about 


19.     Fruiting  body  of 
Armillaria  mellea. 


154  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

eighteen  inches  from  the  butt  all  round)  uncovered  for  an 
indefinite  period  when  replacing  the  soil.  When  a  number  of 
trees  are  growing  in  close  proximity,  diseased  individuals 
should  be  isolated  by  digging  a  trench  about  two  feet  deep  all 
around  them  just  beyond  the  limits  of  their  root  systems. 
No  roots  or  fungous  strands  should  be  allowed  to  cross  this 
trench. 

Trees  in  which  the  disease  is  well  advanced  should  be 
sacrificed  immediately  and  burnt  on  the  spot.  The  soil  should 
then  be  turned  over  and  treated  with  a  generous  dressing  of 
quicklime.  This  area  should  remain  unplanted  for  at  least 
three  years,  during  which  period  the  soil  should  be  repeatedly 
turned  over  and  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Rusts. 

Of  the  fungous  diseases  to  which  coniferous  trees  are  sus- 
ceptible, it  is  probable  that  the  rusts  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  from  an  ornamental  standpoint.  The  leaves,  twigs, 
and  branches  or  trunk  may  be  affected  with  varying  degrees 
of  injury,  resulting  in  a  serious  depreciation  in  the  ornamental 
value  of  the  tree  or  even  in  its  death.  The  important  rusts 
occurring  on  conifers  may  be  divided  into  two  groups — the 
"blister-rusts "  *  which  are  particularly  encountered  on  pines, 
and  the  "Gymnosporangium  rusts"  which  attack  junipers 
and  cedars.  The  fungi  causing  these  diseases  are  extremely 
interesting  on  account  of  their  complicated  life  history,  for 
the  completion  of  which  two  different  hosts  are  required. 
This  will  be  brought  out  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of 
the  typical  examples  below. 

White  pine  blister-rust   (Fig.  20)   is  caused  by  the  fungus 

*Only  a  few  of  the  many  forms  can  be  mentioned.  For  a  more  complete  list  the 
following  publication  should  be  consulted:  Rhoads,  A.  S.  et  al.— Host  relationships  of 
the  North  American  rusts,  other  than  Gymnosporangium,  which  attack  conifers. — 
Phytopathology  8  :  309-352.     1918. 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES 


155 


Cronartium  rihicola,  Fischer,  which  is  a  most  formidable 
enemy  of  the  white  pines  (i.  e.,  those  in  which  the  needles  are 
in  fascicles  of  five).  Without  doubt  all 
five-needled  pines  are  liable  to  be  at- 
tacked if  exposed  to  the  pathogen.  The 
fungus  was  first  found  in  North  Amer- 
ica at  Geneva,  New  York,  in  1906,  but 
it  is  probable  that  it  was  present  for 
some  years  prior  to  that  date.  Until  the 
summer  of  1921  it  was  confined  to  New 
England,  New  York,  and  the  Lake  States 
where  it  has  caused  very  serious  losses 
on  the  eastern  white  pine  (Pinus  Strobus) . 
In  spite  of  all  efforts  to  prevent  its 
spread  to  the  valuable  stands  of  western 
white  pine  (P.  monticola)  and  sugar  pine 
(P.  Lamhertiana)  in  the  Western  States, 
the  disease  was  discovered  in  western 
British  Columbia  and  in  northwestern 
Washington  in  1921. 

In  addition  to  the  five-needled  pines, 
the  fungus  also  attacks  wild  and  culti- 
vated species  of  currant  and  gooseberry. 
Although  all  species  of  Ribes  are  more 
or  less  susceptible  to  attack,  the  culti- 
vated black  currant  (Ribes  nigrum) 
takes  the  disease  most  severely.  The 
currant  and  gooseberry  are  known  as  "alternate  hosts,"  in- 
asmuch as  the  fungus  must  pass  a  portion  of  its  life  upon 
one  of  these  before  fresh  pines  can  become  infected. 

Pines  of  all  ages  are  susceptible  to  the  disease.    The  fungus 
gains  entrance  at  the  bases  of  leaf-fascicles  or  directly  through 


White  pine  with  bHster- 
rust. 


156  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

the  bark  of  growth  which  is  not  more  than  three  years  old. 
From  these  points  it  passes  down  into  the  larger  branches  or 
even  into  the  main  trunk  where  it  is  able  to  grow  in  bark 
thirty  to  thirty-five  years  of  age.  Here  the  fungus  continues 
to  spread  until,  finally,  girdling  takes  place  with  the  resultant 
death  of  all  parts  beyond  the  point  affected.  Infection  is 
brought  about  by  spores  which  are  blown  by  the  wind  from 
leaves  of  currants  and  gooseberries  in  the  summer  and  autumn. 
One  of  the  most  troublesome  characters  of  the  disease  is  that 
outwardly  visible  symptoms  are  not  evident  for  approximately 
two  years  after  infection,  and  then  only  by  careful  observation 
may  one  discern  a  slight  swelling  of  the  bark  in  the  diseased 
area.  Later,  usually  about  three  years  and  six  months  after 
the  date  of  infection,  the  blisters  from  which  the  disease  gets 
its  name  push  through  the  bark.  These  creamy-colored  sacs 
appear  in  the  spring  and  soon  break  open  and  liberate  millions 
of  yellow  spores  which  may  be  carried  as  far  as  seven  miles 
by  the  wind.  They  are  unable  to  reinfect  pines,  but,  falling 
upon  leaves  of  currant  or  gooseberry,  may  produce  the  disease 
there.  In  the  early  summer,  upon  the  under  side  of  such 
leaves,  yellow  pustules  appear  which  produce  myriads  of 
another  type  of  spore.  These  spores,  which  are  produced 
throughout  the  summer,  are  also  unable  to  infect  pines,  but 
serve  to  spread  the  disease  to  other  currant  or  gooseberry 
leaves.  In  the  late  summer  small,  brown,  hair-like  projections 
arise  from  the  same  spots  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves. 
They  may  be  so  numerous  as  to  give  a  brown  felt-like  ap- 
pearance to  the  leaves.  These  hair-like  projections  consist  of 
masses  of  a  third  kind  of  spore  which  soon  germinates  where  it 
is,  to  produce  yet  a  fourth  type — the  sporidia.  Sporidia  are  un- 
able to  reinfect  currants  or  gooseberries.  Blown  by  wind,  they 
may  infect  pines  within  a  radius  of  not  more  than  600  \'ards. 


Plate  XXI\'.    Spreading  cryptomeria  {Cryptomeria  japonica  var.  elcgans) 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES  157 

From  what  has  been  said  it  is  evident  that  the  removal  of 
all  Ribes  plants,  both  wild  and  cultivated,  from  the  vicinity 
of  white  pines  will  ensure  against  infection.  This  removal 
must  be  thorough  and,  under  normal  conditions,  should  be 
carried  out  within  a  radius  of  200  to  300  yards. 

In  the  case  of  valuable  ornamental  white  pines  which  are 
already  infected,  experiments  have  shown  that  the  removal 
of  infected  parts  is  financially  practicable  if  the  treatment  is 
applied  in  time,  and  is  carried  out  in  conjunction  with  the 
eradication  of  Ribes.  The  best  results  will  be  obtained  if  the 
work  is  done  from  April  to  June  when  the  cankers  are  more 
easily  found  because  of  the  bright  orange-yellow  blisters. 
The  workmen  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  disease, 
as  the  success  of  the  treatment  depends  on  the  finding  of  all 
cankers  and  the  accurate  determination  of  the  edge  of  the 
diseased  area.  Diseased  twigs  and  branches  should  be  cut 
off  seven  or  more  inches  back  of  the  orange-yellow  blisters. 
If  none  of  these  is  present,  the  branches  should  be  cut  off 
five  or  more  inches  back  of  the  extreme  edge  of  the  canker 
and  flush  with  the  next  whorl  of  healthy  branches.  On  large 
limbs  and  trunks,  infections  which  have  not  passed  completely 
round  may  be  treated  by  removing  all  the  diseased  bark  and  a 
strip  at  least  two  inches  wide  at  the  sides  and  four  inches  at 
the  ends  of  the  apparently  healthy  bark  from  around  the  edge 
of  the  canker.  Large  wounds  should  be  protected  from  the 
attacks  of  other  fungi  and  insects  by  a  covering  of  shellac  and 
bark-colored  paint.  If  the  tree  is  nearly  girdled,  or  if  most 
of  the  branches  must  be  removed,  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to 
save  it.*'  j 

*  Spaulding,  P.  Investigations  of  the  White  Pine  Blister  Rust.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 
Bull.  957  :  1-100.     1922. 

t  Martin,  J.  F.  et  al.  Treatment  of  Ornamental  White  Pines  infected  with  Blis- 
ter Rust.    U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Circ.  177  :  1-20.    1921. 


158  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Oak  rust*  is  caused  by  the  fungus  Cronartium  cerebrum, 
Hedgcock  and  Long,  and  affects  many  two-  and  three-needle 
pines,  especially  the  scrub,  jack,  Sabine,  Monterey,  and  knob- 
cone.  Large  gall-like  swellings  are  produced  on  the  branches 
or  trunk,  and  in  some  cases  witches'-brooms  are  formed. 
The  alternate  host  is  the  oak,  the  leaves  of  which  are  infected 
by  the  spores  from  the  pines. 

Some  two-  and  three-needle  pines,  especially  the  lodge- 
pole  and  western  yellow,  are  injured  by  Castilleja  rust,  which 
is  caused  by  the  fungus  Cronartium  coleosporioides,  Arthur. 
On  western  yellow  pine  it  has  been  found  to  cause  serious 
losses  in  some  nurseries,  where  the  alternate  host,  Castilleja 
miniata,  is  an  abundant  weed.  Extensive  swellings  of  the 
branches  and  trunk  are  produced,  somewhat  resembling  the 
previous  disease  in  this  respect. 

Sweet-fern  rust  is  destructive  in  some  nurseries.  It  occurs 
on  two-  and  three-needle  pines,  giving  rise  to  symptoms  very 
similar  to  those  described  under  the  white-pine  blister-rust. 
The  alternate  hosts  are  the  sweet  fern  {Comptonia  asplenifolia) 
and  sweet-gale  {Myrica  Gale). 

Rust  witches'-broom  of  spruce  is  caused  by  a  Melampsorella 
species  which  has  its  alternate  stage  on  Alsine  (sandwort), 
Cerastium  (mouse-ear  chickweed),  and  Stellaria  (chickweed). 
The  disease  is  wide-spread  and  very  harmful  in  some  localities 
on  Engelmann,  Norway,  black,  Colorado  blue,  and  Sitka  spruce. 
It  not  only  attacks  and  stunts  the  twigs  and  branches  of  young 
trees,  but  also  brooms  and  dwarfs  saplings  and  older  trees. 

Rust  witches'-broom  of  fir  causes  harmful  brooming  and 
dwarfing  of  the  tips  of  various  species  of  fir  (Abies) .  Cerastium 
and  Stellaria  are  again  the  alternate  hosts. 

*  The  existence  of  the  fungi  causing  these  diseases  depends  on  the  close  proximity 
of  the  coniferous  and  alternate  hosts.  Control  measures  will  be  as  outlined  under 
"White  pine  blister  rust." 


INSECTS,  DISEASES,  AND  INJURIES  159 

Several  native  cedars  and  junipers  and  some  of  their  horti- 
cultural varieties  are  attacked  by  a  number  of  fungi  belonging 
to  the  genus  Gymnosporangium.  For  the  completion  of  the 
life  cycle  of  these  fungi,  certain  broad-leaved  trees  and  shrubs, 
such  as  apple,  pear,  quince,  hawthorn,  mountain-ash,  juneberry, 
fire-thorn,  are  essential,  and,  upon  some  of  these,  serious 
diseases  are  also  caused  by  the  fungi  concerned.  One  type  of 
spore  is  produced  on  the  junipers  and  cedars  and  another  type 
upon  the  broad-leaved  hosts.  Neither  of  these  spore-forms  is 
able  to  reinfect  the  same  host  on  which  it  was  produced,  but 
must  pass  to  the  alternate  host.  The  association  of  the  two 
kinds  of  hosts  is,  therefore,  necessary  for  the  spread  of  the 
disease  from  one  tree  to  another. 

The  leaves  and  young  branches  of  the  junipers  and  cedars 
are  infected  by  spores  from  the  alternate  host.  During  the 
second  season  after  infection  abnormal  overgrowths  appear  in 
the  form  of  swellings  of  the  branches  and  trunk,  witches'- 
brooms  (i.e.,  compact  clusters  of  small  branches),  or  trans- 
formations of  the  leaves  into  galls  commonly  known  as  "cedar- 
apples"  (Fig.  21).  In  a  few  cases  no  overgrowths  are  developed, 
the  only  visible  symptoms  being  a  yellowing  of  the  leaves. 
The  "cedar-apple"  type  of  abnormality  is  most  frequent  upon 
the  red-cedars  and  junipers  which  are  used  for  windbreaks  or 
for  decorative  planting  in  yards  and  gardens  in  the  proximity 
of  orchard  trees.  The  spores  of  this  stage  are  produced  upon 
these  diseased  parts  in  the  spring. 

In  the  case  of  the  broad-leaved  hosts,  the  leaves  and  fruits 
are  attacked  in  the  spring.  Small  localized  spots  of  a  yellowish 
color  appear,  and  later  long  whitish  tubes  of  fungous  material 
are  pushed  out  all  over  the  surface  of  these  spots.  Within  the 
tubes,  the  spores  which  are  able  to  infect  the  coniferous  hosts 
are  produced. 


160  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Segregation  of  the  two  types  of  liost  for  these  fungi,  when 
it  is  possible,  tends  to  hold  the  disease  in  check.  While  the 
spores  may  be  blown  for  distances 
from  a  few  feet  up  to  several  miles, 
the  removal  of  the  pomaceous  host 
to  within  a  distance  of  one  mile  will 
reduce  infection  to  a  minimum. 

All  diseased  parts  on  either  host 

should  be  carefully  and  consistently 

removed    as    soon    as    discovered. 

This  will  reduce  the  sources 

from   which    the    infecting 

spores  arise. 


Leaf-cast  diseases. 

This  name  is  applied 
to  a  group  of  similar  diseases 
which  occur  on  pine,  larch,  fir, 
spruce  and  juniper  and  which  are 
caused  by  a  number  of  fungi 
belonging  to  the  genera  Lophoder- 
mium,  Hypoderma,  and  Hypoder- 
mella.    In  general,  the  later  symp- 


21.  Cedar-apples  on  Jwwiperas        toms    resemble   Very    much   those 


mrgimana.  causcd  by  suu-scorch  and  winter- 

killing. Small  yellow  spots  or  bands  first  appear  on  the  leaves 
and  these  are  followed  by  a  browning  of  the  entire  needles. 
In  the  spring,  fruiting  bodies  of  the  fungi  appear  as  black 
lines  or  roundish  dots  along  the  middle  of  the  dead  leaves  on 
the  lower  side.  These  bodies  contain  the  spores  which  are  dis- 
charged through  elongated  openings  and  which  are  blcwn 
about  by  the  wind  to  other  trees.    The  leaf -cast  diseases  are 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES  161 

often  serious  on  small  trees  since  they  may  cause  complete  or 
nearly  complete  defoliation. 

All  fallen  needles  should  be  gathered  up  and  burned. 
Spraying  with  a  4-4-50  bordeaux  mixture  before  rain  periods 
will  also  reduce  the  infection  in  the  nurseries. 

3.  Tree  surgery 

In  the  care  of  ornamental  trees  the  following  points  should 
be  remembered; 

1.  The  wood  of  a  tree  is  naturally  protected  by  the  covering 
of  bark.  Any  injury  to  this,  or  any  exposure  of  the  wood, 
affords  an  opportunity  for  the  entrance  of  destructive  or- 
ganisms which  may  bring  about  extensive  damage,  resulting 
sometimes  in  the  complete  loss  of  the  tree. 

2.  Early  attention  to  small  injuries  will  render  unnecessary 
expensive  treatments  in  the  future. 

3.  More  harm  than  good  is  often  caused  by  allowing  in- 
experienced workmen  to  do  tree-surgery  work. 

Whether  or  not  a  tree  shall  be  treated  surgically  will  depend 
on  two  main  factors.  In  the  first  place  it  must  be  decided 
whether  it  is  possible  to  save  the  tree — a  question  which  can 
be  answered  only  by  one  who  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
trouble  with  which  it  is  afflicted.  In  some  cases  it  will  be  better 
to  replace  the  tree  rather  than  to  try  to  save  it.  Secondly, 
the  expense  must  be  taken  into  consideration.  The  amount 
one  is  willing  to  spend  on  a  certain  tree  will,  of  course,  depend 
on  its  value  from  an  esthetic  or  historical  standpoint.  All 
ornamental  trees  are,  however,  worth  considerable  care,  for 
they  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  real  estate. 

There  are  a  few  fundamental  principles  underlying  all 
tree-repair  work.  The  first  essential  is  that  all  diseased  or 
dead  bark  or  wood  must  be  removed.    In  the  case  of  fungous 


162  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

attacks,  it  can  be  accepted  as  a  general  fact  that  the  organism 
is  present  not  only  in  the  tissue  which  actually  shows  the 
disease  to  the  naked  eye,  but  also  for  some  distance  beyond  this 
area  in  all  directions.  A  certain  amount  of  apparently  healthy 
tissue  should  always  be  removed,  therefore,  in  order  to  ensure 
the  complete  eradication  of  the  fungus.  All  cut  surfaces  should 
then  be  sterilized  and  protected  from  drying  out  and  from  the 
attacks  of  other  organisms.  This  will  involve  the  examination 
of  the  treated  parts  from  time  to  time  so  that  any  defects  may 
be  remedied  immediately.  A  neglect  of  this  precaution  may 
nullify  all  previous  work  done.  Finally,  all  the  treated  portions 
must  be  left  in  the  most  favorable  condition  for  rapid  healing. 

Removal  of  branches. 

When  small  branches  or  twigs  are  the  parts  diseased,  it 
will  be  the  simplest  procedure  to  remove  them  entirely.  In 
doing  this,  no  stubs  should  be  left,  for  they  are  both  unsightly 
and  a  source  of  danger  to  the  future  health  of  the  tree.  Diseased 
branches  should  always  be  cut  off  with  a  wide-toothed  saw 
flush  at  the  point  where  they  join  healthy  ones,  care  being 
taken  not  to  strip  the  bark  below.  The  surface  of  the  wound 
should  be  trimmed  with  a  sharp  knife  and  the  scar  pointed 
above  and  below.  Following  the  knife,  the  exposed  sapwood 
and  bark  should  be  covered  immediately  with  a  coating  of 
good  shellac.  This  will  serve  the  double  purpose  of  preventing 
the  drying  out  of  these  living  tissues  and  also  the  excessive 
exudation  of  resin  which  takes  place  from  the  wood  of  some 
coniferous  trees.  (The  resin  secreted  by  such  trees  is  sometimes 
smeared  over  the  cut  surfaces  to  take  the  place  of  other  dres- 
sings; but,  while  it  serves  well  as  a  protective  covering,  it 
usually  runs  down  the  bark  of  the  tree,  leaving  unsightly  white 
streaks.)     The  exposed  heartwood  should  now  be  sterilized 


INSECTS,    DISEASES,   AND   INJURIES  163 

with  ordinary  commercial  creosote  and  the  entire  shellacked 
and  creosoted  surface  finally  waterproofed  with  thick  coal-tar 
or  asphaltum.  Should  the  color  of  the  tar  be  objectionable,  it 
may  be  replaced  by  a  covering  of  thick  bark-colored  paint. 
This  will  need  careful  watching,  however,  for  paint  has  a  ten- 
dency to  crack,  and  such  cracks  are  sufficient  to  permit  the 
entrance  of  fungi. 

Removal  of  bark. 

In  many  cases,  the  larger  limbs  or  the  trunk  of  the  tree 
are  attacked,  either  in  the  living  portions  or  in  the  heart  wood, 
thus  necessitating  the  local  removal  of  the  diseased  tissues. 
The  excavation  of  the  heartwood  would  not  in  any  way  interfere 
with  the  life  processes  of  the  tree,  but,  as  the  sapwood  and  bark 
are  the  channels  through  which  water  and  food  materials 
pass  up  and  down  the  tree,  they  must  be  conserved  as  far  as 
possible.  If  the  diseased  area  extends  more  than  two-thirds 
of  the  way  around  the  trunk  or  limb,  it  is  doubtful  whether 
treatment  would  be  possible,  for,  as  has  been  pointed  out  above, 
a  portion  of  healthy  tissue  must  always  be  removed  as  a 
safety  zone. 

In  peeling  off  diseased  bark,  a  sharp  hook-pointed  knife 
is  most  useful.  The  bark  is  first  cut  through  to  the  wood 
around  the  margin  of  the  area  to  be  removed,  making  it  V- 
shaped  above  and  below.  The  bark  is  then  peeled  off  and  the 
edges  trimmed  with  a  sharp  knife.  As  soon  as  the  exposed 
surface  is  sufficiently  dry,  it  should  be  covered  with  a  coating 
of  shellac  and  waterproofed  with  thick  bark-colored  paint, 
tar,  or  asphaltum. 

Cavity  work. 

Removing  diseased  wood  involves  the  making  of  a  cavity 
and  requires  expert  workmanship  if  the  best  results  are  to  be 


164  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

obtained.  Such  treatment  is  usually  rendered  necessary 
through  neglect  of  small  injuries  and  especially  through  the 
leaving  of  branch  stubs,  by  way  of  which  fungi  reach  the  heart 
of  the  tree  and  there  initiate  destructive  rots.  The  full  details 
of  this  branch  of  the  subject  cannot  be  entered  into  here,  but 
they  are  given  in  readily  available  form  in  the  publication 
mentioned  below.*  The  fundamentals,  however,  may  be 
summarized  as  follows: 

All  diseased  wood  must  be  removed,  together  with  a  certain 
amount  of  apparently  healthy  tissue.  In  doing  this  it  will  be 
necessary  to  cut  away  a  portion  of  the  bark,  but  the  hole  made 
should  be  no  larger  than  is  absolutely  essential.  The  edge 
should  be  trimmed  and  the  opening  pointed  above  and  below 
to  facilitate  healing  over.  The  exposed  sapwood  and  bark 
should  then  be  sealed  with  a  coating  of  shellac  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  exposed  wood  sterilized.  For  this  purpose, 
creosote  is  one  of  the  best  preparations,  but  it  must  not  be 
used  on  the  bark.  The  whole  shellacked  and  creosoted  surfaces 
are  then  covered  with  a  thick  coating  of  tar  or  asphaltum. 
The  bottom  of  the  cavity  must  be  so  shaped  that  water  will 
run  out  readily  and  this  will  sometimes  necessitate  the  filling 
up  of  this  part  of  the  cavity  to  give  the  requisite  slope. 

This  completes  the  essential  operations  in  the  treatment 
of  such  wounds.  Regular  inspections  should  be  made  at  least 
biennially  and  if  there  is  any  cracking  of  the  waterproofing 
material  a  fresh  coat  should  be  applied.  An  open  cavity  is 
much  better  for  this  reason,  in  that  it  allows  one  to  make 
thorough  inspections  from  time  to  time.  From  an  ornamental 
standpoint,  however,  it  may  sometimes  be  advisable  to  fill 
such  cavities.  For  this  purpose,  asphaltum  or  cement  are 
most  commonly  used.    The  opening  to  the  cavity  may  also 

*  Collins,  F.  J.    Tree-Surgery.    U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Farmers'  Bull.  173  : 1-29.    1920. 


Plate  XXV.    Nikko  fir  {Ahlcs  homolrpi.s) 


INSECTS,   DISEASES,    AND   INJURIES  165 

be  covered  with  sheet  tin,  zinc,  or  iron,  but  the  practice  is  not 
to  be  recommended. 

4.  Fungicides 

Spraying  or  dusting  are  of  value  in  the  control  of  leaf 
diseases  in  the  orchard  and  in  the  field,  but  very  little  informa- 
tion is  available  concerning  the  application  of  these  measures 
to  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs.  There  seems  to  be  no  reason, 
however,  why  they  should  not  be  effective.  Fungicides  should 
be  applied  before  rainy  periods  and  before  infection  has  taken 
place  (except  in  the  case  of  surface  fungi  such  as  the  mildews), 
for  they  are  generally  preventive  and  not  curative  agencies. 
The  three  commonest  fungicides  are  bordeaux  mixture,  lime- 
sulfur,  and  sulfur. 

Bordeaux  mixture  consists  of  a  mixture  of  copper  sulfate 
(blue  vitriol)  and  milk  of  lime,  the  active  principle  being  the 
metallic  copper.  A  stock  solution  of  copper  sulfate  is  made  by 
dissolving  the  required  number  of  pounds  of  crystals  in  as 
many  gallons  of  water.  This  is  most  easily  accomplished  by 
placing  the  crystals  in  a  bag  and  suspending  this  just  below 
the  surface  of  the  water.  A  wooden  container  should  be  used 
for  this  solution,  as  it  rapidly  corrodes  metallic  surfaces. 
The  milk  of  lime  is  prepared  by  slaking  stone  lime  and  gradually 
adding  water  until  a  thick  smooth  paste  is  obtained.  Sufficient 
water  is  then  added  to  make  the  number  of  gallons  equal  the 
number  of  pounds  of  lime.  The  spray  is  used  in  various 
strengths,  4-4-50  being  the  average.  This  formula  signifies 
that  four  pounds  of  copper  sulfate,  four  pounds  of  lime,  and 
fifty  gallons  of  water  make  up  the  mixture.  In  preparing  fifty 
gallons  at  this  strength,  four  gallons  of  the  stock  copper  sulfate 
solution  should  be  placed  in  the  tank  and  then  thirty-two 
gallons  of  water  added.    After  this  has  been  done,  the  four 


166  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

gallons  of  lime  are  added  and  the  whole  thoroughly  stirred. 
The  mixture  is  then  ready  for  use. 

Self -boiled  lime-sulfur  is  prepared  by  placing  eight  pounds  of 
good  stone  lime  in  a  container  and  adding  suflScient  water  to 
start  it  slaking.  Eight  pounds  of  sulfur  are  then  added  slowly, 
working  it  through  a  sieve  to  break  down  the  lumps.  The  lime 
should  be  prevented  from  burning  by  the  addition  of  water, 
but  care  must  be  taken  not  to  drown  it.  When  the  slaking  is 
complete,  the  container  is  filled  up  to  fifty  gallons  and  the 
mixture  strained  through  a  sieve  of  twenty  meshes  to  the  inch. 
This  solution  may  be  used  in  cases  in  which  bordeaux  mixture 
causes  injury  to  the  foliage.  While  applying,  the  mixture 
should  be  constantly  agitated,  as  it  settles  out  very  rapidly. 

Copper-lime  dust  and  lime-sulfur  dust  may  be  obtained 
from  manufacturers  of  fungicides.  They  have  the  same  value 
as  the  sprays  mentioned  above,  but  are  applied  in  the  dry  form. 

"Flowers  of  sulfur"  or  finely -ground  sulfur  flour  may  be 
used  in  the  case  of  superficial  fungi,  such  as  the  mildews.  It 
should  be  dusted  over  the  affected  parts  when  they  are  wet. 
It  is  most  effective  in  hot,  dry  weather. 


PART  II 

THE  KINDS  OF  CULTIVATED  CONIFERS 

(GYMNOSPERMS) 

IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

By  ALFRED  REHDER 


CHAPTER  V 

A  SYSTEMATIC  ENUMERATION  OF  THE  CONIFERS 
CULTIVATED  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

THE  group  of  plants  known  as  conifers,  popularly  often 
called  evergreens,  belongs,  together  with  the  Cycads  and 
Gnetacese,  to  the  division  of  Gymnosperms  which  is 
chiefly  distinguished  from  the  other  phenogamous  plants  or 
Spermatophytes  by  the  ovules  not  being  inclosed  in  an  ovary. 
The  conifers  are  now  usually  divided  into  three  families  of 
which  the  first,  Ginkgoaceae,  the  Ginkgo  family,  is  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Cycads  in  its  mode  of  fertilization,  which  is  by 
motile  sperm-cells,  while  in  the  Taxaceae  and  Pinaceae,  fertiliza- 
tion is  effected  by  means  of  passive  sperm-cells  developing  long 
pollen-tubes  as  in  the  other  phenogamous  plants.  The  Taxa- 
ceae differ  from  the  Pinaceae  chiefly  in  the  fertile  flower,  which 
consists  of  few  or  only  one  carpel  with  one  or  two  ovules 
developing  into  a  drupe-like  seed  usually  exceeding  the  carpels, 
while  in  the  latter  family  the  flower  consists  of  usually  nu- 
merous carpels  and  develops  into  a  cone-like  fruit  with  mostly 
winged  seeds  inclosed  between  the  carpels. 

All  the  conifers  are  woody  plants,  sometimes  attaining  great 
dimensions.  They  inhabit  chiefly  the  colder  and  temperate 
regions  of  the  globe  where  they  usually  form  the  predominant 
components  of  the  forests.  Among  them  are  the  most  important 
timber  trees  of  the  northern  countries,  and  as  ornamental  trees 
they  are  particularly  valuable  in  colder  sections  as  they  are  the 
only  evergreens  attaining  to  a  large  size  and  are  indispensable 
for  the  creation  of  evergreen  woods  and  shelter-plantations. 

The  scope  of  this  work  does  not  permit  the  bringing  out  of 


170  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

the  very  interesting  facts  connected  with  the  history  and  par- 
ticularly with  the  introduction  of  the  different  species  into 
cultivation.  In  most  cases,  only  the  date  of  the  first  introduc- 
tion into  cultivation  has  been  given,  and  these  dates  concern 
chiefly  the  introduction  into  European  gardens.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  very  few  data  are  available  regarding  the  intro- 
duction of  plants  into  American  gardens  except  those  of  recent 
date;  it  would  certainly  prove  to  be  an  interesting  and  fasci- 
nating study  to  trace  the  historical  development  of  the  plant 
material  of  our  gardens  and  the  various  attempts  to  introduce 
plants  from  foreign  countries  and  to  bring  those  of  our  own 
rich  flora  into  cultivation. 

NOMENCLATURE,  SEQUENCE,  AND  KEYS 

In  the  following  account  of  conifers,  descriptions  are  given  of 
only  the  species  and  varieties  which  are  actually  or  are  supposed 
to  be  in  cultivation  in  North  America,  but  many  others  are 
mentioned  incidentally.  In  regard  to  the  botanical  names,  the 
International  Rules  of  Botanical  Nomenclature  are  followed 
and  have  been  strictly  applied,  but  in  cases  in  which  the  name 
adopted  in  the  Official  Catalogue  of  Standardized  Plant 
Names  (prepared  by  the  American  Joint  Committee  on  Horti- 
cultural Nomenclature),  intended  as  a  guide  for  nurserymen 
and  horticulturists,  differs,  that  name  is  given  as  an  alternative 
and  may  be  used  instead  of  the  name  considered  correct  under 
the  International  Rules  by  those  who  prefer  to  follow  that 
Catalogue.  The  English  names  used  here  are  those  proposed 
in  that  Catalogue. 

As  the  present  treatment  is  intended  chiefly  for  horticultural 
purposes,  it  has  not  been  considered  necessary  to  group  the 
varieties  and  forms  from  a  strictly  botanical  point  of  view  and, 
therefore,  no  distinction  has  been  made  between  subspecies, 


ENUMERATION   OF  CONIFERS  171 

varieties,  forms,  lusus,  and  other  subdivisions;  all  subdivisions 
of  a  species  are  uniformly  designated  as  "variety";  in  gen- 
eral usage  this  term  is  often  dropped  and  the  varietal  name 
directly  joined  to  the  specific  name,  e.  g.,  Chamoecyparis  pisifera 
plumosa  instead  of  C.  pisifera  var.  plumosa,  although  this  is 
not  strictly  correct.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  substitute 
new  names  for  combinations  like  Chamoecyparis  pisifera  var. 
plumosa  aurea;  such  names  have  been  retained  for  horticul- 
tural purposes  and  placed  in  quotation  marks  to  indicate  that 
the  writer  does  not  consider  them  botanical  combinations. 
They  are,  moreover,  inadmissible  under  the  International  Rules, 
because  the  name  aurea  cannot  be  used,  since  there  is  already  a 
variety  aurea,  namely  C.  pisifera  var.  aurea,  Carr.  According  to 
the  Rules,  a  name  can  be  used  only  once  for  a  subdivision  of 
any  one  species,  otherwise  it  would  not  be  possible  to  designate 
every  subdivision  of  a  species  by  only  three  names :  the  generic, 
the  specific,  and  the  varietal  name.  The  introduction  of  several 
subordinate  varietal  names  into  a  combination  is  justified  only 
if  it  is  necessary  or  desirable  to  indicate  the  systematic  position 
of  a  certain  form  in  a  polymorphous  species,  but  for  the  simple 
designation  of  a  plant  the  names  of  the  intervening  divisions 
are  often  dropped.  Combinations  of  four  or  more  names  are 
cumbersome  and  have  done  much  to  discredit  the  Latin  nomen- 
clature of  horticultural  forms,  which,  after  all,  is  the  simplest 
way  to  give  a  definite  place  to  a  plant  and  is  understood  the 
world  over. 

In  the  following  systematic  account  the  genera  under  their 
families  are  arranged,  as  much  as  feasible,  in  a  linear  sequence, 
according  to  their  supposed  natural  relationship  and  under 
each  family  a  conspectus  or  key  to  the  genera  is  given,  chiefly 
based  on  characters  of  the  flower  and  fruit,  to  give  a  clearer 
understanding  of  their  relationship   and  to  serve  as  an  ex- 


172  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

planation  for  the  sequence  of  the  genera  as  adopted.  As  these 
keys  are  of  use  only  if  flowers  or  fruits  are  available,  another 
key  to  the  genera  of  all  three  families  combined  and  based  on 
vegetative  characters  only  is  given  below.  This  should  make  it 
possible  to  determine  any  coniferous  plant  even  without  flowers 
or  fruits.  There  may  be,  however,  some  cases  in  which  the  key 
may  fail,  particularly  if  only  young  seedling  plants  are  avail- 
able, since  in  many  conifers,  chiefly  in  the  Cupressineae  and  Taxo- 
dinese,  the  foliage  in  its  juvenile  stage  is  very  different  from  that 
of  the  adult,  as  may  be  seen  if  Chamceq/paris  pisifera  and  C. 
pisifera  var.  squarrosa  are  compared;  even  the  arrangement 
of  the  leaves  may  change,  as  in  Widdringtonia  Whytei  which 
has  alternate  leaves  in  its  juvenile  stage  and  opposite  in  the 
mature  plant;  also  some  other  abnormal  garden  forms  show  a 
great  deviation  from  their  type.  Furthermore,  some  species  and 
even  a  few  genera  show  such  a  great  resemblance  in  their 
vegetative  characters,  though  different  enough  in  flowers  and 
fruits,  that  it  is  almost  or  quite  impossible  to  give  an  accurate 
description  of  these  differences  which,  however,  may  usually  be 
perceived  if  the  plant  in  question  can  be  compared  with  cor- 
rectly named  specimens  or  plants. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  CONIFEROUS  PLANTS 
BASED  ON  VEGETATIVE  CHARACTERS 
A.  Plants  with  evergreen  foliage. 

B.  Leaves  alternate,  scattered  or  clustered, 
c.  Arrangement  of  leaves  scattered. 

D.  Form  of  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  subulate,  rarely 
oblong  to  elliptic. 
E.  Winter-buds  not  scaly  or  with  green  or  greenish 
scales:    leaves    decurrent    into    a    green    leaf- 
cushion,  not  articulate  at  base. 
F.  AU    the    leaves    flattened,    linear    or    linear- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate. 
G.  Leaf  broad,  obtuse,  generally  oblong,  leaves 
occasionally   opposite.     (See   also  Phyllo- 
cladus,  p.l81,  with  broad,  lobed,  or  toothed 
leaf-like  cladodia)  Agathis,  245 


p 

-^-" 


K    >-  «  -         ^ 


Platk  XXV'I.    Good  young  plant  of  Algerian  fir  (Abies  numidicd) 


ENUMERATION   OF  CONIFERS  173 

GG.  Leaf  narrow,  pointed,  rarely  obtusish,  linear 
to  lanceolate,  rarely  triangular-ovate. 
H.  Position  of  leaves  more  or  less  2-ranked, 
usually  w-ith  stomatic  bands  beneath. 
I.  Branchlets  terminated  by  a  distinct  win- 
ter-bud with  greenish  scales. 
J.  Under  surface  of  leaves  with  glaucous 
bands:  branchlets  opposite  or  sub- 
opposite. 
K.  Glaucous  bands  broader  than  the  3 
green  bands;  leaves  with  raised 

midrib  above Cephalot.^xus,  182 

KK.  Glaucous  bands  narrower  than  the 
3  green  bands;  leaves  without 
distinct    midrib   above,    sharply 

pointed Torreya,  183 

JJ.  Under  surface  of  leaves  pale  or  gray- 
ish-green: branchlets  alternate  .  .  '.    T.\xus,  18,5 
II.  Branchlets  not  terminated  by  a  distinct 
clearly  defined  winter-bud. 
JJ.  Shape  of  leaves  linear,  not  exceeding  1 
inch,  distinctly  2-ranked. 
K.  Foliage  persistent  for  several  years, 
pungent,  to  1  inch  long:  branch- 
lets  not  deciduous Sequoia  {sempervirens) 

KK.  Fohage  deciduous  together  with  the  235 

branchlets    the    second    season; 

leaves  to  H  inch  long Taxodium  (mucrona- 

33.  Shape  of  leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong-  turn)  iSi 

lanceolate,    usually   longer  than   1 
inch,   indistinctly   2-ranked. 
K.  Leaves  finely   serrulate,  with  dis- 
tinct   stomatic    bands    beneath, 

not  more  than  K  inch  broad .  .    Ctjnninghamia,  240 
KK.  Leaves    entu-e,    without    stomatic 

bands,  about  J 3  inch  broad Araucakia   {Bidnillii) 

HH.  Position  of  leaves  not  at  all  2-ranked,  with-  242 

out  conspicuous  stomatic  bands  beneath. 
I.  Leaves  more  or  less  imbricate,  usually 
pungent. 
J.  Length  of  leaves  up  to  J^  inch,  with 

white  stomatic  bands  above Athrotaxis       (selagi- 

Jj.  Length  of  leaves  V2-1 14  inches,  with-  nmdes)  238 

out  stomatic  bands,  at  least  ]/f,  inch 

broad  at  base Araucaria.  241 

11.  Leaves    spreading,    linear     to     linear- 
lanceolate. 
J.  Width  of  leaf  less  than  ^  inch,  leaves 
sessile,    3<i-  ^    inch   long,  passing 

into  scale-like  leaves    Widdringtonia,    230 

JJ.  Width  of  leaf  at  least  ^  inch,  leaves 

petioled,  >2-4  inches  long Podocarpus,   179 


174  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

FF.  All  the  leaves  subulate,  sometimes  partly  scale- 
like. 
G.  Base  of  leaves  quadrangular  or  laterally  flat- 
tened, usually  keeled  above. 
H.  Branches    in    regular    whorls,    spreading, 
forming  distinct  tiers;  lateral  branch- 
lets   approximately  in  one  plane Araucaria,  241 

HH.  Branches  more  or  less  irregularly  whorled; 

the  lateral  branchlets  not  in  one  plane. 

I.  Leaves  stiff,  pungent,  strongly  laterally 

compressed,     passing    into  scale-like 

leaves  on  mature  plants:  branchlets 

pendulous  on  young  plants Taiwania,  237 

n.  Leaves  rather  soft,  not  pungent,  of  one 

kind:    branchlets  not  pendulous Cryptomeria,  239 

GG.  Base  of  leaves  flattened  horizontally,  concave 

or  flat  above,  passing  into  scale-like  leaves.  Sequoia  (gigantea)  236 
EE.  Winter-buds    distinct,    covered    with    imbricate 
scarious  yellowish  to  blackish  scales,  often  resi- 
nous: leaves  articulate  at  base,  not  decurrent 
into  a  green  leaf-cushion,  linear  or  needle-like. 
F.  Branchlets  smooth  or  nearly  smooth  after  fall 
of  leaves  which  leave  a  roundish  scar:  leaves 
with  stomatic  bands  only  beneath  or  stoma- 
tiferous  on  both  sides. 
G.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  with  raised  midrib, 

flat:  winter-buds  small,  not  resinous Keteleeria,  246 

GG.  Upper  sm-face  of  leaves  grooved  or  flat,  or 
these  sometimes  quadrangular. 
H.  Leaf -scars  not  raised:  winter-buds  short, 
ovoid,    and    usually    resinous    (in    one 
species    elongated    and    leaves    spiny- 
pointed,  13^-23^2  inches  long) Abies,  248 

HH.  Leaf -scars  slightly   raised   at    lower  end: 
winter-buds    elongated,    pointed,    not 

resinous Pseudotsuga,    263 

FF.  Branchlets  roughened  after  fall  of  leaves  by  the 

stalk-like  processes  of  the  leaf-cushions  which 

are  separated  by  incised  grooves. 

G.  Leaf   quadrangular   or   flattened   and    with 

stomatic  lines  on  all  sides  or  only  above, 

often  spiny-pointed,  with  2  or  more  lateral 

resin-ducts Picea,  269 

GG.  Leaf  flattened  and  with  stomatic  bands 
beneath,  sometimes  convex  above  and  with 
stomatic  lines  above  and  beneath,  never 
spiny-pointed,  with  one  resin-duct  under 

the  midrib Tsuga,  265 

DD.  Form  of  leaves  scale-like  or  sometimes  scale-like  and 
linear  on  the  same  plant. 
E.  Branchlets  terete  or  angled. 
F.  Leaf  not  or  obtusely  keeled. 


ENUMERATION  OF  CONIFERS  175 

G.  Apex  of  leaves  obtusish,  slightly  incurved, 

their  form  triangular-ovate  to  oblong  .  .  .    Athbotaxis,  238 
GG.  Apex   of   leaves   not   or   scarcely  incurved, 

acutely  mucronate  or  acuminate Sequoia  {gigaiitea),  236 

FF.  Leaf  with  prominent  decurrent  keel  on  back, 

incurved,  with  minutely  serrulate  margin.   Taiwania,  237 
EE.  Branchlets  flattened  into  broad  leaf-like  cladodia 

with  minute  scale-like  leaves  on  the  margin.    Phyllocladus,  181 
cc.  Arrangement  of  leaves  clustered  or  whorled,  at  least 
partly  so. 
D.  Form  of  leaves  flat,  deeply  furrowed  on  both  sides, 
3-G  inches  long,  in  whorls  of  15-35   at   end   of 

branchlets Sciadopitys,    232 

DD.  Form  of  leaves  needle-shaped,  angled. 

E.  The  leaves  in  fascicles  of  2-5,  rarely  to  8  or  soli- 
tary, surrounded  at  base  by  a  sheath  of  scarious 

scales PiNUS,  295 

EE.  The  leaves  many,  clustered  on  short  spurs  ....    Cedrus,  293 
3.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
c.  Arrangement  of  leaves  opposite. 

D.  Form  of  leaves  linear  to  oblong-ovate. 

E.  Shape  of  leaves  broad,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ob- 
long-ovate, rarely  ovate,  more  or  less  2-ranked. 

F.  Leaf  obtuse,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate Agathis,  245 

FF.  Leaf  acuminate,  ovate-oblong  to  ovate  or  el- 
liptic-ovate     PODOCARPUs(iVa^t)  181 

EE.  Shape  of  leaves  linear,  decussate. 

F.  Leaf  obtuse  to  acutish,  usually  with  glaucescent 
or  grayish  bands  beneath  (juvenile  forms  of 
genera  of  Cupressineae) . 
G.  Texture  of  leaves  rather  soft. 

H.  Foliage  light  bluish-green  or  almost  silvery- 
white,    very    soft,    violet    in    winter  : 

branchlets  spreading Chamcpcyparis   pisifera 

HH.  Foliage  bright  or  dull  green:  branchlets  var.  squarrosa,  215 

more  or  less  upright. 
I.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  bright  green  or 
slightly      glaucescent,      with      bluish 
bands    beneath,     coloring    violet    or 

bro^vnish-red  in  winter ChamcEcyparis   thyoidea 

n.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  dull  green,  gray-  var.  ericoides,  213 
ish-green  beneath,  changing  to  brown- 
ish-green in  winter Thuja  occidentalis  var. 

GG.  Texture  of  leaves  rather  rigid,  about  }4  inch  ericoides,    225 

long:  compact  roundish  shrubs  (see  also 
Cupressus  macrocarpa  var.  Crippsii,  p.  209). 

H.  Leaves  obtuse,  bluish-gray Chamcocyparis  obtusa 

var.  ericoides,  216 
HH.  Leaves  acute,  bright  or  bluish-green.  .  .  .    Thuja  orientalis  var. 
FF.  Leaf  acute,  with  2'  glaucescent  or  whitish  lines  decussata,  227 

above,  green  beneath Juniperus,  194 

DD.  Form  of  leaves  scale-like. 


176  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

E.  Branchlets  terete  or  quadrangular. 

F.  Leaves  of  vigorous  branches  not  distinctly  de- 
cussate and  often  only  subopposite Widdringtonia,  230 

FF.  Leaves    always    distinctly    opposite    and  de- 
cussate. 
G.  Margin  of  leaves  entire  or  sometimes  fringed; 

leaves  occasionally  ternate Jtjniperus,  194 

GG.  Margin  of  leaves  minutely  fringed  or  den- 
ticulate; leaves  always  opposite Cupressus,  207 

EE.  Branchlets    flattened    (rarely    quadrangular    in 
Chamsecyparis  and  leaves  with  entire  margin). 
F.  Width  of  branchlets  }4  inch  or  less. 

G.  Margin  of  leaves  fringed CuPRESStrs,  207 

GG.  Margin  of  leaves  entire. 

H.  Internodes  longer  than  broad;  branchlets 

bright  green  on  both  sides Libocedrus,  220 

HH.  Internodes  of  short  branchlets  about  as 
long  as  broad;   branchlets  often  with 
whitish  markings  beneath. 
I.  Branchlet-systems     usually     not     dis- 
tinctly frond-like;  branchlets  less  than 

3*5  inch  broad Cham^cyparis,  211 

n.  Branchlet-systems     distinctly     frond- 
like;   branchlets    js  -  i    inch    broad, 

much  flattened Thuja,  221 

FF.  Width   of    branchlets    |-^   inch,    with    white 

markings  beneath Thujopsis,  218 

cc.  Arrangement  of  leaves  whorled  (see  also  Athrotaxis, 
p.  238). 
D.  Number  of  leaves  in  whorl  3. 

E.  Form  of  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate. 
F.  Shape  of  leaves  oblong-ovate,  incurved  at  apex, 
about  3^  inch  long,  with  white  bands  beneath, 

green  above Fitzrota,  227 

FF.  Shape  of  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  with  white 
bands  above,   green  beneath,  usually  rigid 

and  spiny-pointed Juniperus,  194 

EE.  Form  of  leaves  scale-like. 

F.  Whorls  of  leaves  close Juniperus,  194 

FF.  Whorls  of  leaves,  at  least  on  leading  shoot, 

remote;  leaves  minute Callitris,  228 

DD.  Number    of    leaves   in    whorl    4,    whorl     remote; 

branchlets  compressed Tetracunis,  230 

aa.  Plants  with  deciduous  foliage. 

B.  Shape  of  leaves  flabellate,  2-3  inches  across  at  apex Ginkgo,  177 

BB.  Shape  of  leaves  linear. 

c.  Leaves  alternate  and  usually  2-ranked Taxodium,  233 

cc.  Leaves  in  clusters  on  short  spurs. 

D.  Width  of  leaves  ^  inch  or  more,  1^-3  inches  long .  .   Pseudolarix,  288 
DD.  Width  of  leaves  narrower,  not  exceeding  13^  inches 

long Larix,  289 


ENUMERATION   OF    CONIFERS 


177 


THE  DESCRIPTIONS 

In  the  following  pages  are  described  all  the  conifers,  ever- 
green and  deciduous,  probably  in  cultivation  in  the  continental 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  distinguishing  of  these  kinds 
or  species  is  often  difficult.  One  should  have  cones  as  well 
as  leaves  to  make  certain  of  identification.  The  descriptions 
are,  of  course,  technical,  for  there  is  no  other  way  of  clearly 
separating  the  species  and  varieties.  To  identify  the  kinds 
accurately  and  with  conviction  is  itself  a  satisfaction,  com- 
parable even  with  the  rearing  of  the  plants. 


'm^ 


Fam.  I.   GINKGOACE^. 
GINKGO  FAMILY 

Deciduous  resinous  tree, 
without  true  vessels  in  the 
secondary  wood:  leaves  fan- 
shaped,  parallel- veined :  flowers 
dioecious;  the  staminate  flowers 
catkin-like,  the  anthers  borne 
in  stalked  pairs  on  a  slender 
axis;  the  fertile  flowers  long- 
stalked  with  usually  2  ovules; 
fertilization  by  motile  sperm- 
cells:  fruit  drupe-like  with  a 
fleshy  outer  and  a  bony  inner 
coat;  embryo  with  2  cotyledons. 
— One  monotjTjic  genus  in  east- 
ern China.  (Ginkgo  is  the 
Chinese  name  of  the  tree.) 


GINKGO,  L.    I^L\IDEN- 
HAIR  TREE 

G. biloba,  L.     {Salisburia 
adiantifolia,  Sm.).    Fig.   22. 
Rather   sparsely  branched    tree 
to  120  feet  tall,  glabrous:  leaves   12.  Ginkgo  bilobl'  Staminate  flowers  at  s;  pistillate 
alternate  or  in   clusters  of   3-5         at  j>;  fruits,  about  one-half  natural  size,  at  a. 


178  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

on  spurs,  slender-stalked,  fan-shaped,  more  or  less  incised  or  divided  at  the 
broad  summit,  2-3  inches  across:  fruit  obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  about  1  inch  long, 
yellowish,  consisting  of  a  2-angled,  ovoid,  creamy-white  thin-shelled  nut 
surrounded  by  a  pulpy,  ill-smelling  outer  coat;  kernel  sweet,  edible.  Eastern 
China,  cultivated  in  Japan. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1730,  to  America  in 
1784.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Canada.  A  rather  sparingly  branched, 
picturesque  tree  remarkable  for  its  fan-shaped  leaves  which  turn  yellow  in 
autumn;  it  is  suitable  for  planting  singly  on  the  lawn  and  is  also  a  desirable 
street  tree,  but  the  planting  of  fertile  specimens  should  be  avoided,  as  the 
Ul-smelling  fruits  are  objectionable. 

Several  horticultural  forms  are  in  cultivation,  as  var.  variegata,  Carr., 
with  variegated  leaves,  var.  laciniata,  Carr.,  with  deeply  incised  leaves,  and 
var.  pendtila,  Carr.,  with  pendulous  branches. 

ram.II.   TAXACE^.   YEW  FAMILY 

Much-branched  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  resin-tubes  in  the  bark 
and  no  true  vessels  in  the  secondary  wood:  leaves  alternate,  rarely  opposite, 
often  2-ranked,  needle-like  or  scale-like,  persistent:  flowers  dioecious,  rarely 
monoecious;  staminate  flowers  cone-like,  the  anthers  borne  on  the  protected 
portion  of  more  or  less  apically  thickened  or  peltate  scales  (sporophyUs) ; 
fertile  flowers  consisting  of  ovules  borne  singly  or  2  together  on  a  fleshy  or 
rudimentary  carpel  (sporophyll) ,  inverted  or  straight,  the  outer  integument 
forming  an  arillus :  fruit  a  dry  seed  with  a  bony  shell,  usually  surrounded  by 
a  fleshy  often  highly  colored  aril,  sometimes  borne  on  a  fleshy  receptacle; 
embryo  with  2  cotyledons. 

The  family  is  related  to  the  Pinaceae,  but  differs  in  the  reduction  of  the 
pistillate  cone  to  a  single  ovule,  in  the  modification  or  suppression  of  the 
sporophyll,  and  in  the  aril  or  arillus.  The  closely  related  family  of  Gink- 
goacese  differs  in  the  catkin-like  staminate  flowers  with  the  anthers  borne  in 
stalked  pairs  on  a  slender  axis,  in  the  fertilization  by  means  of  motile  sperm- 
ceUs  and  in  the  fan-shaped  deciduous  leaves.  These  three  families  were 
formerly  united  under  Coniferse  and  form,  together  with  the  Cycadacese 
and  Gnetacete,  the  division  of  Gymnospermse.  Taxacese  contains  12  genera 
and  about  100  species,  of  which  60  belong  to  the  genus  Podocarpus,  and  is 
widely  distributed  in  the  temperate,  subtropical,  and  tropical  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the  genus  Taxus,  the  best  and  longest 
known  genus  of  the  family.  Besides  the  five  genera  grown  in  this  country 
and  described  below,  the  following  are  occasionally  cultivated  in  Europe: 
Saxegothsea,  Microcachrys,  Acmopyle,  and  Dacrydium,  a  tropical  genus 
with  dimorphic,  scale-like  or  needle-like  foliage,  while  Pherosphsera,  Amento- 
taxus,  and  Austrotaxus  are  apparently  not  in  cultivation. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  179 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

A.  Anthers  2-celled:  carpels  l-oviiled. 

B.  Seed  without  aril:  leaves  conspicuous,  }4r^  inch  broad 1.  Podocarpus 

BB.  Seed  surrounded  by  an  aril:  leaves  scale-like,  but  branchlets 

flattened  and  expanded  into  leaf-like  cladodia 2.  Phyllocladus 

AA.  Anthers  3-8-celled:  leaves  linear,  less  than  I'i  inch  broad. 

B.  Female  flower  consisting  of  several  pairs  of  2-ovuled  carpels : 
fruit  drupe-like:    leaves  beneath  with   2  glaucous   bands 
broader  than  the  3  green  bands:  branchlets  opposite. ..  .3.  Cephaix)TAXUS 
BB,  Female  flower  reduced  to  a  single  ovule. 

c.  Fruit  drupe-like:  anthers  4-celled:  leaves  with  2  glaucous 
bands  narrower  than  the  3  green  lines,  with    aresin-duct 

in  the  middle:  branchlets  subopposite 4.  Torreya 

CC.  Fruit  berry-like,  consisting  of  a  bony  seed  surrounded  by  a 
campanulate  aril:  anthers  6-8-celled:  leaves  pale  green 
beneath,  without  resin-duct:  branchlets  alternate 5.  Taxus 


1.  PODOCARPUS,  L'H^r. 

Evergreen  trees,  rarely  shrubs:  leaves  alternate,  sometimes  opposite  or 
2-ranked,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  linear  to  elliptic,  entire,  rarely  scale-like: 
flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary  or  subterminal,  solitary  or  in  spikes 
at  the  end  of  short  brancldets;  the  staminate  flowers  catkin-like,  consisting 
of  spirally  disposed  2-cclled  anthers;  the  fertile  flowers  consisting  of  a  scale 
inclosing  the  ovule,  with  several  bracts  at  the  base,  which  become  usually 
much  thickened  at  maturity,  and  form  a  fleshy  receptacle  bearing  at  the 
top  the  globular  or  ovoid  drupe-  or  nut-like  seed;  cotyledons  2.  (Name 
derived  from  the  Greek  pous,  podos,  foot,  and  karpos,  fruit;  in  reference  to 
the  fleshy  fruit-stalk  of  most  species). — The  genus  contains  about  60  species, 
chiefly  in  tropical  and  subtropical  mountains  of  the  West  Indies,  South 
America,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia.  Some  species  with  the  flo%vers  in 
spikes  and  the  fruits  without  fleshy  receptacle  are  separated  by  some  botan- 
ists as  Prumnopitys  (Stachycarpus) .     Nageia  is  a  synonym. 

Two  or  three  species  are  occasionally  planted  as  ornamental  trees  in  the 
Southern  States,  but  more  are  cultivated  in  European  collections.  Many 
species  are  valuable  timber  trees  in  their  native  countries,  and  the  fleshy 
seed-stalks  of  some  are  eaten. 

a.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  less  than  3^  inch  broad,  spirally  arranged. 

B.  Length  of  leaves  1^-4  inches,  apex  obtuse  or  acute 1.  P.  iriacrophylla 

BB.  Length  of  leaves  J^-1  inch,  apex  acute  and  pungent 2.  P.  Totara 

AA.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  lanceolate  or  sometimes  ovate,  about 

^  inch  broad S.  P.  Nagi 

1.  P.  macrophylla,  D.  Don  (P.  longifolia,  Hort.).  Longleaf  Podocabp. 
Fig.  23.    Tree  attaining  to  50  feet  in  height,  with  horizontally  spreading 


180 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


branches  and  pendent  branchlets;  the  trunk  with  gray,  shallowly  fissured 
bark:  leaves  alternate,  pinkish  when  unfolding,  more  or  less  spreading, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the  apex  and  acute  or  obtusish,  at  the 
base  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  bright  green  and  lustrous  and 

with  a  distinct  midrib  above,  paler 
below,  3-4  inches  long  and  more 
than  3^  inch  broad:  staminate 
flowers  fascicled,  sessile,  about  1 
inch  long:  seed  ovoid,  3^-^  inch 
long,  borne  on  a  fleshy  purplish- 
violet  receptacle.  Japan. — Intro- 
duced to  England  by  Wm.  Kerr 
in  1804,  to  this  country  in  1862 
by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall.  A  tree  of  somber 
aspect,  hardy  as  far  north  as  South 
Carolina  and  perhaps  farther. 

Var.  Maki,  Sieb.  (P.  chinensis. 
Wall.  P.  macrophylla  var.  chi- 
nensis,'Maxim.  P.japonica,  Sieb.). 
Branches  upright:  leaves  more 
upright,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  1M~3  inches  long  and 
M~/€  in<^^  broad:  seed  globose- 
ovoid,  3^  inch  long  or  slightly 
longer.  Japan.  —  Introduced  to 
England  about  1800.  Tenderer  than  the  type.  Two  variegated  forms  of 
this  variety  are  in  cultivation. 

2.  P.  Totara,  D.  Don  (P.  Totarra,  A.  Cunn.).  Tree  to  80,  or  occasionally 
to  100  feet  or  more,  tall;  bark  reddish-brown,  fibrous,  separating  in  long  slu-eds, 
on  old  trees  thick  and  deeply  furrowed;  branches  spreading  with  distichous 
ramification:  leaves  spreading  in  two  ranks,  short-petioled,  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  3^-1  inch  long,  acute  and  pungent,  dull  green  above  and  plane  or 
slightly  grooved,  paler  beneath  and  with  indistinct  midrib :  staminate  catkins 
axillary,  cylindric,  3^-%  inch  long:  fruit  axillary,  short-stalked,  con- 
sisting of  1  or  2  subglobose  seeds  often  slightly  narrowed  at  the  apex  and 
about  }/2  inch  long,  with  a  red,  swollen,  rarely  shriveled  receptacle  at  the 
base.  New  Zealand. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  about  1850.  Cultivated 
in  California. 

A  species  similar  in  foliage  though  belonging  to  a  different  group  charac- 
terized by  the  staminate  flowers  being  arranged  in  terminal  spikes,  by  spike- 
like fertile  flowers,  and  by  the  absence  of  a  receptacle  is  P.  andinus,  Poepp. 


23.    Podocarpus  macrophylla. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


181 


(Prumnopifys  elegans,  Phil.).   A  small  tree  or  shrub:  leaves  crowded,  slightly 


2-ranked,  linear. 


;h  long,  obtusish  or  mucronate,  dark  green  and 


with  a  slightly  raised  midrib  above,  with  a  distinct  midrib  and  2  stomatiferous 
glaucous  bands  beneath:  fruit  subglobose,  usually  solitary  on  a  slender 
drooping  stalk,  dark  bluish-black  and 
about  3^  inch  across.  Chile. — Intro- 
duced to  Great  Britain  about  1860. 
Hardier  than  the  preceding  species. 
3.  P.  Nagi,  Makino  (P.  Nageia, 
R.  Br.  Nageia  japonica,  Gaertn.). 
Nagi  Podocakp,  Fig.  24.  Tree  to  C'O 
feet  in  its  native  country,  with 
spreading  or  ascending-spreading 
branches;  the  trunk  with  smoctl 
brownish-purple  bark  peeling  off  in 
thin  gray  flakes;  branchlets  opposite 
or  sometimes  alternate,  green :  leaves 
opposite,  2-ranked  by  a  twist  of  the 
short  petiole,  elliptic-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  sometimes  ovate,  acute, 
narrowed  at  base,  2-3  inches  long  and 
about  ^  inch  broad,  many- 
nerved,  bright  green  and  usually 
lustrous  above,  slightly  paler 
beneath,  sometimes  somewhat 
glaucescent :  stammate  flowers 
cylindric,  about  1  inch  long, 
in  clusters  of  3-5;  fertile  flowers 
over  3^  inch  across,  plum-like,  dark  purple,  bloomy,  on  a  but  slightly 
thickened  peduncle.  Southern  Japan. — Introduced  to  Europe  about  1830  by 
Siebold.  Hardy  only  in  southern  California  and  Florida.  A  beautiful  tree 
with  its  lustrous  foliage  and  smooth  broad  leaves. 


24.    Podocarpus  Nagi. 
litary  or    in  pairs:   fruit  globose,  little 


2.    PHYLLOCLADUS,  Rich. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs;  branches  often  whorled;  branchlets  flattened 
and  expanded  into  rigid  and  coriaceous  toothed  or  lobed  leaf-like  cladodia: 
true  leaves  reduced  to  linear  scales:  flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious,  the 
male  flowers  fascicled  at  the  tips  of  the  branchlets,  the  fertile  flowers  sessile 
on  the  margins  of  the  cladodia  or  on  peduncle-like  divisions  of  the  same: 
ovuliferous  scales  1  or  several  and  spirally  arranged  around  an  axis,  thick 
and  fleshy,  free;  aril  coriaceous,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  seed.    (Name 


182 


THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


derived  from  the  Greek  phyllos,  leaf,  and  klados,  branch,  in  reference  to  the 
leaf-like  branchlets  called  phyllodia  or  cladodia.) 

Six  species,  Malaysia  to  the  Philippines  and  New  Zealand.  Besides  the 
species  described  below,  the  following  have  been  introduced  into  European 
gardens:  P.  alpinus.  Hook,  f.,  P.  glaucus,  Carr.,  and  P.  trichomanoidcs,  D. 
Don,  from  New  Zealand,  and  P.  hypophylla.  Hook,  f.,  from  Borneo. 

P.  rhomboidalis  L.  C.  Rich.  {P.  asplenif alius.  Hook.  f.).  Tree  up  to  60 
feet,  or  shrub  on  mountain  tops;  persistent  branches  more  or  less  reticulate, 
cladodia  cuneate  or  rhomboidal:  leaves  very  small,  subulate:  male  catkins 
2  or  3  together;  female  catkins  globular,  with  1,  2,  or  3  fertile  scales  sur- 
mounted by  1  or  2  barren  ones.  Tasmania. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1825. 
A  small  tree  or  shrub  of  peculiar  and  distinct  appearance,  occasionally  seen 
in  California  gardens  and  in  eastern  conservatories. 


3.  CEPHALOTAXUS,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.    PLUM-YEW 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs;  branchlets  opposite,  with  a  resin-canal  in  the 
center  of  the  pith:  leaves  linear,  pointed,  with  a  prominent  midrib  above  and 
with  2  broad  glaucous  bands  beneath,  arranged  in  2  rows,  with  a  resin-duct 
in  the  middle:  flowers  dioecious,  staminate  in  1-8-flowered,  short-stalked 
clusters,  fertile,  consisting  of  a  small  cone  with  several  bracts,  each  bearing 
2  naked  ovules:  seed  inclosed  in  a  fleshy  envelope,  drupe-like,  about  1  inch 
long,  reddish-  or  greenish-brown.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  kephale,  head, 
and  Taxus;  a  Taxus-like  plant  with  the  flowers  in  heads  or  clusters.) — Six 
species  in  Asia,  from  the  Khasia  Mountains  to  Japan. 

Besides   the  two  species  here 
described,  C.  Oliveri,  Mast.,  from 
China   is   occasionally  cultivated 
in  Europe;  it  is  easily  distinguished 
by  its  very  closely  set,  rigid  and 
spiny-pointed  leaves  truncate  at 
base  and  about  1  inch  long. 
A.  Leaves    1-2    inches 
long,   abruptly 
pointed,    in    semi- 
erect  ranks l.C.  drupacea 

AA.  Leaves  2-3  inches 
long,  gradually 
tapering  into  a  fine 
point,  nearly  hori- 
zontally spreading.  2.  C.  Fortuni 

1.  C.  drupacea,  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 
Cephalotaxus  drupacea.  Japanese  P.  Fig.  25.     Shrub  or 


ENUMERATION    OF   CONIFERS  183 

small  bushy  tree,  rarely  to  30  feet  tall  in  its  native  country,  with  wide- 
spreading  branches  usually  light  green  when  young;  bark  of  trunk  gray  and 
fissured  into  narrow  detachable  strips:  leaves  about  1  inch  long,  abruptly 
pointed,  narrow  and  straight,  often  upturned:  staminate  flowers  very 
short-stalked:  fruit  usually  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  purplish,  about 
1  inch  long.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1830  to  Europe  by  Siebold.  Hardy 
in  sheltered  places  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  usually  forming  a 
shapeless,  wide-spreading  bush. 

Var.  pedixnculata,  Miq.  (C  Harringtonia,  C.  Koch.  C.  pedunculata,  Sieb. 
&  Zucc).  Harrington  P.  Young  branches  dark  green:  leaves  to  2  inches 
long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  point:  male  flowers  in  branched  heads  on  a  stalk 
]/2-^  inch  long. — Known  only  as  a  cultivated  plant  in  Japan  and  intro- 
duced in  1829  into  Europe. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Pilger  (C.  pedunculata  var.  fasiigiata,  Carr.  Podocarpus 
koraiana,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Spiral  P.  Of  columnar  habit,  with  upright 
branches  and  spirally  arranged  leaves.  Cultivated  in  Japan. — Introduced  to 
Europe  in  1830.  Tenderer  than  the  tj-pe  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York. 

Var.  nana,  Rehd.  (C.  nayia,  Nakai).  Dwarf  P.  Shrub  with  upright  or 
ascending  stems  1-6  feet  tall  and  spreading  by  suckers:  fruit  subglobose, 
^  inch  long,  edible.  North  and  central  Japan. — Introduced  in  1916  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson. 

Var.  sinensis,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Shrub  to  12  feet:  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  Central  and  western  China. — Introduced  in  1907 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

2.  C.  Fortuni,  Hook.  Chinese  P.  Tree  to  30  feet  tall  with  slender,  spread- 
ing branches  often  pendulous  at  the  ends,  the  trunk  usually  dividing  near 
the  ground  into  2  to  5  ascending  stems  with  reddish-brown  bark  peeling  off 
in  large  irregular  flakes  leaving  pale  markings:  leaves  2-3  inches  long,  tapering 
gradually  into  a  sharp  point,  usually  falcate,  dark  green  and  shining  above: 
fruit  short-ellipsoidal,  about  Ij^  inches  long,  purplish.  China. — Introduced 
to  England  in  1849  by  Robert  Fortune.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  and 
usually  forming  a  rather  irregular  shrub  with  handsome  dark  green  and 
lustrous  foliage. 

4.  TORREYA,  Arn.    TORREYA 

Evergreen  trees  with  fissured  bark,  whorled  branches,  and  subopposite 
branchlets;  winter-buds  with  few  decussate  deciduous  scales:  leaves  2-ranked, 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  spiny-pointed,  without  distinct  midrib  above 
and  with  2  narrow  glaucous  bands  beneath  becoming  fulvous  with  age,  with 
a  resin-duct  in  the  middle;  when  bruised  the  foliage  emits  a  pungent  or  fetid 
odor  except  in   T.  grandis:  flowers  dioecious,  rarely  monoecious;  staminate 


184  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

flowers  ovoid  or  oblong,  composed  of  6-8  whorls  of  stamens,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  bud-scales;  fertile  flowers  consisting  of  a  solitary  ovule  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  fleshy  aril  and  several  scales:  fruit  drupe-like,  consisting  of  a 
rather  large  seed,  with  thick  woody  shell  entirely  covered  by  a  thin  fleshy 
aril,  ripening  the  second  season;  albumen  ruminate;  cotyledons  2,  remaining 
under  ground  in  germination.  (The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John 
Torrey,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  early  American  botanists;  1796- 
1873.) — Four  closely  related  species  in  North  America  and  in  eastern  Asia; 
occasionally  grown  as  ornamental  evergreens  for  their  handsome  foliage  and 
interesting  habit. 

A.  Color  of  two-year-old  branches  yellowish-green  or  yellowish-brown. 
B.  Leaves  with  scarcely  impressed  bands  beneath,  of  fetid  odor 

when  bruised 1.  T.  taxifolia 

BB.  Leaves  with  strongly  impressed  bands  beneath,  scarcely  fetid .  .  2.  T.  grandis 
AA.  Color    of    two-year-old    branches    reddish-brown:    leaves  of  aro- 
matic-pungent odor  when  bruised. 

B.  Leaves  1^-2 1/2  inches  long,  linear 3.  T.  californica 

BB.  Leaves  ^-IM  inches  long,  lanceolate, 4.  T.  nucifera 

1.  T.  taxifolia,  Am.  (Tumion  taxifolium,  Greene).  Florida  T.  (Stinking 
Cedar).  Tree  attaining  40  feet,  with  spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches, 
forming  a  rather  open  pyramidal  head;  bark  brown,  tinged  orange:  leaves 
linear,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base  and  subsessile,  dark  or  dark  yellowish- 
green  above,  with  shallow  white  bands  beneath,  M~lK  inches  long:  fruit 
obovoid,  dark  purple,  1-13<^  inches  long.  Florida. — Discovered  in  1833  and 
introduced  into  cultivation  about  1840.  Hardy  at  least  as  far  north  as 
South  Carolina. 

2.  T.  grandis,  Fort.  {T.  Fargesii,  Franch.  Tumion  grande,  Greene).  Tree 
occasionally  to  80  feet  high,  sometimes  shrubby:  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
with  a  slender  spiny  point,  M-lM  inches  long  and  J^  inch  broad,  bright 
green  and  lustrous  above,  with  2  white  impressed  bands  beneath:  fruit  ovoid 
or  globose,  mucronate,  ^<^-l  inch  long,  brownish.  Eastern  and  central  China. 
— Introduced  by  Robert  Fortune  in  1855  to  England.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts  in  sheltered  positions. 

3.  T.  californica,  Torr.  ( T.  Myristica,  Hook,  f .  Tumion  californicum, 
Greene).  California-Nutmeg.  Tree  attaining  70  or  occasionally  100  feet, 
with  spreading,  slightly  pendulous  branches,  forming  a  pyramidal  or,  in  old 
age,  round-topped  head;  bark  grayish-brown,  tinged  with  orange:  leaves 
linear,  slightly  falcate,  acuminate,  lustrous  and  dark  green  above,  with 
narrow  impressed  bands  beneath,  1-23/^  inches  long:  fruit  oblong-oval  or 
oval,  light  green,  streaked  with  purple,  1-1 H  inches  long.  California. — 
Introduced  to  Europe  in  1851.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia;  a  hand- 
some tree  with  slender  spreading  branches,  but  usually  shrubby  in  the  East. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


185 


4.  T.  nucifera,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  {Tumion  nudferum,  Greene).  Japanese  T. 
Fig.  26.  Tree  usually  30  feet,  but  occasionally  80  feet  high,  with  spreading 
branches,  forming  a  compact  head,  sometimes  shrubby;  bark  grayish-brown: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid  and  spiny-pointed,  very  dark  green  above, 
with  2  white  impressed  bands 
beneath,  ^-l}4  inches  long  and 
ys~y&  inch  broad:  fruit  obo void- 
oblong,  about  1  inch  long, 
green,  faintly  tinged  and  striped 
with  purple.  Southern  and  cen- 
tral Japan. — First  uitroduced 
to  England  about  1764  and 
again  by  Siebold  in  1831  to 
the  Netherlands;  to  this  country 
probably  about  1860.  A  hand- 
some tree  with  dark  green  lustrous  leaves,  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachu- 
setts. The  seeds  are  edible;  the  strong  and  close-grained  wood  is  durable 
in  water  and  is  used  in  Japan  for  making  water-pails  and  for  cabinet-work. 


Torreya  nucifera. 


5.  TAXUS,  L.    YEW 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  reddish  or  reddish-brown  scaly  bark; 
branchlets  irregularly  alternate;  winter-buds  with  imbricate  scales:  leaves 
linear,  pale  or  yellowish-green  beneath,  usually  2-ranked,  without  resin- 
ducts:  flowers  usually  dioecious,  solitary  and  axillary,  rarely  terminal,  small, 
appearing  in  early  spring;  staminate  flowers  forming  globose  stalked  heads, 
composed  of  4-8  stamens  each,  with  3-8  anther-cells  attached  to  the  peltate 
connective;  fertile  flowers  consisting  of  a  single  terminal  ovide  with  several 
bracts  at  the  base:  seed  a  bony  nut  surrounded  or  almost  inclosed  by  a 
fleshy  cup-shaped  scarlet  disk,  cotyledons  2,  green.  (Taxus  is  the  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  yew.) — The  genus  is  distributed  throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere;  in  America  it  extends  to  central  Mexico  and  in  Asia  to  the 
Philippines  and  the  Malayan  Archipelago.  Eight  species  may  be  distinguished; 
they  are  all  closely  related  and  are  often  considered  geographical  varieties 
of  a  single  species. 

Apparently  not  in  cultivation  are  T.  floridana,  Chapm.,  from  Florida, 
T.  glohosa,  Schlecht.,  from  Mexico,  and  T.  Wallichiana,  Zucc,  from  the 
Himalayas  and  Malaysia.  As  an  ornamental  tree  the  yew  is  chiefly  valued  for 
its  handsome  dark  green  foliage  and  the  attractive  scarlet  berries.  The  wood 
is  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  strong,  elastic,  and  of  reddish  color;  it  is 
highly  valued  for  cabinet-making  and  turning.  The  foliage  is  poisonous  to 
horses  and  cattle,  but  the  berries  are  innocuous. 


186  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

A.  Scales  of  winter-buds  obtuse,  not  keeled. 

B.  Leaves  gradually  acuminate:  bud-scales  persistent 1.  T.  baccata 

BB.  Leaves  abruptly  pointed :  bud-scales  deciduous  2.  T.  chinensis 

AA.  Scales  of  Avinter-buds  acute  or  acutish,  keeled,  persistent:  leaves 
abruptly  pointed. 

B.  Leaves  j^  to  jV  inch  broad,  with  prominent  midrib  above 3.  T.  cuspidafa 

BB.  Leaves    ^f  inch  or   less  broad,  with  slightly  elevated  mid- 
rib above. 

c.  Seed  broader  than  high:  low  shrub   4.  T.  canadensis 

cc.  Seed  ovoid:  small  tree 5.  T.  brevifolia 

1.  T.  baccata,  L.  English  Yew.  Tree  attaining  60  feet,  with  a  usually 
short  trunk,  occasionally  8  feet  or  more  in  diameter;  bark  reddish,  flaky, 
deeply  fissured  in  old  trees;  branches  spreading,  forming  a  broad  low  head; 
branchlets  usually  remaining  green  the  second  year,  somewhat  pendulous: 
leaves  2-ranked,  linear  and  usually  falcate,  shortly  acuminate,  with  promi- 
nent midrib,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  ^^-l3^  inches  long  or  shorter  in 
some  varieties:  fruit  }/i-}/2  inch  across,  ripening  in  September  and  October, 
the  aril  almost  globose,  about  a  third  longer  than  the  broadly  ellipsoid 
brown  seed  and  with  an  opening  about  as  wide  as  the  seed  which  is  slightly 
compressed,  slightly  2-,  rarely  3-4-angled  and  34  inch  long,  with  an  oval 
hilum.  Europe,  northern  Africa  and  western  Asia. — Planted  for  ornament, 
particularly  in  English  churchyards,  since  very  early  times  and  many  vener- 
able yews  of  great  age  are  known  in  England.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New 
York  City  and  some  forms  in  sheltered  places  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 
Many  garden  forms  have  originated  in  cultivation  and  the  following  are 
sometimes  met  with  in  American  gardens: 

Var.  lutea,  Endl.  (var.  frudu  luteo,  Hort.,  f.  luteo-baccata,  Pilger). 
Yellov^tberry  Y.  With  yellow  fruit,  otherwise  like  the  type.  Discovered  in 
1817  in  England,   introduced  into  cultivation  about  1838. 

Var.  aurea,  Carr.  (var.  elvastonensis  aurea,  Beiss.).  Golden  English 
Y.  Leaves  golden-yellow,  more  brightly  colored  at  the  tips  and  margin. 
This  form  has  proved  hardier  than  the  type  in  New  England.  Var.  Wash- 
ingtoni,  Beiss.  (var.  Washingtoni  aurea,  Hort.).  Washington  Y.  A  form 
of  wide-spreading  habit  with  the  leaves  golden-yellow,  particularly  on  the 
under  side.  Var.  elegantissima,  Beiss.  (var.  aurea  elegantissima,  Hort.).  A 
vigorous  form  of  dense  and  compact  habit,  occasionally  more  open,  with  the 
young  leaves  striped  pale  yellow,  the  older  ones  with  whitish  margin.  Var. 
semperaurea,  Dallimore  (var.  ereda  semperaurea,  Beiss.).  A  form  of  rather 
low  growth,  the  leaves  retaining  their  yellow  color  the  second  year.  Var. 
variegata,  West.  (var.  argentea.  Loud.).  Variegated  English  Y.  Leaves 
with  white  or  whitish  variegation. 

Var.  glauca,  Carr.  A  more  vigorous  form  with  ascending  branches  and 
with  longer  leaves  bluish-green  below,  particularly  when  young. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  187 

Var.  procvunbens,  Loud.  Prostrate  English  Y.  Prostrate  slirub,  with 
elongated  and  much  ramified  branches.  Var.  repandens,  Parsons.  Spread- 
ing English  Y.  A  low  form  with  long  wide-spreading  branches  and  dull, 
bluish-green,  narrower  and  longer  leaves,  partly  falcately  curved  upward. 
Hardy  in  New  England. 

Var.  Jacksonii,  Gord.  Jackson  Y.  A  form  with  spreading  branches 
pendulous  at  the  tips  and  with  numerous  short  curved  branclilets:  leaves 
crowded,  more  or  less  incurved,  rather  broad,  light  green. 

Var.  Dovastoni,  Laws.  (var.  Dovastoni  peridula,  Hort.).  Dovaston 
Y.  Branches  wide-spreading,  nodding  at  the  tips:  leaves  dull  green,  short 
and  abruptly  mucronulate.  A  very  handsome  form.  Originated  before 
1800  in  England.  Var.  "Dovastoni  aureo-variegata,"  Beiss.  (var.  Dovas- 
toni aurea,  Hort.).  Yellow  Dovaston  Y.  A  form  with  the  leaves  varie- 
gated with  yellow. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Loud.  {T.  hibernica,  Hort.).  Irish  Y.  Strictly  fastigiate 
form,  with  stout  crowded  upright  branches  and  branchlets:  leaves  radially 
arranged  around  the  branches,  dark  glossy  green,  more  obtuse  than  in  the 
type.  One  of  the  most  desirable  evergreens  of  columnar  habit  for  formal 
gardens.  Discovered  and  introduced  into  cultivation  about  17G0  in  England. 
Var.  "fastigiata  variegata,"  Carr.  (var.  argenteo-marginata,  Hort.).  Varie- 
gated Irish  Y.  Less  vigorous  and  more  tender:  leaves  marked  yellowish- 
white.  Var.  "fastigiata  aurea,"  Standish.  Golden  Irish  Y,  Young  growth 
golden-yellow. 

Var.  cheshuntensis,  Gord.  Cheshunt  Y.  A  form  resembling  the  Irish 
yew,  with  ascending  branches:  leaves  radially  spreading,  narrower,  dark  green 
above,  bluish-green  below.  Var.  erecta,  Loud.  (var.  stricta,  Hort.).  Broom 
Y.  Bushy  form,  with  slender,  upright  branches  and  branchlets:  leaves 
narrower  and  smaller  than  in  the  type,  usually  radially  arranged. 

Var.  adpressa,  Carr.  {T.  parvifolla,  Wender.  T.  brcvifolia,  Hort.,  not 
Nutt.  r.  tarc/iVa,  Laws.  T .  baccata  tardiva,  FUgeT) .  Shortleaf  English  Y. 
Shrub  or  low  tree  of  irregular  habit,  with  long  spreading  branches:  leaves 
oblong,  obtusish,  mucronulate,  H-H  inch  long:  disk  of  fruit  shorter  than 
the  seed.  Very  distinct  form  which  originated  in  England  about  1828  or  1838 
and  is  not  of  Japanese  origin  as  sometimes  stated.  Var.  "adpressa  erecta," 
Nichols,  (var.  adpressa  stricta,  Beiss.),  has  the  foliage  of  the  preceding,  but 
erect  branches  forming  a  columnar  bush. 

2.  T.  chinensis,  Rehd.  (T.  cuspidata  var.  chinensis,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  T. 
baccata  var.  chinensis,  Pilger).  Chinese  Y.  Tree  to  50  feet  tall,  with  grayish 
or  reddish  bark;  mature  branchlets  yellowish-green:  leaves  distinctly  2- 
ranked,  horizontally  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  from  the  stem,  very 
short-stalked,  usually  falcate,  the  midrib  slightly  raised,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  grayish-green  below,  %-\%  inches  long:  seed  broadly  ovoid. 


188 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


Taxus  cuspidata. 


slightly  2-angled  and  slightly  compressed,  with  orbicular  hilum.  Central 
China. — Introduced  in  1908  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts  only  in  sheltered  places.    The  plants  in  cultivation  are  yet 

too  young  to  allow  an 
opinion  regarding  the 
ornamental  merits  of  this 
yew;  its  foliage  is  of 
lighter  color  than  that 
of  the  following  species; 
in  its  native  country  it 
produces  fruit  in  great 
profusion. 

3.  T.  cuspidata,  Sieb. 
&  Zucc.  ( T.  baccata  var. 
cuspidata,  Carr.).  Japa- 
nese Y.  Fig.  27.  Plate 
IV.  A  tree  with  spread- 
ing or  upright  spreading 
branches,  attaining  a 
height  of  50  feet;  trunk 
with  reddish-brown  bark;  branchlets  usually  brown  the  second  year:  leaves 
incompletely  2-ranked,  the  ranks  more  or  less  upright  and  forming  a 
V-shaped  trough,  usually  falcate,  abruptly  mucronate,  abruptly  contracted 
at  base  into  a  distinct  yellowish  stalk,  dark  and  rather  dull  green  above, 
with  2  broad  tawny  yellow  or  pale  bands  below,  ^-1  inch  long,  and  about 
i/g  inch  broad,  thickish;  petiole  abruptly  enlarged  into  the  leaf-cushion: 
fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October,  the  aril  with  an  opening  narrower 
than  the  seed  which  is  ovoid,  compressed,  slightly  3-4-angled,  about 
}4  inch  long,  with  oval  hilum.  Japan,  Korea,  and  Manchuria. — Introduced 
about  1855  to  England  by  Fortune  and  into  this  country  in  1862  by  Dr. 
G.  R.  Hall.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and 
Ontario;  it  is  the  most  vigorous  of  the  yews  and  its  dark  green  foliage  retains 
its  color  through  the  winter.  Var.  capitafa,  Hort.,  does  not  differ  from 
the  typical  plant. 

Var.  aurescens,  Rehd.  (T.  tardiva  aurea,  Hort.).  Low  form  with  the 
leaves  of  the  young  branchlets  deep  yellow,  changing  later  to  green. 

Var.  nana,  Rehd.  (var.  brevifolia,  Hort.  Amer.  var.  compada.  Bean). 
Dwarf  Japanese  Y.  Plate  X.  Shrubby  form  with  spreading  branches 
densely  clothed  with  short  branchlets:  leaves  somewhat  shorter  and  duller, 
ascending  and  not  or  scarcely  2-ranked:  slow-growing,  rather  compact  while 
young,  but  with  age  becoming  more  open. 

Var.  densa,  Rehd.    Low  form  making  a  dense  sometimes  almost  hemi- 


Plvii    \\\III     ^Mlltl  hi      1,  <.  ^..iii^  ii^.    I,.  .„,,,„. ui, 

miuh  older  >,po(  iiueii  iii  upper  left  comer    den^e  tree  in  upper  rif,'ht,  the 
result  of  removing  the  L)uds  trom  the  terminal  growths  some  years  before. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  189 

spherical  bush  with  ascending  branchlets:  leaves  like  those  of  the  preceding 
form. 

A  hybrid  between  T.  baccata  and  T.  cuspidata  is  T.  media,  Rehd.  Inter- 
mediate between  the  parents,  differing  from  T.  baccata  chiefly  in  the  more 
vigorous  habit,  the  olive-green  branclilets  often  reddish  above,  in  the  slightly 
keeled  scales  of  the  winter-buds,  m  the  broader  and  stouter,  more  abruptly 
acuminate  leaves  with  prominent  midrib  above,  and  in  tlie  more  abruptly 
enlarged  base  of  the  petiole,  and  from  T.  cmpidata  in  the  olive-green  color 
of  the  two-year-old  branchlets,  in  the  obtuse  winter-buds  with  obtuse  scales, 
in  the  more  distinctly  two-ranked  leaves  with  often  nearly  horizontal  ranks 
and  more  or  less  lustrous  above.  The  hybrid  was  raised  about  twenty  years 
ago  in  the  Hunnewell  gardens  at  Wellesley,  Massachusetts,  by  T.  D.  Hatfield; 
the  many  seedlings  combming  the  characters  of  the  parents  in  various  ways, 
but  all  differing  from  T.  baccata  in  their  greater  hardiness.  One  distinct  form 
is  var.  Hatfieldii,  Rehd.,  a  compact  bush  of  conical  shape  with  upright  branches 
and  radially  spreading  leaves;  this  form  may  take  the  place  of  the  Irish  yew 
where  the  latter  is  not  hardy.  Another  similar  hybrid,  raised  by  Henry 
Hicks  of  Westbury,  Long  Island,  is  var.  Hicksii,  Rehd.  {T.  cvspidata  var. 
Hicksii,  Hort.),  a  distinctly  columnar  form  with  upright  branches  and 
radially  spreading  leaves,  the  original  plant  hi  the  Hicks  Nursery  being  now 
about  5  feet  tall.  This  is  even  more  similar  to  the  Irish  yew  than  the  pre- 
ceding variety  and  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where 
the  Irish  yew  is  too  tender. 

4.  T.  canadensis,  Marsh.  (T.  baccata  var.  minor,  Miclix.  T.  baccata  var. 
canadensis.  Gray.  T.  minor,  Britt.).  Canada  Y.  Fig.  28.  Low  shrub  usually 
diffuse  and  straggling,  but  occasionally  ascendmg  and  up  to  G  feet  tall; 
mature  branclilets  green  becoming  reddish-brown:  leaves  often  indistinctly 
2-ranked,  very  short-stalked,  narrow,  abruptly  mucronate,  dark  yellowish- 
green  above,  assuming  a  reddish  tint  in  winter:  flowers  usually  monax-ious: 
fruit  ripening  in  August,  six  to  eight  weeks  earlier  than  those  of  T.  baccata 
and  T.  cuspidata,  the  aril  with  an  opening  scarcely  as  wide  as  the  seed  which 
is  broad-ovoid  or  broader  than  high,  scarcely  ridged,  about  |  inch  long. 
Newfoundland  and  Manitoba  to  Virginia  and  Iowa. — Introduced  to  England 
about  1800.  The  hardiest 
of  the  yews,  but  less 
handsome  than  the  other 
species,  one  of  its  chief 
drawbacks  being  the 
reddish  tinge  the  foliage  | 
assumes  in  winter.  It  •^^"^^ 
does  well  as  under-  »|| 
growth  in  shady  woods,  28.    Taxus  canadensis. 


190  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

where   it   forms  a  low  diffuse   shrub;    in   the  open  it  becomes   ascending 
and  taller, 

5.  T.  brevifolia,  Nutt.  (T.  baccata  var.  brevifolia,  Koehne).  Western 
Y.  Tree  40-50  or  occasionally  80  feet  high,  with  slender  horizontal  or 
somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad,  open,  pyramidal  head :  leaves 
distinctly  2-ranked,  sharply  pointed,  dark  yellowish-green,  3^-%  inch  long: 
fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September;  seeds  ovoid,  2-4-angled.  British 
Columbia  to  Montana  and  California. — Introduced  in  1854  to  England. 
In  the  eastern  states  it  has  as  yet  not  been  successfully  grown,  but  plants 
recently  introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  from  Montana  will  probably 
be  hardy  in  Massachusetts. 

Fam.  III.   PINACE^.  PINE  FAMILY 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs  without  true  vessels  in  the  secondary  wood,  but 
with  resin-tubes:  leaves  linear,  or  needle-like,  or  scale-like,  alternate  or 
opposite,  evergreen  or  deciduous:  flowers  usually  monoecious  (dioecious  in 
Juniperus);  anthers  and  ovules  plainly  subtended  by  scales  (sporophylls) 
both  in  true  cones;  the  staminate  scales  usually  bearing  2-6,  rarely  more, 
anthers  on  the  under  side;  the  fertile  flowers  bearing  1-2,  rarely  many, 
ovules  on  the  upper  side,  or  peltate  and  ovule-bearing  under  the  crown  or  at 
its  base;  ovules  with  1  integument:  fruit  a  dry  woody  cone  with  dry,  often 
winged  seeds  between  the  scales ;  or  (in  Juniperus)  berry-like  tlu-ough  the  union 
of  the  fleshy  cone-scales;  embryo  with  2-15  cotyledons.     (Fig.  29.) 

The  family  contains  33  genera  with  more  than  250  species  widely  dis- 
tributed in  both  hemispheres,  but  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions.  The 
genera  described  below  are  in  cultivation  in  this  country,  while  Fokienia, 
Diselma,  Actinostrobus,  and  Glyptostrobus  are  occasionally  but  rarely  grown 
in  Europe;  Callitropsis  is  probably  not  yet  in  cultivation.  The  name  of  the 
family  is  derived  from  the  genus  Finns,  the  largest  and  most  widely  dis- 
tributed genus.  The  family  was  formerly  known  as  Coniferse  and  included 
the  Ginkgoacese  and  Taxacese,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  presence  of  true 
staminate  and  pistillate  cones.  Like  other  Gymnosperms  it  is  an  old  group, 
more  abundant  in  former  geologic  ages.  Many  fossil  species  are  known.  The 
Sequoias  of  California  were  formerly  more  abundant,  extending  to  Greenland. 
The  young  plants  of  many  Cupressinese  possess  foliage  quite  different  in 
appearance  from  the  mature  foliage,  the  leaves  being  longer  and  more  spread- 
ing. These  juvenile  forms  have  been  called  Retinisporas,  a  name  originally 
applied  to  some  Japanese  species  of  Chamsecyparis.  The  leaves  of  Larix  and 
Pseudolarix  are  deciduous.  The  branchlets  and  leaves  are  deciduous  in  Taxo- 
dium.  The  cone-scales  of  the  Abietinete  are  double,  an  outer  thinner  3-toothed 
scale  and  a  thick  inner  scale  that  bears  the  ovules. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


191 


Among  the  Pinacese  are  some  of  our  most  valuable  timber  trees;  e.  g., 
cedar,  arbor- vitse,  spruce,  fir,  hemlock,  and  redwood.  The  resin  from  various 
pines  when  distilled  yields  spirits  of  turpentine  and  rosin;  when  dry-distilled, 
it  yields  tar.  Venice  turpentine  is  the 
resinous  exudation  of  European 
larches;  Canada  balsam  that  of  Abie^i 
balsamea.   Dammar  resin  is  from  the  \  \\ 

Malayan  Agath 


29.    Structure  in  Pinacese.    Lower,  cone  of  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  with  the  two  seeds 
under  a  scale  at  e.    Above,  staminate  cone  of  pine,  with  a  separate  stamen  at  a. 

is  the  semi-fossilized  resin  o"  Agathis  australis  of  Australia  and  New 
Zealand.  Sandarac  resin  is  from  Tetraclinis  articiilata  of  northwestern 
Africa.  Amber  is  the  fossilized  resin  of  prehistoric  conifers  around  the 
Baltic.  Oil  of  savin  is  from  the  leaves  and  twigs  of  Juniperus  Sabina, 
and  oil  of  cedar  from  Thuja  occidentalis.     Juniper  berries,  from  Juniperus 


m  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

communis  of  Europe  and  America,  are  diuretic  and  also  used  for  flavor- 
ing gin.  Edible  seeds  are  produced  by  Pinus  Pinea  (stone  pine)  of  the 
Mediterranean,  P.  Cembra  of  Europe  and  Siberia,  P.  cembroides  of  the 
southwestern  United  States,  Araucaria  hrasiliana  of  Brazil,  and  A.  Bidwillii 
of  Australia.  Bread  is  made  by  the  Laps  and  Eskimos  from  the  inner  bark 
of  Pinus  sylvestris;  also  from  various  Pinacese  by  our  northwestern  Indians. 
The  bark  of  the  hemlock  spruce  is  used  for  tanning. 

KEY  TO  THE   GENERA 

A.  Cone-scales  and  leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  ovules  erect; 

cotyledons  usually  2 Subf am.  I.  Cupressine^ 

B.  Fruit  berry-like,  indehiscent,  consisting  of  2-6  connate 
fleshy  scales  inclosing  1-12  seeds:  leaves  opposite  or 

ternate,  scale-  or  needle-shaped 1.  Junipebus 

BB.  Fruit  a  woody  dehiscent  cone. 

c.  Leaves  opposite  and  scale-like  (only  in  the  juvenile 
state   needle-shaped):   cone-scales   peltate   or   im- 
bricate, opposite. 
D.  Scales  of  cone  peltate;  cone  subglobose. 

E.  Each  cone-scale  with  many  seeds;  cone  rather 
large,  usually  ripening  the  second  year: 
branchlets  terete  or  quadrangular,  rarely  flat- 
tened,   usually   irregularly   spreading:   leaves 

fimbriate 2.  Cupressus 

EE.  Each  cone-scale  with  1-5  seeds;  cone  small,  ripen- 
ing the  first  season:  leaves  with  entire  margin: 
branchlets  flattened,  rarely  4-sided,  usually  2- 

ranked  in  one  horizontal  plane 3.  Chaalectpabis 

DD.  Scales  of  cone  flattened,  imbricate:  branchlets  flat- 
tened. 
E.  Each  cone-scale  with  3-5  seeds:  branchlets  much 

flattened,  ^-\  inch  broad 4.  Tnrrjopsis 

EE.  Each  cone-scale  with  1-5  seeds:  branchlets  nar- 
rower. 
F.  Number  of  cone-scales  4  or  6,  the  upper  pair 

fertile 5.  Libocedrus 

FF.  Number  of  cone-scales  8-12,  the  2  upper  pairs 

fertile 6.  Thuja 

cc.  Leaves  usually  whorled,   scale-like  or  linear:  cone- 
scales  valvate,  opposite  or  whorled. 
D.  Cone  with  the  lower  scales  sterile  and  slightly  im- 
bricate: leaves  ternate 7.  Fitzrota 

DD.  Cone  with  all  the  scales  fertile  and  distinctlyValvate. 
e.  Number  of  cone-scales  6-8,  imequal:  leaves  in 

whorls  of  3  or  4 8.  Callitris 

EE.  Number  of  cone-scales  4,  equal  or  nearly  equal. 
F.  Branchlets  compressed,  articulate:  leaves  in 

whorls  of  4 9.  Tetracunis 

FF.  Branchlets  terete:  leaves  opposite  or  on  lead- 
ing shoots  alternate 10.  Widdringtonia 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  193 

AA.  Cone-scales  and  leaves  spirally  arranged,  the  latter  some- 
times fascicled;  ovules  inverted,  rarely  upright. 
B.  Scales  of  cone  without  distinct  bracts,  flat  or  peltate, 
with  1-9  seeds. 
c.  Carpels  with  2-9  oi-ules,  more  or  less  divided  into 
scale  and  bract,  coalescing  and  connate  at  maturity; 

cotyledons  2-9 Subfam.  II.  Taxodine.e 

D.  Leaves  dimorphic,  partly  scale-like  and  scattered, 
partly  linear  and  connate  into  whorled  pairs: 

cone-scales  thick  and  woody,  imbricate 11.  Scl\dopitys 

im.  Leaves   never   connate,   homomorphic   or  hetero- 

morphic,  always  scattered. 

E.  Form  of  cone-scales  peltate:  leaves  heteromor- 

phic. 

F.  Scales  with  2  upright  seeds:  staminate  flowers 

paniculate:  branchlets  deciduous   the  first 

or  second  year 12.  Taxodiu.m 

FF.  Scales  with  5-7  pendulous  seeds:  staminate 
flowers  spicate:    branchlets  persistent   for 

several  years 13.  Sequoia 

EE.  Form  of  cone-scales  flattened,  imbricate. 

F.  Seeds    of    each    scale    2,    pendulous:    leaves 

^  hcteromorphic 14.  Taiwania 

FF.  Seeds  of  each  scale  3-7:  leaves  homomorphic. 

G.  Staminate  flowers  solitary:  scales  with  .'J-G 

pendulous    seeds:    leaves    scale-like    or 

lanceolate  and  short 15.  Atiirotaxis 

GG.  Staminate  flowers  spicate  or  umbellate. 
H.  Arrangement  of    staminate   flowers  spi- 
cate: scales  with  4-5  erect  seeds:  leaves 

awl-shaped IG.  Cryptomeria 

HH.  Arrangement  of  staminate  flowers  umbel- 
late: scales  with   3  pendulous  seeds: 
leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  1-2  in.  long. . .  .17.  Cunxingiiamia 
cc.  Carpels  simple,  with  1  inverted  ovule;  cones  large; 

cotyledons  2-4 Subfam.  III.  Araucarine.e 

D.  Seed  adnate  to  the  scale  at  base:  leaves  4-angled  or 
flat  and  broad  at  base,  crowded,  not  or  indis- 
tinctly 2-ranked 18.  Araucaria 

DD.  Seed   free:  leaves   on   lateral   branches   2-ranked, 
large  and  flat,  more  or  less  distant,  narrowed 

at  base 19.  Agathis 

BB.  Scales  of  cone  subtended  by  distinct  bracts;  scales  with 
2  inverted  ovules;  seeds  winged,  rarely  wingless:  leaves 
linear   or   needle-shaped:   winter-buds   distinct   with 

scarious  scales Subfam.  IV.  ABiETrNE-E 

c.  Arrangement  of  leaves  solitarj'. 
D.  Cones  upright. 

E.  Cone-scales  persistent;  bracts  much  shorter; 
seeds  about  as  long  as  scales:  leaves  flattened, 
keeled  above 20.  Keteleeria 

N 


194  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

EE.  Cone-scales  deciduous  from  their  axis;  bracts 
often  exserted;  seeds  shorter  than  scales: 
leaves  flattened  and  grooved  above  or  rarely 

4-angled 21.  Abies 

DD.  Cones  reflexed  or  pendulous;  scales  persistent. 

E.  Bracts    exserted,    conspicuous:    branchlets    not 

roughened  by  leaf -bases;  leaves  flat 22.  Pseudotsuga 

EE.  Bracts  not  exserted:  branchlets  roughened  by 
persistent  leaf-bases. 
F.  Leaves  usually  flat,  with  bands  of  stomata  on 
the  dorsal  side,  or  sometimes  convex  or 
keeled  above  and  with  stomata  on  both 
sides,  never  sharply  pointed;  with  one 
resin-duct  in  the  middle  under  the  vascular 

bundle 23.  Tsuga 

FF.  Leaves  usually  4-sided  and  nearly  equally 
stomatiferous  on  all  sides,  or  flattened  and 
with  more  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the 
ventral  side  than  on  the  dorsal  side  or  with- 
out any  stomata  on  the  dorsal  side,  usually 
more  or  less  pointed;  with  2  or  more  lateral 

resin-ducts 24.  Picea 

cc.  Arrangement  of  leaves  in  fascicles  or  clusters,  solitary 
only  on  shoots. 
D.  Leaves  many,  clustered  on  short,  thick  spurs. 
E.  Staminate  flowers  clustered;  cone-scales  decidu- 
ous: leaves  deciduous 25.  Pseudolarix 

EE.  Staminate  flowers  solitary. 

F.  Cone-scales  persistent;  cone  ripening  the  first 

year,  small :  leaves  deciduous 26.  Larix 

FF.  Cone-scales  finally  deciduous;  cone  large, 
ripening  the  second  or  third  season:  leaves 

persistent 27.  Cedrus 

D.  Leaves  in  fascicles  from  2-5,  rarely  to  8,  or  reduced 
to  1,  sheathed  at  base  by  scarious  bud-scales: 
cone  with  persistent  scales 28.  Pinus 

1.  JUNIPERUS,  L.    JUNIPER 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  branchlets  spreading  in  all  directions: 
leaves  either  all  needle-shaped  and  in  3's,  or  needle-shaped  and  scale-like, 
and  usually  opposite,  both  kinds  often  found  on  the  same  plant,  the  needle- 
shaped  leaves  prevailing  on  younger  plants  and  vigorous  branches,  the 
scale-like  ones  on  older  plants:  flowers  dioecious,  rarely  monoecious;  staminate 
yellow,  consisting  of  numerous  anthers  united  into  an  ovoid  or  oblong  catkin; 
fertile  flowers  greenish,  minutely  globular,  with  several  bracts,  each  or  some 
bearing  1  or  2  ovules;  the  bracts  become  fleshy  and  unite  into  a  berry-like 
cone,  usually  wholly  inclosing  the  1-6,  rarely  12,  seeds.  The  fruit  ripens 
either  the  first  year,  as  in  J.  virginiana,  or  the  second,  as  in  J.  Sabina  and 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  195 

most  species,  or  in  the  third,  as  in  J.  communis.  (Juniperus  is  the  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  genus.) — Tlie  genus  contains  about  40  species  distributed 
chiefly  throughout  the  extra-tropical  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
in  America  south  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies,  and  in  Africa  south  to 
the  mountains  of  eastern  Africa. 

Juniperus  is  closely  allied  to  Cupressus,  and  sometimes  hard  to  distinguish 
without  fruit;  but  young  plants  with  needle-shaped  leaves  can  almost  always 
be  told  apart,  since  Juniperus  has  whitish  bands  or  marks  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaves,  while  the  similar  juvenile  forms  of  allied  genera  have 
the  whitish  marks  beneath.  Most  species  are  very  variable,  as  well  in  habit 
as  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  which  renders  the  determination  of  an  unknown 
form,  at  least  without  fruit,  a  rather  difficult  task. 

The  close-grained  fragrant  wood  of  the  tree-like  species  is  used  for  the 
interior  finish  of  houses  and  in  the  manufacture  of  small  articles,  as  it  is  very 
durable  in  the  soil;  that  of  J.  virginiana  and  J.  lucayana  is  in  great  demand 
for  pencil-making.    The  fruit  and  also  the  young  brancldets  of  some  species 
contain  an  aromatic  oil  used  in  medicine.    The  fruit  of  J.  drnpacea  is  edible. 
A.  Leaves  jointed  at  base,  needle-shaped,  in  3's,  not  glandular: 
winter-buds  distinct,  scaly:   staminate  flowers  axillary. 
B.  Fruit   large,    /4-I    inch   across;   seeds   connate  into  a 

usually  3-celled  stone:  leaves  ^i-^i  inch  broad 1.  J.  drupacca 

BB.  Fruit  smaller;  seeds  not  connate:  leaves  narrower. 

c.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  with  2  white  bands:  fruit 
brown  or  orange. 
D.  White  bands  of  leaves  scarcely  as  broad  as  green 

margin 2.  J.  macrocarpa 

DD.  White    bands    broader    than    the    green    margin: 

branchlets  slender  and  pendulous 3.  J.  jormosana 

cc.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  with  1  white  band. 

D.  Shape  of  leaves  narrow-linear,  sulcate  above,  keeled 
below,  stiff. 
E.  Habit  upright;  branches  ascending  or  spreading, 

pendulous  at  the  tips 4.  J.  rigida 

EE.  Habit  prostrate 5.  J.  confcrta 

DD.  Shape  of  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  concave  above 

with  broad  white  band,  obscurely  keeled  below. .    6.  J.  communis 

.\A.  Leaves  decurrent,  not  jointed  at  base,  opposite  or  in  3's, 

scale-like  or  needle-shaped,  usually  with  a  gland  on  back: 

without  distinct  winter-buds:  staminate  flowers  terminal. 

B.  Form  of  leaves  needle-shaped,  always  in  3's,  with  2  white 

bands  above,  loosely  appressed.  (See  also  J.  chinensis 

japonica.) 

c.  Branchlets  green:  leaves  green  or  glaucescent  beneath: 

fruit  ellipsoidal,  1-seeded 7.  J.  squamata 

cc.  Branchlets  with  glaucous  bands  along  the  edges  of 
the  pulvini,  decurrent  from  a  whitish  spot  at  each 
side  of  the  base  of  the  leaves:  fruit  suljglobose,  2- 
3-seeded 8.  J.  procumbens 


196  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

BB.  Form  of  leaves  scale-like  or  of  two  kinds  (all  needle- 
shaped  in  vars.  of  No.  15). 
c.  Margin    of   leaves   minutely   denticulate   or   fringed 
(under  a  strong  lens). 
D.  Fruit  reddish-brown. 

E.  Bark  scaly:  scale-like  leaves  obtusish,  apiculate, 

opposite:  fruit  3-4-seeded 9.  J.  pachyphlwa 

EE.  Bark  shreddy:  scale-like  leaves  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, opposite  or  ternate:  fruit  1-seeded  ...  .10.  J.  utahensis 
DD.  Fruit  blue  or  blue-black. 

E.  Scale-like  leaves  usually  ternate,  conspicuously 

glandular :  fruit  2-3-seeded 1 1 .  J.  oeeidentalis 

EE.  Scale-like  leaves  opposite,  rarely  ternate,  gland- 
less:  fruit  usually  1-seeded 12.  J.  monosperma 

cc.  Margin  of  leaves  entire. 

D.  Color  of  fruit  brown  or  purplish-brown. 

E.  Scale-like  leaves  acute;  acicular  leaves  opposite 
(except  on  leading  shoots). 

F.  Seeds  of  fruit  3-6:  leaves  ovate 13.  J.  excelsa 

FF.  Seeds  of  fruit  2-3:  leaves  lanceolate 14.  J.  procera 

EE.  Scale-like  leaves  obtuse;  acicular  leaves  often 

ternate:  fruit  brown,  bloomy,  2-3-seeded 15.  J.  chinensis 

DD.  Color  of  fruit  bluish,  bloomy. 

E.  Plant  usually  a  tree :  fruit  on  erect  pedicels. 

F.  Branchlets  stout  and  short,  thickly  set:  acic- 
ular leaves  rigid  and  spiny-pointed 16.  J.  bermudiana 

FF.   Branchlets  slender. 

G.  Fruit  ripening  the  first  season. 

H.  Diameter   of    fruit   ^— /^  inch:    leaves 
acute:  branchlets  very  slender,  usually 

pendulous:  southern  tender  tree 17.  J.  lucayana 

HH.  Diameter  of  fruit  M~M  inch :  leaves  acute 
or  acuminate:  branchlets  usually  up- 
right or  spreading:  northern  tree 18.  J.  virginiana 

GG.  Fruit   ripening   the   second   season,    J^-^s 

inch  across 19.  J.  scopulorum 

EE.  Plant  a  shrub:   fruit  on  curved  pedicels,  pendu- 
lous. 
F.  Leaves  bluish-green  or  steel-blue,   acute,   of 

slight  aromatic  odor :  prostrate  shrub 20.  J.  horizontalis 

FF.  Leaves  dark  or  bluish-green,  acutish  or  obtuse, 
of  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised:  shrub  with 
usually  ascending  or  spreading  branches. .  .21.  J.  Sabina 

Section  I.    Caryocedrus,  Endl. 

Leaves  ternate,  all  needle-shaped,  jointed  at  base,  not  glandular:  winter- 
buds  distinct,  scaly:  flowers  dioecious,  axillary:  fruit  large,  ^^-1  inch  across; 
seeds  connate  into  a  3-celled  stone. 

1.  J.  drupacea,  Lab  ill.    Syrian  J.    Pyramidal  tree  with  narrow  head,  to 


.V-»«i'&c;«r--./ 


PiATE  XXIX.    Thrifty  young  specimen  of  Douglas  fir  {Pseudotsuga  taxifolia) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  197 

45  feet;  branchlets  triangular,  with  prominent  ridges:  leaves  decurrent, 
linear-lanceolate,  spiny-pointed,  3^-^  inch  long  and  J^-^^  inch  broad  (the 
broadest  of  all  species),  with  2  white  lines  above  and  broad  green  midrib, 
keeled  below:  fruit  bluish-black  or  brown,  bloomy,  ^4-1  inch  across,  edible. 
Greece,  Asia  Minor. — Introduced  in  1854  to  England.  Handsome  orna- 
mental tree  of  columnar  habit;  thrives  in  limestone  soil.  Probably  not  hardy 
north  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Section  II.    Oxycedrus,  Endl. 

Leaves,  winter-buds,  and  flowers  like  those  of  the  preceding  section: 
fruit  smaller;  seeds  free,  usually  3. 

2.  J.  macrocarpa,  Sibth.  (J,  neahoriemis,  Gord.).  Plum  J.  Shrub  or 
f^^mall  tree,  to  l^  feet  high,  of  dense  pyramidal  habit:  leaves  crowded,  linear- 
lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  base,  spiny -pointed,  spreading,  3^-^  inch 
long  and  about  ^^2^  inch  broad:  fruit  to  3^  inch  across,  dark  brown,  glaucous. 
Mediterranean  region. — Introduced  into  cultivation  in  1838;  probably  hardy 
as  far  north  as  New  York. 

Related  species  are  the  following:  J,  Oxycedrus,  L.  Prickly  J.  Shrub  or 
tree  to  30  feet,  with  slender  branches:  leaves  linear,  tapering  from  the  middle 
to  a  spiny  point,  ^^j— yV  i"ch  wide:  fruit  M~3^  inch  across,  not  or  only 
partially  glaucous.  Mediterranean  region  to  Caucasus  and  Persia.  Intro- 
duced to  England  before  the  beginning  of  last  century. — J.  Cedrus,  Webb  & 
Berth.  (J.  pendula.  Loud.).  Tree  with  wide-spreading  branches  and  pendu- 
lous branchlets:  leaves  less  rigid,  scarcely  spiny :  fruit  subglobose,  ^3-^2  inch 
long,  finally  orange-brown.    Canary  Islands. — Cultivated  in  California. 

3.  J.  formosana,  Hayata  (J.  taxifolia.  Pari.,  not  Hook.  &  Am.).  For- 
mosa J.  Tree  to  40  feet  usually  dividing  into  several  stems  from  the  base, 
with  spreading  or  ascending  branches  and  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves 
more  or  less  directed  forward,  linear,  spiny-pointed,  3^^-!  inch  long  and 
iV~tV  i"<^'i  wide,  with  2  broad  white  bands  above,  confluent  near  apex, 
keeled  below:  fruit  subglobose  to  broadly  ovoid,  about  J^  inch  across,  reddish 
or  orange-brown.  Formosa,  China. — Introduced  by  Fortune  to  England 
about  1850,  and  in  1907  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  this  country.  Handsome  tree 
with  pendulous  branchlets,  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

A  related  species  is  J.  taxifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.,  which  is  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  obtuse  or  obtusish  leaves  3<4~3^  in.  long  ,and  the  lustrous, 
light  chestnut-browTi,  subglobose  or  depressed-globose  fruit.  Bonin  Islands. 
— Introduced  in  1917  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum;  probably 
hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States  and  California. 

4.  J.  rigida,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Needle  J.  Fig.  30.  Small  pyramidal  tree,  to 
30  feet,   or  spreading  shrub  with  the  slender  branches  pendulous  at  the 


198  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

extremities:  leaves  in  closely  set  whorls,  narrow-linear,  tapering  from  the 
middle  into  a  spiny  point,  stiff,  sulcate  and  with  a  narrow  white  band  above, 
prominently  keeled  below,  yellowish-green,  3^-1  inch  long:  fruit  globose, 
]4r}/i  inch  across,  brownish-black,  bloomy, 
finally  somewhat  shining,  ripening  the  second 
year.  Japan,  Korea,  and  Manchuria. — Intro- 
duced in  1861  to  England  by  J.  G.  Veitch. 
Graceful,  narrow-pyramidal  tree,  loosely  branched 
with  pendulous  branchlets;  hardy  as  far 
north  as  New  England  and  Ontario. 

5.     J.     conferta,     Pari.      (J.     litoralis, 
Maxim.).    Shore  J.     Procumbent  shrub: 
leaves    crowded,    narrow-linear,    tapering 
into  a  spiny  point,  sulcate    and    with 
narrow  white  band  above,   keeled  below: 


black  at  maturity,  3-seeded.  Japan  and 
Saghalin,  on  sandy  seashores. — Intro- 
duced in  1915  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
by  E.  H.  Wilson.  Hardy  at  least  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts;  it  should  make 
a  good  ground-cover  and  be  particularly 
suited  for  planting  on  sand-dunes. 

6.  J.  communis,  L.  Common  J.  Plate  XII. 
Upright  shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  attaining  to  40 
feet:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering 
from  the  base  into  a  sharp  point,  concave  and 
with  a  broad  white  band  above,  sometimes  di- 
vided at  base  by  a  green  midrib,  bluntly  keeled 

below,    14-^    inch    long:    fruit    almost    sessile,       oa    t     •  •  -j 

J     1     li  1  1  /   1  /   •     u  •        .30.  Juniperus  ngida. 

dark  blue,  glaucous,  ^-f/%  inch  across,  ripenmg 

the  second  or  third  year.  The  typical  form  is  common  in  northern  and 
central  Europe  and  extends  through  northern  and  western  Asia  to  Korea 
and  Japan;  in  North  America  it  occurs  only  occasionally  from  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania  and  North  Carolina. — A  variable  species  with  several  geo- 
graphical and  climatic  varieties  and  some  garden  forms. 

Var.  aurea,  Carr.  (var.  aureo-variegata,  Beiss.  var.  variegata  aurea,  Carr.). 
Golden  J.    Young  growth  golden-yellow  turning  green  the  second  year. 

Var.  suecica,  Loud.  {var.  fastigiata,'H.oTt.).  Swedish  J,  Narrow  colum- 
nar form,  growing  sometimes  into  a  tree  to  40  feet  high,  with  rather  long, 
spreading  leaves,  the  branchlets  with  drooping  tips:  of  lighter  and  more 
bluish  color  than  the  following  variety.    Var.  hibemica,  Gord.    (var.  stricta. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  199 

Carr.).  Irish  J.  Narrow  columnar  form,  with  upright  branches,  deep  green, 
tips  of  branclJets  erect:  leaves  shorter,  less  spreading. 

Var.  pendula,  Carr.  Shrub  with  spreading,  recurving  branches  and 
pendulous  branchlets.  Var.  oblongo-pendula,  Carr.  (var.  reflexa.  Pari.,  not 
J.  ohlonga  peiidula.  Knight).  An  upright  shrub  of  broadly  columnar  outline 
with  pendulous  branchlets.    A  very  graceful  form. 

Var.  depressa,  Pursh  (J.  communis  var.  canadensis.  Loud.  J.  canadensis, 
Burgsd.  J.  nana  canadensis,  Carr.).  Prostrate  J.  Forming  broad  patches, 
the  stems  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base,  rarely  exceeding  4  feet  in 
height.  The  leaves  somewhat  shorter  and  broader.  A  form  of  this  is  var. 
aureo-spica,  Rehd.  {J.  nana  canadensis  aurea,  Beiss.  J.  canadensis  aurea, 
Hort.).     Tips  of  branchlets  golden-yellow. 

Var.  montana,  Ait.  {J.  comiimnis  nana.  Loud.  J.  nana,  Willd.  J.  alpina, 
S.  F.  Gray.  J.  sibirica,  Burgsd.).  Mountain  J.  Low,  spreading  or  pro- 
cumbent shrub,  seldom  over  2  feet  high:  leaves  oblong-linear,  abruptly 
pointed,  usually  incurved,  densely  clothing  the  branches,  with  a  broad 
silvery-white  line  above,  M~H  inch  long.    Arctic  and  mountainous  regions. 

Var.  Jackii,  Rehd.  Prostrate,  with  flagelliform  trailing  branches  often  to 
3  feet  long,  and  almost  unbranched  except  for  occasional  clusters  of  short 
lateral  branclilets  1-2  inches  long:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  incurved.  Oregon, 
northern  California. — Introduced  in  1904  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

Var.  nipponica,  Wils.  (/.  nipponica,  Maxim.).  Similar  to  the  preceding, 
but  leaves  deeply  sulcate  above  and  keeled  below.  High  mountains  of  Japan. 
— Introduced  in  1915  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson. 

Section  III,    Sabina,  Endl. 

Leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  decurrent,  not  jointed,  usually  with  a  gland 
on  back,  scale-like  or  partly  needle-shaped,  rarely  all  needle-shaped  and 
ternate;  winter-buds  indistinct,  naked:  flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes 
dioecious,  terminal:  seeds  1-6,  free. 

7.  J.  squamata,  Lamb.  {J.  recurva  var.  squamata.  Pari.  J.  remirva  var. 
densa,  Hort.).  Decumbent  shrub,  sometimes  ascending;  branchlets  thick, 
ascending  at  the  apex,  green:  leaves  crowded,  loosely  appressed,  linear- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  finely  pointed,  grayish- 
or  bluish-green,  with  2  grayish-white  bands  above,  convex  below  and  grooved 
from  the  base  to  near  apex,  }/q-}4:  inch  long:  fruit  changing  from  reddish- 
brown  to  purplish-black,  globose-ovoid,  3^-^  inch  long.  Afghanistan, 
Himalayas,  western  China. 

Var.  Fargesii,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  70  feet:  leaves  longer  and  narrower, 
linear-lanceolate,  more  spreading,  usually  about  }/^  inch  long,  acuminate: 
fruit  ovoid,  3^  inch  long. 


200  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Var.  Wilsonii,  Rehd.  Wilson  J.  Upright  shrub  to  6  feet,  densely 
clothed  with  short  branchlets  recurved  at  the  tips :  leaves  shorter  and  broader, 
crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  about  }/q  inch  long.  Western  China. — Intro- 
duced to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson  in  1909. 

Var.  Meyeri,  Rehd.  Meyer  J.  Upright  shrub  much  branched  with 
short,  straight  branclilets :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  straight,  }/i-\^  inch  long, 
very  glaucous  on  back.  China. — Introduced  in  1914  by  F.  N.  Meyer  through 
the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Very  handsome  on  accoimt  of  its  dense 
habit  and  the  bluish-white  color  of  its  foliage. 

A  closely  related  species  is  J.  recurva,  Ham.  A  small  tree  to  30  feet  tall, 
with  spreading,  curved  branches  and  pendulous  branclilets:  leaves  very 
concave  above,  grooved  beneath  below  the  middle:  fruit  ovoid,  }/^-}/2  inch 
long.  Himalayas. — Introduced  about  1830  to  Great  Britain.  A  graceful 
tree,  hardy  probably  only  in  the  Southern  States. 

8.  J.  procumbens,  Sieb.  (J.  chinensis  var.  procumbens,  Endl.).  Low 
spreading  shrub  with  stiff  ascending  branclilets,  about  2  feet  high:  leaves  in 
3's,  linear-lanceolate,  spiny-pointed,  concave  above  and  glaucous  with  a 
green  midrib  toward  the  apex,  below  bluish  with  2  white  spots  near  the  base 
from  which  2  glaucous  lines  run  down  the  edges  of  the  pulvini,  }/i-}/i  inch 
long:  fruit  subglobose,  2-3-seeded,  about  f  inch  across. — Cultivated  in 
Japan  and  introduced  in  1843  to  Europe  and  in  1862  to  America.  Hardy  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts;  sometimes  planted  as  ground-cover,  particularly 
in  California. 

9.  J.  pachyphloea,  Torn  (Sabina  pachyphloea.  Ant.).  Alligator  J.  Tree 
to  60  feet  tall,  with  a  short  trunk  and  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a 
broad-pyramidal  or  round-topped  head;  bark  dark  brown,  thick,  broken 
into  small,  closely  appressed  scales;  branchlets  slender:  leaves  usually  scale- 
like, opposite,  rhombic-ovate,  rounded  or  apiculate  at  apex,  obscurely  keeled 
on  back  and  glandular,  bluish-green,  -^  inch  long :  fruit  globose  or  broadly 
ellipsoidal,  tuberculate,  reddish-brown,  bloomy,  about  3^  inch  long,  with 
3-4  seeds.  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  southwestern  Texas  and  Mexico. — 
Introduced  to  Europe  before  1875.  One  of  the  handsomest  of  the  American 
junipers,  remarkable  for  its  checkered  bark;  the  acicular  foliage  of  young 
plants  is  usually  glaucous  to  nearly  silvery-white.  Not  hardy  north  of  the 
Middle  Atlantic  States. 

10.  J.  utahensis,  Lemm.  (J.  californica  var.  utahensw,  Engelm.  Sabina 
utahensis,  Rydb.).  Utah  J.  Bushy  tree,  rarely  exceeding  20  feet,  with  short 
trunk  and  erect  to  ascending  branches  forming  a  roundish  open  head;  branch- 
lets  slender :  leaves  light  yellow-green,  usually  scale-like  and  closely  appressed, 
opposite  or  occasionally  in  3's,  rhombic-ovate,  acute  and  often  acuminate, 
rounded  at  back  and  usually  glandless,  about  iV  inch  long;  acicular  leaves 
usually  in  3's:  fruit  subglobose  < 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  201 

by  the  tips  of  the  scales,  reddish-brown,  bloomy,  with  thin  sweet  flesh,  1-  or 
rarely  2-3-seeded.  Wyoming  to  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. — 
Rarely  planted  and  of  no  particular  ornamental  value. 

Var.  megalocarpa,  Sarg.  {J.  megalocarpa,  Sudw.).  Tree  to  50  feet  with  a 
single  trunk;  the  scale-like  leaves  in  3's:  fruit  3-^~f  inch  across.  Arizona,  New 
Mexico. — Introduced  in  191G. 

Related  species  rarely,  if  at  all,  in  cultivation  in  this  country  are  the 
following : 

J.  Pinchotii,  Sudw.  Shrubby  tree  to  20  feet  tall;  branclilets  thick:  leaves 
usually  in  3's,  obtusely  pointed,  rounded  and  conspicuously  glandular-pitted 
on  back,  about  -^  inch  long:  fruit  subglobose.  K-J/3  inch  long,  reddish- 
brown,  1-2-seeded.  Texas. — Introduced  in  1917  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
by  E.  J.  Palmer. 

J.  califomica,  Carr.  Californian  J.  Shrub  or  pyramidal  tree  to  40  feet 
tall;  branclilets  rather  stout:  leaves  usually  in  3's,  obtusely  pointed,  conspicu- 
ously glandular-pitted  and  slightly  keeled  on  bac  :  fruit  ellipsoidal,  Y2~^A 
inch  long,  reddish-brown,  with  thick  sweet  flesh.  Southern  California. — 
Introduced  to  Europe  in  1853. 

J.  flaccida,  Schlecht.  A  tree  to  30  feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches  and 
slender  drooping  branclilets:  leaves  opposite,  acuminate,  spreading  at  apex, 
glandular  or  eg^andular  on  back:  fruit  subglobose,  3^3-H  int'h  across,  dark 
red-brown,  bloomy,  with  thick  resinous  flesh,  4-12-seeded.  Southern  Texas 
and  northeastern  Mexico. — Introduced  to  Europe  about  1838.  Hardy  only 
in  the  Southern  States. 

J.  phcenicea,  L.  Phcenician  J.  Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  feet,  with  erect 
or  ascending  branches  and  slender,  much  ramified  branclilets:  scale-like 
leaves  opposite  or  in  3's,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  rounded  on  back,  dull  dark  or 
bluish-green:  fruit  subglobose,  H— |  inch  across,  3-6-seeded.  Mediterranean 
region. — Introduced  to  England  about  1863.  Probably  hardy  as  far  north 
as  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

11.  J.  occidentalis,  Hook.  Tree  to  40  feet,  rarely  to  60  feet  tall,  with 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad,  low  head,  or  shrub  with  several  upright 
stems;  branchlets  stout,  about  -^-^  inch  thick:  leaves  usually  scale-like,  in  3's, 
closely  appressed,  ovate,  acute,  grayish-green,  conspicuously  glandular  on 
back,  rarely  acicular:  fruit  subglobose  or  ovoid,  14-/3  inch  long,  bluish- 
black,  bloomy,  2-3-seeded.  Washington  and  western  Idaho  to  southern 
California. — Introduced  to  Europe  about  1840. 

12.  J.  monosperma,  Sarg.  (J.  occidentalis  var.  vionospcrma,  Engelm. 
Sabina  monosperma,  Rydb.).  Cherrystone  J.  A  tree  occasionally  to  50  feet 
tall,  with  stout  ascending  branches  or  branching  from  the  base  and  shrubby; 
branchlets  slender,  about  ^V  '^^^^  thick:  leaves  mostly  scale-like,  opposite, 
rarely  in  3's,  acute  or  acuminate,  often  slightly  spreading  at  apex,  thickened 


202  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

and  rounded  on  back  and  conspicuously  glandular,  grayish-green;  acicular 
leaves  in  3's,  often  Yl  inch  long,  inconspicuously  glandular:  fruit  globose  or 
ovoid,  H-M  inch  long,  dark  blue,  bloomy,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-3-seeded;  the 
seeds  sometimes  exserted,  pale  chestnut-brown,  obtuse  and  prominently 
ridged.  Colorado  to  Nevada,  western  Texas  and  northern  Mexico. — Intro- 
duced about  1900  to  Germany.  Of  little  ornamental  value  and  probably  not 
hardy  north  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

A  related  species  is  !•  mexicana,  Schlecht.  (J.  sabinoides,  Nees.  J.  tetra- 
gona,  Schlecht.).  Tree  to  30  or  occasionally  to  100  feet  tall:  leaves  obtuse  or 
acute,  thickened  and  keeled  on  back,  usually  eglandular:  fruit  M-H  inch 
long;  seed  ovoid,  acute,  slightly  ridged.  Western  and  southern  Texas  to 
central  Mexico. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1841;  hardy  only  in  the  Southern 
States. 

Also  the  following  species,  not  or  scarcely  known  in  this  coimtry,  belong 
to  this  affinity,  having  dark  blue  fruit  and  ciliolate  leaves: 

J.  Wallichiana,  Hook.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches,  or 
shrub;  branchlets  slender:  scale-like  leaves  free  at  the  acute  tips,  bright 
green,  furrowed  and  glandular  on  back;  acicular  leaves  in  3's:  flowers  dioe- 
cious: fruit  upright,  ovoid,  about  3^  inch  long,  1-seeded,  Himalayas. — 
Introduced  to  England  in  1849. 

J.  pseudosabina,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Low  shrub  closely  related  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  leaves  less  acute  and  fruit  smaller,  recurved,  often  globose. 
Altai  Mountains,  Turkestan. — Introduced  some  time  before  1900.  Hardy 
north. 

J.  saltuaria,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  50  feet  tall:  leaves  bright  green, 
closely  appressed,  slightly  incurved  at  the  acute  or  obtusish  apex,  slightly 
glandular:  flowers  monoecious:  fruit  erect,  subglobose  or  ovoid,  about  3<^ 
inch  long,  black,  not  bloomy,  1-seeded.  Western  China. — Introduced  in 
1904. 

J.  thurifera,  L.  (J.  sabinoides,  Griseb.,  in  part.  Sabina  thurifera.  Ant.). 
Tree  to  40  feet,  usually  narrow-pyramidal  in  cultivation ;  branchlets  pinnately 
ramified,  slender:  leaves  scale-like,  free  at  the  acuminate  apex,  glandular, 
like  the  acicular  ones  opposite:  fruit  subglobose,  about  }4  inch  across,  2-4- 
seeded.  Southwestern  Europe,  northern  Africa. — Introduced  before  1750 
to  Great  Britain.  This  differs  from  all  the  preceding  species  of  the  section 
Sabina  in  having  also  the  acicular  leaves  opposite  and  from  No.  12  and  the 
four  preceding  species  in  the  2-4-seeded  fruit. 

13.  J.  excelsa,  Bieb.  Greek  J.  Pyramidal  tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  upright 
or  spreading  branches:  leaves  usually  scale-like,  on  smaller  branchlets  op- 
posite, closely  appressed,  rhombic-ovate,  with  incurved  acute  apex,  glandular 
on  back,  dark  or  bluish-green,  on  leading  shoots  usually  in  3's,  acute,  free  at 
apex;  acicular  leaves  opposite,  with  2  glaucous  bands  above,  -g-y^  inch  long: 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


203 


fruit  globose,  about  ]/^  inch  across,  dark  purplish-brown,  covered  with  bluish 
bloom,  4-6-seeded.  Greece,  western  Asia,  and  Caucasus. — Introduced  in 
1836  to  England.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York. 

Var.  stricta,  Rollisson  (var.  Perkinsii,  Gord.  var.  venusta,  Gord.).    Spiny 
Greek  J.    Columnar  form  with  juvenile  glaucous  foliage. 

14.  J.  procera,  Hochst.  Afri- 
can J.  Tree  to  100  or  150  feet 
tall,  similar  to  the  preceding: 
leaves  in  3's,  or  opposite,  lanceo- 
late and  spreading  or  loosely 
appressed  and  ovate-lanceolate : 
fruit  globose,  small,  about  3^  incl 
across,  2-3-seeded.  Mountains  o 
eastern  Africa.  —  Cultivated  in 
California,  reintroduced  by  E.  H. 
Wilson  in  1921.  Probably  the 
tallest  species  of  the  genus. 

15.  J.  chinensis,  L.  {J.  sinensis, 
Hort.).      Chinese    J.      Fig.    31. 
Tree  to  60   feet,  or  shrub,  some- 
times    procumbent;     branches 
rather  slender:   acicular  leaves  opposite  or  in  3's, 
linear,  pointed  and  spreading,  with  2  white  bands 
above,  or    scale-like,   appressed,    rhombic,  obtuse: 
flowers  dioecious;  the  staminate  ones  numerous,  yel- 
low, often  on  branchlets  with  juvenile  foliage:  fruit  globular,  brownish-violet 


31.   Juniperus 
chinensis. 


bloomy. 


inch  across,  with  2  or  3  seeds,  ripening  the  second  year. 


Himalayas,  China,  Japan. — Introduced  to  England  before  1767;  A  variable 
species  of  which  many  garden  forms  are  in  cultivation. 

Variegated  forms:  Var.  albo-variegata,  Veitch  (var.  argenteo-variegata, 
Hort.).  Whiteleaf  Chinese  J.  A  compact  shrub  with  the  tips  of  the 
branchlets  creamy-white;  the  leaves  mostly  scale-like.  Var.  aurea,  Young 
(var.  mascula  avrea,  Hort.).  Golden  Chinese  J.  Upright  form  with  scale- 
like foliage,  the  young  growth  golden-yellow. 

Pyramidal  or  columnar  forms:  Var.  mas,  Gord.  (var.  mascula,  Carr.  var. 
strvthiacea.  Knight).  A  dense  conical  form  with  mostly  acicular  leaves  and 
with  staminate  flowers.  Var.  neaboriensis,  Beiss.  {J.  neahoriensis,  Hort..  not 
Gord.).  A  dense  conical  form  with  scale-like  and  acicular  leaves.  Var. 
pyramidalis,  Carr.  Narrow-pyramidal  form,  with  bluish-green,  mostly  needle- 
shaped  foliage. 

Spreading  and  pendulous  forms:  Var.  pendula,  Franch.  With  spreading 
branches,  pendulous  at  the  extremities.    Var.  Pfitzeriana,  Spaeth.     Pfitzer 


204  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

J.  Plate  XIII.  Forming  a  broad  pyramid  with  horizontally  spreading  branches 
and  nodding  branchlets,  grayish-green.  Var.  fcEmina,  Gord.  (J.  Reevesiana, 
Knight).  Reeves  J.  A  form  with  slender  spreading  branches  and  scale-like 
foliage,  bearing  female  flowers  and  fruit. 

Dwarf  globose  forms:  Var.  globosa,  Horn.  (J.  virginalis  globosa,  Hort.). 
A  dwart  and  dense  subglobose  form  with  short,  crowded,  thickish  branchlets 
clothed  with  bright  green  scale-like  leaves;  with  only  few  small  branclilets 
with  acicular  leaves  on  the  lower  part  of  the  branches.  Recently  introduced 
from  Japan,  like  the  following.  Var.  aureo-globosa,  Relid.  (J.  virginalis 
globosa  "golden,"  Hort.),  is  a  form  of  similar  habit,  but  with  the  yoimger 
branchlets  more  or  less  golden-yellow. 

Var.  japonica,  Vilm.  {J.  japonica,  Hort.  J.  chinensis  var.  procumbens, 
Hort.,  not  Endl.).  Japanese  J.  Low  shrub  with  spreading,  sometimes  pro- 
cumbent branches  and  usually  acicular  leaves  in  3's.  Introduced  in  1862  from 
Japan  into  this  country.  Variegated  forms  are  "japonica  aurea,"  Mast. 
(J.  japonica  aurea,  Carr.) .  Golden  Japanese  J.  The  foliage  tinged  with  golden- 
yellow,  and  var.  "japonica  axireo-variegata,"  Mast.  (J.  japonica  aureo-varic- 
gata).  Variegated  Japanese  J.,  with  part  of  the  foliage  golden-yellow. 

Var.  Sargentii,  Henry.  Sargent  J.  Plate  XIV.  A  prostrate  shrub  with 
long  creeping  stem  and  ascending  branclilets  forming  dense  mats:  adult  plants 
with  the  leaves  mostly  scale-like  and  bluish-green,  acicular  and  grass-green  on 
young  plants :  fruit  bluish,  slightly  bloomy.  Japan,  Saghalin,  and  Kurile  Islands. 
^Introduced  in  1892  by  C.  S.  Sargent  to  America.  A  handsome  form  valuable 
as  a  ground-cover.  This  and  the  preceding  variety  have  been  confused  often 
with  J.  prociimbens,  Endl.,  but  that  species  has  the  leaves  always  acicular  and 
in  3's  and  marked  on  the  back  with  2  conspicuous  white  spots  near  the  base 
from  which  glaucous  bands  extend  down  the  edges  of  the  pulvini. 

The  plant  now  in  cidtivation  as  J.  sphaerica,  Lindl.,  does  not  differ  from 
J.  chinensis. 

16.  J.  bermudiana,  L.  (J.  barbadensis,  L.).  Bermuda  J.  Tree  to  40  feet 
tall,  in  habit  much  like  J.  virginiana,  but  branches  much  stouter  and  foliage 
pale  bluish-green;  branchlets  thickly  set,  quadrangular,  stout  and  short: 
leaves  mostly  imbricate,  thick  or  acicular,  spiny-pointed,  rigid,  erect-spread- 
ing: stamina  te  catkins  larger:  fruit  usually  2-seeded  and  depressed -globular. 
Bermuda,  Barbadoes,  Antigua.^Introduced  to  England  before  1684.  Hardy 
only  in  the  Southern  States,  but  probably  not  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 

17.  J.  lucayana,  Britt.  (J.  australis,  Pilger.  J.  barbadensis,  Auth.,  not 
L.  J.  virginiana  var.  barbadensis,  Gord.).  Southern  Red-Cedar.  Tree  to 
50  feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches  and  slender  pendulous  4-angled  branch- 
lets:  leaves  light  green,  closely  appressed,  ovate,  sharp-pointed,  glandular: 
fruit  globose,  about  }/^  inch  thick,  dark  blue,  bloomy,  1-2-seeded.  Southern 
Georgia  to  Florida,  eastern  Texas,  Jamaica,  Cuba,  Bahamas,  Haiti. — One  of 


Plate  XXX.    Handsome  cones  of  the  Uouglas  fir  {Fseudotsuga  taxifolia) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  205 

the  most  beautiful  of  the  junipers,  often  planted  for  ornament  in  the  Gulf 
States,  and  in  the  West  Indies. 

Var.  Bedfordiana,  Rehd.  {J.  virginiana  Bedfordiana,  Knight.  J.  virginiana 
var.  gracilis,  Sarg.).  A  juvenile  form  with  light  green  aeicular  foliage  and 
slender  pendulous  branchlets. 

18.  J.  virginiana,  L.  Red-Cedar.  Plate  III.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with 
conical  head  and  spreading  or  upright  branches:  leaves  aeicular,  spiny-pointed, 
spreading,  or  scale-like,  rhombic,  acute  or  subacute,  imbricate,  very  small: 
fruit  brownish-violet,  bloomy,  globular  or  ovoid,  34-H  inch  across.  Canada  to 
Florida,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. — Introduced  before  1600  to  England. 
A  very  variable  species  of  which  many  garden  forms  are  in  cultivation. 

Forms  differing  in  color:  Var.  albo-spica,  Beiss.  Whitetip  R.  Tips  of 
branchlets  white;  here  belongs  "Triomphe  d'Angers"  with  the  variegation 
more  constant  and  more  conspicuous.  Var.  variegata,  Laws.  (var.  albo- 
variegata,  Beiss.).  Branchlets  variegated  with  white.  Var.  elegantissima, 
Hochst.  GoLDTiP  R.  Pyramidal  tree  with  the  tips  of  the  branchlets  golden- 
yellow.  Var.  plumosa,  Rehd.  (var.  plumosa  alba,  Beiss.).  Feather  R.  A 
pyramidal  form  with  mostly  aeicular  foliage  and  white  or  whitish  tips.  Var. 
glauca,  Carr.    Silver  R.  Plate  XV.  Vigorous  form  with  very  glaucous  foliage. 

Pyramidal  or  columnar  forms:  Var.  pjrramidalis,  Carr.  Dense  columnar 
form.  Var.  venusta,  Rehd.  (J.  venusta,  EUw.  &  Barry).  A  columnar  form 
with  glossy  dark  green  foliage.  Var.  Canaertii,  Senecl.  (var.  Cannartii, 
Beiss.),  Canaert  R.  A  compact  pyramidal  form  with  dark  green  foliage 
and  bluish  bloomy  fruits.  Var.  Schottii,  Gord.  Schott  R.  A  comparatively 
small  columnar  tree  with  bright  green  scale-like  foliage.  Var.  Keteleeri, 
Hort.  Compact  pyramidal  form  with  ascending  branches  and  dark  green 
scale-like  foliage.  Var.  p3rramidifonnis,  D.  Hill.  A  pyramidal  form  with 
bright  green  foliage  in  summer,  coloring  soft  purple  in  autumn  and  winter. 
Var.  filifera,  D.  Hill.  Broad-pyramidal  form  with  slender,  much  divided 
branchlets  and  blue-gray  foliage. 

Dwarf  compact  forms:  Var.  globosa,  Beiss.  Globe  R.  A  compact- 
globose  form  with  bright  green  scale-like  foliage. 

Spreading  or  pendulous  forms :  Var.  Chamberlaynii,  Carr.  Ch.\mberl,\yn 
R.  With  spreading  branches  and  elongated  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves 
dimorphic,  grayish-green.  Var.  pendula,  Carr.  Weeping  R.  With  spreading 
limbs  and  slender,  pendulous  branches:  leaves  usually  scale-like. 

Dwarf,  spreading  or  procumbent  forms:  Var.  tripartita,  R.  Smith. 
Fountain  R.  A  dwarf,  spreading  form  of  irregular  habit,  densely  branched, 
with  aeicular,  glaucous  leaves.  Var.  reptans,  Beiss.  (var.  horizontalis,  Arb. 
Kew.).  Creeping  R.  Low  shrub,  with  horizontally  spreading  branches 
and  slender  curving  branclilets:  bright  green. 

19.  J.   scopulorum,   Sarg.    (Sabina   .scopulorum,  Rydb.).     Colorado  R. 


206  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Closely  allied  to  the  preceding;  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  somewhat  larger 
fruit,  ripening  not  until  the  second  year;  by  its  habit,  forming  a  broad  head 
with  stout  spreading  branches  and  often  dividing  into  several  stems  near  the 
base;  and  by  its  slu-edding  bark.  The  branchlets  are  somewhat  shorter  and 
stouter,  and  the  foliage  usually  glaucous  or  yellowish-green.  British  Columbia 
to  California  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. — Introduced  to  England  probably 
first  in  1836. 

Var.  argentea,  D.  Hill.  A  narrow-pyramidal  form  with  silvery-white 
foliage. 

Var.  viridifolia,  D.  Hill.  A  pyramidal  form  with  striking  bright  green 
foliage. 

Var.  horizontalis,  D.  HUl.  Upright  form  with  horizontally  spreading 
branches  and  bluish-white  foliage. 

20.  J.  horizontalis,  Moench  (J.  prostrata,  Pers.  J.  Sabina  var.  procumbens, 
Pursh.  J.  repens,  Nutt.).  Creeping  J.  Plate  XVI.  Procumbent,  usually 
with  long  trailing  branches  furnished  with  numerous  short  branchlets,  some- 
times to  4  feet  high  and  with  spreading  branches :  leaves  of  young  plants 
subulate,  mature  foliage  imbricate,  scale-like,  acute  or  acutely  cuspidate, 
bluish-green  or  steel-blue:  fruit  about  H  inch  across,  blue,  slightly  glaucous, 
on  a  pedicel  shorter  than  its  length.  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Minnesota,  and  Montana. — Introduced 
to  Europe  before  1800.  Hardy  to  northwestern  Canada  and  valued  as  a 
groimd-cover  for  sandy  and  rocky  soQ  in  exposed  situations. 

Var.  Douglasii,  Rehd.,  is  a  distinctly  trailing  form  with  steel-blue  foliage, 
turning  purple  in  autumn  with  glaucous  bloom;  also  called  Waukegan  juniper. 

21.  J.  Sabina,  L.  Savin.  Spreading  or  procumbent  shrub,  rarely  with 
erect  stem,  to  10  feet,  branchlets  rather  slender,  of  a  very  strong  disagreeable 
odor  when  bruised:  leaves  needle-shaped,  acute,  and  slightly  spreading  or 
imbricate,  oblong-rhombic,  obtuse  or  subacute,  usually  dark  green:  fruit 
-l-}4:  inch  thick,  globular,  1-3-seeded.  Mountains  of  central  and  southern 
Europe,  western  Asia,  and  Caucasus. — Introduced  to  England  before  1584; 
hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada. 

Var.  variegata,  Beiss.  Hoarfrost  Savin.  Branchlets  variegated  with 
creamy- white :  leaves  mostly  imbricate. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Beiss.  Column  Savin.  Erect  shrub  of  columnar  habit, 
with  dark  green  mostly  scale-like  leaves. 

Var.  cupressifolia,  Ait.  (var.  humilis,  Endl.).  Procumbent,  with  ascending 
thickish  branchlets:  leaves  usually  imbricate,  scale-like,  often  bluish-green. 

Var.  tamariscifolia,  Ait.  Tamarix  Savin.  Procumbent  or  ascending, 
rarely  erect:  leaves  usually  all  needle-shaped  and  often  in  3's,  slightly  in- 
curved, free  at  the  tip  and  sharply  pointed,  dark  green,  with  a  white  band 
above,  often  bluish-green. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  207 

2.  CUPRESSUS,  L.    C\TRESS 

Evergreen  trees,  rarely  shrubby,  with  aromatic  foHage,  the  bark  usually 
separating  in  long  shred-like  scales;  branclilets  quadrangular  or  terete,  rarely 
compressed:  leaves  opposite,  small,  scale-like,  appressed,  minutely  denticu- 
late-ciliate,  on  young  seedling  plants  linear-subulate  and  spreading:  flowers 
monoecious,  minute,  solitary  on  short  branclilets,  the  two  sexes  on  separate 
branches;  staminate  ovate  or  oblong,  yellow,  composed  of  6-1 '2  decussate 
stamens;  fertile  flowers  subglobose:  cones  globular  or  nearly  so,  consisting  of 
3-7  pairs  of  ligneous  peltate  scales,  with  a  mucro  or  boss  on  the  flattened 
apex,  each  bearing  many  or  numerous  seeds,  but  the  lower  scales  usually 
sterile  and  smaller;  they  ripen  the  second  year.  {Cujrressus  is  the  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  cypress-tree,  derived  from  the  Greek  kuparissos.) — 
About  12  species  in  Pacific  North  America  and  Mexico  and  in  the  Old  World 
from  southeastern  Europe  to  the  Himalayas  and  China. 

Many  species  are  favorite  ornamental  trees  in  warm-temperate  and 
subtropical  regions.  In  their  native  countries  most  of  the  species  are 
valuable  timber  trees;  their  wood  is  close-grained  and  very  durable  in  the 
soil  and  in  water. 

A.  Branchlets  irregularly  ramified,   the  ultimate  bi-anchlets 
not  in  one  plane. 
B.  Apex  of  leaves  obtuse  or  obtusish,  dark  green. 

c.  Leaves  not  at  all  or  not  conspicuously  glandular:  cones 
1-1}  2  inches  across. 
D.  Length  of  leaves  -^  inch:  staminate  flowers  with 

10-12  stamens 1.  C.  sempervirens 

DD.  Length  of  leaves  xe  inch:  staminate  flowers  with 

6-8  stamens 2.  C.  macrocarpa 

cc.  Leaves  conspicuously  resinous-glandular:  cone  %-l 

inch  long 3.  C.  Macnabiana 

BB.  Apex  of  leaves  acute. 

c.  Leaves  dark  green:  usually  small  tree  or  shrub  with 
ascending  or  spreading  branches:  cone  }/i-l  inch 

across 4.  C   Goveniana 

cc.  Leaves  pale  bluish-green  or  glaucescent:  cone  ^-\yi 
inches  across. 
D.  Branches  upright  or  spreading;  branchlets  terete. 
E.  Color  of  branchlets  bright  red,  slender:  leaves 

wath  small  gland-pits 5.  C.  guadalupensis 

EE.  Color  of  branchlets  gray,  stout:  leaves  glandless 

or  conspicuously  resinous-glandular 6.  C.  arizonica 

DD.  Branches  spreading,  drooping  at  the  extremities; 

branchlets  slightly  compressed 7.  C.  lusitanica 

AA.  Branchlets  regularly  pinnately  ramified,  ultimate  branch- 
lets  in  one  plane,  slender,  drooping. 
B.  Cone  14-^  inch  across:  branchlets  not  or  slightly  com- 
pressed. 


208 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


c.  Leaves  of  branchlets  acute,  often  free  at  tip :  branch-  [Benfhami 

lets  slightly  compressed .  7.  C.  lusitanica  var, 

cc.  Leaves  obtusish :  branchlets  terete 8.  C.  torulosa 

BB.  Cone  J^-J-2  inch  across:  branchlets  distinctly  flattened, 

dark  green 9.  C.  ftinebris 

'-I'l  Wm>-'  ^' ^'  sempervirens,  L.   Italian  Cypress.   Fig.  32. 

^^~^it(^  '^^/^z;  Tree  to  80  feet  with  erect   or  horizontal  branches  and 

^^^:«?M^%^        dark  green  foliage;  trunk  with  thin  gray  bark,  smooth 

•^^W^w^iV  ji?  ^^    slightly    longitudinally    fissured:    leaves 

^<\       \'^'m%vi9 ^  closely  appressed,  ovate,  obtuse,  glandular: 

cC^k*v  \/'^%\^^j/i'\?^         staminate  flowers  with  10-12  stamens:  cones 

'^^lt4j|t^J^^^^^?'Xfr       short-oblong  or  nearly  globose;  scales  8-14, 

^  <^j   >y^?^p(^^™|^P'     with  a  short  boss  on  the  back,  bract  free  at 

^'^Ts'S^^^^^^l^^O^^       ^^^    apex;     seeds    8-20    under    each    scale. 

r^A  "^'L'^!^'§'^^^A®\il!W'fe^  Southern  Europe  and  western  Asia. — Much 

i^^^^'H^^^^^/^^n^m^^    planted    since    ancient    times     in    southern 

^^lL'^^^^^^^m^\lvW^         Europe  particularly  in   its   columnar  form. 

^^^^^^^\wN/\J^'^jfh^  It  is  hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States  and 

''^^r^^''^^^^MB  H/^J^'^^  California. 

^^^^I^^^^jl  Wr^^  Var.  stricta,  Ait.  (var.  fyramidalis,  Nym. 

■=^    "^^  ^W  ^^^'   /"*^'^'«^^'    Beiss.     C.  fastigiata,   DC). 

ryfi^^^^iW^    32.  Cupressus       Cohjmnar  Italian  C.     Plate  XVII.    With 

C^^^^^W      sempervirens.       erect  branches,  forming  a  narrow,  columnar 

CM^     jlfmyS  head.   The  classical  cypress  of  the  Greek  and 

xj^^^^j^  Roman  writers. 

^-^^      H  Var,  indica,  Pari.  (C.  Roylei,  Carr.    C. 

Whitleyana,  Hort.).    Globecone  Italian  C.     Similar  to  var.  fastigiata  in 
habit:  cones  globose,  with  10  scales;  bract  acutely  mucronate  at  the  apex. 

Var.  horizontalis,  Gord.  (C.  horizontalis.  Mill.).  Spreading  Italian  C. 
Branches  horizontally  spreading,  forming  a  broad  pyramidal  head. 

2.  C.  macrocarpa,  Hartw.  (C.  Hartwegii,  Carr.  C.  Lambertiana,  Gord.). 
Monterey  C.  Tree  to  40,  occasionally  to  70  feet  tall,  with  horizontal  branches 
forming  a  broad  spreading  head;  bark  ridged,  dark  reddish-brown,  separating 
into  thick  persistent  scales;  branchlets  stout:  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  swollen 
toward  the  tip,  obtuse,  closely  appressed,  not  or  obscurely  glandular,  dark 
or  bright  green :  staminate  flowers  with  6-8  stamens :  cones  globular  or  oblong ; 
scales  8-12,  with  a  short  obtuse  boss  on  the  back;  seeds  about  20.  California, 
Bay  of  Monterey. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1838. 

Var.  lutea,  Webster.  Yellow  Macnab  C.  An  upright,  fastigiate  form 
with  yellow  foliage  changing  to  green  the  second  year. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Mast.  Branches  ascending,  formmg  a  compact  fas- 
tigiate head. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


209 


Var.  Crippsii,  Gord.  Cripps  C.  A  juvenile  form  with  rigid  short  branclilets 
and  spreading  sharp-pointed  leaves;  the  tips  of  young  branclilets  silvery- 
white. 

3.  C.  Macnabiana,  Murray  (C.  glandulosa.  Hook.  C.  BaJceri,  Jeps.  C. 
nevadensis,  Abrams).  Macnab  C.  Fig.  33.  Shrub  with  several  stems,  or 
small  tree  to  20  feet,  forming  a  dense  pyramidal 
head;  bark  dark  reddish-brown,  thin,  broken  into 
ridges  and  separating  into  slightly  attached  seal 
leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  thickened  at  the  apex,  con- 
spicuously resinous-glandular,  dark  green  or 
glaucous:  cones  short-oblong,  3//_i  inch  high, 
dark  red-brown,  often  glaucous;  scales  usually  6, 
with  prominent  conical  and  curved  bosses 
on  the  back.  California  and  southern 
Oregon. — Introduced  to  England  in  1854 
by  Wm.  Murray.  This  is  apparently  the 
hardiest  species  of  the  genus;  plants  raised 
from  seed  from  the  northern  limit  of  its 
range  have  survived  the  last  two  winters 
out-of-doors  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

Var.  sulphurea,  Berckmans.  Branclilets 
with  golden  tips. 

4.  C.  Goveniana,  Gord.  (C.  calif ornica,  Carr.). 
GowEN  C.  Tree  to  50,  rarely  to  75  feet  tall,  with 
slender,  erect  or  spreading  branches,  forming  a 
broad,  open  or  pyramidal  head;  bark  bright 
reddish-brown,  separating  into  thin  thread-like 
scales;  branchlets  slender:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  closely  appressed,  incon- 
spicuously glandular:  abundant  staminate  flowers  in  spring:  cones  sub- 
globose  or  short-oblong,  J^-^4  inch  across;  scales  6-8,  with  short  blunt 
bosses;  seed  brown  or  nearly  black.  California. — Introduced  in  1846  to 
England  by  T.  Hartweg. 

Var.  pygmaea,  Lemm.  (C.  -pygmoea,  Sarg.).  Low  shrub:  cones  smaller, 
with  small  black  seeds.    Mendocino  County. 

Var.  Sargentii,  Henry  {C.  Sargcntii,  Jeps.).  Shrub  or  small  tree  to  15  feet 
tall:  leaves  with  a  small  glandular  pit  on  back:  cones  globose,  often  congested, 
^-|  inch  across,  with  reddish-brown  often  glaucous  seeds.  Middle  and 
southern  California. 

5.  C.  guadalupensis,  Wats.  (C.  macrocarpa  var.  guadalupensis.  Mast.). 
Guadalupe  C.  Wide-spreading  tree,  40  feet  high  or  more;  bark  grayish- 
brown,  lustrous,  exfoliating,  brownish-red  below;  branchlets  drooping, 
slender:  leaves  bluish-green,  scentless,  acute  or  acutish,  obscurely  glandular: 


.  Cupressus 
Macnabiana. 


£10  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

cones  globose,  1  inch  across  or  more,  with  6-8  very  thick  strongly  bossed 
scales.  Guadeloupe  Islands,  southern  and  Lower  California. — Introduced 
about  1880  to  Europe. 

6.  C.  arizonica,  Greene  (C  Benthami  var.  arizonica.  Mast.).  Arizona  C. 
Tree  to  40,  rarely  to  70  feet  tall,  with  horizontal  short  branches,  forming  a 
narrow,  pyramidal,  or  broad,  open  head;  bark  on  young  trees  separating  into 
large,  thin,  deciduous  scales  leaving  a  smooth  red  surface,  on  older  trunks 
fibrous  and  dark  red-brown;  branchlets  stout:  leaves  pale  green  or  glaucous, 
ovate,  obtuse,  thickened  at  the  apex,  usually  without  glands:  cones  sub- 
globose  to  broadly  ellipsoidal,  dark  red-brown  and  bloomy,  3,^-1  inch  across; 
scales  6-8,  with  stout,  pointed,  often  curved  bosses.  Eastern  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  and  northern  Mexico. — Doubtful  whether  in  cultivation. 

Var.  bonita,  Lemm.  (C.  glabra,  Sudw.).  Smooth  C.  Leaves  with  con- 
spicuous resinous  gland  on  back,  more  or  less  glaucous:  cone  1-1 H  inches 
across;  the  scales  with  a  short  mucro.  Central  and  southern  Arizona. — 
Introduced  to  Europe  in  1882  (as  C.  arizonica).  This  is,  next  to  C.  Mac- 
nabiana,  the  hardiest  cj^press  and  probably  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York. 
Young  plants  with  juvenile  foliage  are  very  glaucous  (var.  glauca,  Woodall) . 

7.  C.  lusitanica,  Mill.  (C.  glauca,  Lam.  C.  Lindleyi,  Klotzsch.  C.  pendula, 
L'Her.  C.  sinensis,  Hort.).  Portuguese  C.  Tree  to  50  feet,  with  spreading 
branches  and  more  or  less  pendulous,  irregularly  ramified,  slightly  compressed 
branchlets;  trunk  with  reddish-brown  bark  fissured  into  long  narrow  strips; 
leaves  ovate,  acutish,  appressed,  slightly  free  at  tips,  glaucous:  cones  pedun- 
cled,  about  3^  inch  across,  covered  with  glaucous  bloom;  scales  6-8,  with  an 
elongated,  pointed  and  usually  hooked  boss.  Mexico. — Introduced  to 
Portugal  about  1600.  For  a  long  time  supposed  to  have  come  from  India  and 
called  "Cedar  of  Goa." 

Var.  Benthami,  Carr.  (C.  Benthami,  Endl.  C.  thurifera,  Schlecht.,  not 
HBK.  C.  excelsa,  Scott).  Bentham  C.  Narrow  pyramidal  tree  with  spread- 
ing or  deflexed  branches;  branchlets  pinnately  and  regularly  ramified  in  one 
plane,  the  ultimate  branchlets  slightly  compressed:  leaves  acute,  free  at  the 
tips,  with  a  glandular  pit  on  back. — Introduced  about  1840. 

Var.  Knightiana,  Rehd.  (C.  Knightiana,  Knight  &  Perry.  C.  Benthami 
var.  Knightiana,  Mast.).  Knight  C.  Similar  to  the  preceding  variety,  but 
branchlets  more  compressed  and  very  regularly  pinnately  branched,  the 
ultimate  branchlets  of  nearly  equal  length,  green  to  glaucous. — Introduced 
before  1850. 

8.  C.  tonilosa,  D.  Don  (C.  nepalensis.  Loud.).  Bhutan  C.  Tall  pyramidal 
tree  to  150  feet  high,  with  short  horizontal  branches  ascending  at  the  ex- 
tremities; trunk  with  brown  bark  peeling  off  in  long,  narrow,  fibrous  strips; 
branchlets  slender,  drooping:  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acutish  or  obtusish, 
appressed  or  slightly  spreading  at  the  apex,  bright  or  bluish-green:  cones 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


211 


globular,  nearly  sessile,  ^-^  inch  across;  scales  8-10  with  a  short,  obtuse, 
inconspicuous  boss.  Himalayas. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1824  by 
Wallich. 

Var.  Comeyana,  Carr.  (C.  Corneyana,  Knight).    Branches  and  branchlets 
pendulous;  the  brancldet-systems  not  distinctly  distichous. — 
Introduced  before  1850. 

9.  C.  fimebris,  Endl.   (C.  pendula,  Lambert).   Moxjening 
C.    Fig.  34.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  wide-spreading,  pendu- 
lous branches  and  branchlets;  branchlets  flattened;  trunk  with 
brown    smooth   bark:    leaves    deltoid-ovate,   acute, 
light  green,   often   slightly  spreading  at  the  apex: 
cones  short-peduncled,  globose,  H~/'2  iiich  across; 
scales  8,  with  a  short-pointed  boss.    China. — Intro- 
duced in  1850  to  Great  Britain  by  Fortune. 

A  related  species  is  C.  cashmeriana,  Royle  {C. 
torulosa  var.  kashtniriajia,  Kent.  C.  fimebris  var. 
glauca.  Mast.).  Kashmir  C.  Tree  with  ascending 
branches  and  pendulous  branclilets;  branchlets 
compressed:  lateral  leaves  spreading:  cones  dark 
brown,  ellipsoidal,  nearly  3^  inch  across;  scales  10 
with  triangular  reflexed  umbo.  Kashmir. — Intro- 
duced about  1862. 

3.  CHAMiECYPARIS,  Spach.  CYPRESS 

Evergreen  trees  with  scaly  or  fissured  bark;  the 
leading  shoots  nodding;  branchlets  usually  flattened 
and  pinnately  ramified:  leaves  scale-like  (only  in 
the  juvenile  state  subulate),  opposite  and  decussate, 
densely  clothing  the  branchlets:  flowers  monoecious, 
small;  the  fertile  ones  inconspicuous,  globose;  stami- 
nate  yellow  or  red,  oblong,  often  conspicuous  by 
their  abundance:  cones  small,  globular,  with  6-11  bracts,  each  bearing  2, 
rarely  up  to  5,  winged  seeds,  ripening  the  first  season.  (Apparently  an 
adaptation  from  Pliny's  Chamjecyparissus,  "ground-cypress,"  derived  from 
Greek  chamai,  on  the  ground,  and  kuparissos,  cypress,  though  its  species 
are  not  lower  but  generally  decidedly  taller  than  the  true  cjT^resses.) — Six 
species  in  North  America  and  Asia.  Closely  allied  to  Cupressus,  which  differs 
in  its  larger  cones  maturmg  the  second  year,  the  bracts  containing  4  or  more 
seeds,  and  in  its  quadrangular  branches  and  minutely  denticulate  leaves. 

Cj-presses  are  valuable  timber  trees  in  their  native  countries  and  belong, 
with  their  numerous  garden  forms,  to  our  most  important  ornamental 
conifers. 


Cupressus 
funebris. 


212  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

A.  Lateral  leaves  not  much  larger  than  the  facial  ones,  both  of 
about  equal  length  on  the  main  axis. 
B.  Branchlets  not  distinctly  pinnately  arranged,  compressed, 

slender,  glandular,  bluish-green 1.  C.  thyoides 

BB.  Branchlets  pinnately  arranged  in  one  plane. 

c.  Leaves  dark  green,  not  glandular,  without  white  markings 

below:  branchlets  nearly  4-sided,  stout 2.  C.  noothatensis 

cc.  Leaves  with  glaucous  or  whitish  markings  below:  branch- 
lets  flattened 3.  C.  pisifera 

AA.  Lateral  leaves  much  larger  than  the  facial  ones,  longer  than  the 
latter  on  the  main  axis,  all  closely  appressed. 
B.  Leaves  obtuse,  not  glandular,  lustrous  dark  green  above, 

with  distinct  white  markings  below 4.  C.  ohtusa 

BB.  Leaves  acute  or  acutish,  glandular,  bright  green  or  more  or 
less  glaucous,  the  white  markings  below  sometimes  in- 
distinct   5.  C.  Lawsoniana 

1.   C.    thyoides,    Britt.    (C. 

sphoeroidea,    Spach.      Ciipressus 

thyoides,  L.).  White-Cedar.  Fig. 

35.  Tree  to  70  or  80  feet,  with 

erect-spreading'  branches;  trunk 

with  reddish-brown  fissured  bark 

divided    into    flat    connected 

'^'^^^^^      Ji  ridges;     branchlets     irregularly 

^^^^^^^m         arranged,    spreading,    not    pen- 

~"  ''^'^tR^S.        dulous,  very  thin  and   slender, 

flattened:  leaves  closely  imbri- 

<v-K3«ii»^      cate     on     the     leading    shoots, 

35.    Chamsecyparis  thyoides.  .^/^      spreading    at    the    apex,   acute, 

keeled,  glaucous  or  light  green, 
with  a  conspicuous  gland  on  the  back,  fragrant:  cones  small,  3^  mch  dia- 
meter, bluish-purple,  with  glaucous  bloom;  seeds  1  or  2,  with  wings  as  broad 
as  the  seed.  From  Maine  southward  near  the  coast  to  Florida  and  west  to 
Mississippi. —  Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1736.  The  least  ornamental 
and  the  hardiest  of  the  species,  being  hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada. 

Var.  variegata,  Sudw.  (Cupressus  thyoides  variegata.  Loud.).  Varie- 
gated White-Cedar.     Branclilets  partially  colored  golden-yellow. 

Var.  glauca,  Sudw.  (C.  sphwroidea  glauca,  Endl.  var.  kewensis,  Hort.). 
Blue  White-Cedar.    Of  compact  habit,  very  glaucous,  with  silvery  hue. 

Var.  andelyensis,  Schneid.  (C.  sphoeroidea  andelyensis,  Carr.  C.  leptoclada, 
Hochst.  Retinispora  leptoclada,  Hort.,  not  Zucc).  Andely  Retinispora. 
Intermediate  form  between  the  following  varieties  and  the  type;  bluish-green 
and  of  erect  growth,  with  loosely  appressed  lanceolate  leaves;  often  some 
branchlets  with  leaves  of  the  type  and  some  with  leaves  of  the  var.  ericoides. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


213 


Var.  ericoides,  Sudw,  (C.  ericoides,  Carr.  Retinispora  ericoides,  Hort.). 
Cedar  Retinispora.  Fig.  36.  Compact  shrub,  of  erect  dense  habit:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  with  2  glaucous  lines  beneath,  coloring  in  winter 
usually  reddish-brown.    This  and  the  preceding  are  juvenile  forms. 

2.  C.  nootkatensis,  Sudw.  {Cupressus  noot- 
hatensis,     Lambert.     C.     nutkaensis,     Spach. 
Thwjopsis  borealis,  Hort.).    Nootka  C.  (Yel- 
low Cedar).  Tree  to  120  feet,  with  ascending 
branches,  pendulous  at  the  extremities;  trunk 
with  brownish-gray  irregularly  fissured  bark' 
separating  into  large  thin  scales;  branchlets 
distichously  arranged,  on   the   upper  part  of 
the  tree   in  vertical  planes,  slightly  flattened 
or    nearly   quadrangular,    pendulous:     leaves 
densely  imbricate,  usually  dark  green,  acute, 
on  the  leading  shoots  spreading  at  apex,  mostly  without 
glands:    cones    subglobose,    nearly  }<2    inch   diameter, 
dark  red -brown,  with  glaucous  bloom;  scales  4-6  with 
erect  pointed  bosses,  each  with  2-4  broad-winged  seeds. 
Southwestern  Alaska  to  Oregon. — Introduced  to  Europe 
through   the  Petrograd   Botanic  Garden  about  1850. 
Hardy  as    far   north  as  Ontario    and    New    England. 
Handsome  tree  of  pyramidal   shape   with  dark  green 
lustrous  foliage,  the  branchlets  with  more  or  less  pen- 
dulous tips. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.  {Thnyopsis  borealis  var.  glauca,  Jaeger).  Blue  Nootka 
C.    With  very  glaucous  foliage. 

Var.  lutea,  Beiss.    The  young  growth  colored  light  yellow. 
Var.  pendula,  Beiss.   A  form  with  distinctly  pendulous  branches. 
Var.  compacta,  Beiss.    A  dwarf  compact  form. 

3.  C.  pisifera,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  {Cupressus  pisifcra,  Koch.  Retinispora  pisifera, 
Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Sawara  C.  Fig.  37  and  Plate  XVIII.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with 
horizontal  branches;  trunk  with  red-brown,  thin,  rather  smooth  bark  peeling 
off  in  thin  strips;  branchlets  flattened,  distichously  arranged  in  horizontal 
planes  and  somewhat  pendulous:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  mucronate 
tips,  slightly  spreading,  obscurely  glandular,  shining  above,  with  whitish 
lines  beneath:  cones  globular,  M-H  inch  diameter,  brown;  scales  10,  rarely 
12,  with  a  small  mucro  at  the  depressed  center,  each  scale  with  1-2  broad- 
winged  seeds.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1861  by  J.  G.  Veitch  to  Great  Britain 
and  the  following  year  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall  to  America.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
southern  Ontario  and  New  England.  A  tree  of  fairly  rapid  growth  with  a 
narrow-pyramidal   rather  loosely  branched  head,   the  horizontal   branches 


3G. 


Charasecyparis 
thyoides  var. 
ericoides. 


214 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


more  or  less  ascending  at  the  extremities;  it  is  a  thinner  tree  than  the  other 

species  of  the  genus  and  is  likely  to  lose  its  lower  branches  rather  early. 

Var.  aurea,  Carr.   Golden  Sawara  C.   A  form  with  golden-yellow  foliage. 

Var.  sulphiirea,  Schelle.   A  form  with  light  yellow  foliage. 

Var.  filifera,  Beiss.  {Retinosporafilifera,  Standish.   C.  ohtusa  filifera,  Hort.). 

Thread  Retinispora.    Fig.  38.    Branches  elongated  and  slender,  tliread-like, 

gracefully  pendulous,  with  distant  branchlets  and  leaves.    Very  decorative 

forms.    Var.  "filifera  aurea,"  Beiss.    A  form  of  var.  filifera  with  the  young 

growth  golden-yellow.    Var.   "filifera  avireo-variegata,"  Beiss.    A  form  of 

var.  filifera  with  the  branchlets  variegated  with  yellow,  but  less  elongated 

and  less  thread-like. 

Var.  plumosa,  Beiss.  {Retinospora 
plumosa,  Veitch).    Plume  Retinis- 
pora.    Of    dense,    conical    habit; 
branches  almost  erect,  with  slender 
branchlets   of   feathery    appearance: 
leaves  subulate,  pointed  and  slightly 
spreading,  bright  green.  Intermediate 
between  the  tj^je  and  var.  squarrosa. 
Var.     "plumosa    argentea,"    Beiss. 
SiLVERTip  Retinispora.  Tips 
of    branchlets    whitish.     Var. 
'plumosa  aurea,"  Beiss.  {Reti- 


37.  Chamaecj'paris  pisifera. 


38.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera 
var.  filifera. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


215 


nospora  plumosa  aurea,  Standish).  Golden  Plume  Retinispora.  Fig.  39. 
Young  growth  of  golden-yellow  color.  A  very  showy  form.  Var.  "plumosa 
flavescens,"  Beiss.  {Retinispora  plumosa  sulphurea,  Hort.).  Tips  of  the 
j'oung  branehlets  yellowish. 

Var.  jquarrosa,  Beiss.  &  Hochst.  {Retinispora  squarrosa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 
R.  leptoclada,  Zucc.).  Moss  Retinispora.  Fig.  40.  Densely  branched 
bushy  tree  or  shrul),  with  spreading  feathery  branehlets:  leaves  linear,  spread- 
ing, glaucous  above,  silvery  below.  A  very  distinct  and  beautiful  variety. 
Var.  "squarrosa  sulphurea,"  Beiss.    A  form  with  yellow  foliage. 

A  closely  related  species  is  C.  for- 
mosensis,  Matsum.  {Cupressus  formos- 
ensis,  Henry).  Formosan  C.  Tall  tree, 
occasionally  to  190  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  20  feet  in  diameter  and  with 
spreading  branches  pendulous  at  the 
extremities;  branehlets  dull  green  on 
both  sides  or  slightly  bloomy  below: 
leaves  appressed,  free  a  I  the  incurved 
apex,  obscurely  glandular:  cones  short- 
ellipsoidal,  }4~/"i  inch  across;  scales 
with  a  conspicuous,  broadly  triangular 
boss;  seeds  2  under  each  scale,  narrow- 
winged.  Formosa. — Introduced  in  1911 
to  Great  Britain  by  Shirasawa;  not 
in  cultivation  in  this  country. 


Chamsecyparls  pisifera  var. 
plumosa  aurea. 


40.  ChamiEcj'paris  pisifera  var. 
squarrosa. 


216  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

4.  C.  obtusa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  {Cupressus  obtusa,  Koch.  Retinispora  obtusa, 
Sieb.  &  Zucc.)-  Hinoki  C.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall,  with  horizontal  branches; 
trunk  with  reddish-brown,  rather  smooth  bark,  peeling  off  in  thin  strips; 
branchlets  frond-like,  arranged  in  horizontal  planes,  flattened,  pendulous: 
leaves  bright  green  and  shining  above,  with  whitish  lines  beneath,  thickish, 
the  facial  ones  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse,  and  very  closely  appressed,  with  a 
gland  on  the  back,  the  lateral  ones  free  at  the  acutish  apex:  cones  globose, 
nearly  }/^  inch  diameter,  brown;  scales  8,  rarely  10,  with  a  small  mucro  on  the 
depressed  back,  each  with  2,  rarely  3-5  narrowly  winged  seeds.  Japan. — 
Introduced  in  1861  to  Great  Britain  by  J.  G.  Veitch  and  in  1862  to  America 
by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Ontario  and  New  England.  A 
handsome  tree  with  dark  green  lustrous  foliage. 

Color  forms :  Var.  albo-spicata,  Beiss.  Silvertip  Hinoki  C.  Young  shoots 
at  first  creamy-white,  changing  later  to  pale  green.  Var.  avirea,  Beiss.  Golden 
Hinoki  C.  Young  foliage  golden-yellow.  Var.  "aurea  Yotmgii,"  Nash,  is 
similar,  but  the  branchlets  are  more  pendulous  and  the  color  less  bright. 
Var.  Crippsii,  Rehd.  With  pale  yellow  foliage.  Var.  "gracilis  aurea,"  Beiss. 
Graceful  form,  foliage  bright  yellow  when  young,  changing  later  to  greenish- 
yellow.  Var.  tetragona,  Rehd.  (var.  tetragona  aurea,  Nichols).  A  dwarf, 
broad-pyramidal  form,  with  crowded,  irregular  branchlet-systems,  the 
branchlets  more  or  less  4-angled  and  partly  golden-yellow,  the  shaded  parts 
green. 

Forms  differing  in  habit:  Var.  magnifica,  Beiss.  A  vigorous  form  with 
stout  branchlets  and  lustrous,  bright  green  foliage.  Var.  gracilis,  Nash 
{Cupressus  obtusa  gracilis.  Lav.).  Slender  Hinoki  C.  Compact  pyramidal 
form  with  dark  green  foliage;  branchlets  with  slightly  pendulous  tips.  Var. 
erecta,  Beiss.  {Retinospora  obtusa  erecta,  Waterer).  Fastigiate  form  with 
ascending  branches  and  bright  green  foliage.  Var.  lycopodioides,  Carr. 
Clubmoss  Retinispora.  Low  form,  of  somewhat  irregular  habit,  with 
spreading,  rigid  branches  and  thick,  nearly  terete,  dark  green  branchlets; 
leaves  very  crowded  and  disposed  in  more  than  4  ranks.  Var.  filicoides, 
Beiss.  Fernspray  Retinispora.  Of  slow  growth,  with  short  and  densely 
frond-like  arranged  branchlets.  Var.  compacta,  Hartw.  &  Ruempl.  {Retinos- 
pora obtusa  gracilis  compacta,  Hort.).  Football  C.  Of  dwarf  and  dense, 
broadly  conical  habit  with  much  crowded  short  branchlets  at  the  end  of  the 
short  branches.  Var.  nana,  Carr.  Dwarf  Hinoki  C.  Plate  XVIII.  Low  form, 
of  slow  growth,  with  short  deep  green  branchlets.  Var.  "nana  aurea,"  Carr., 
is  a  form  with  the  young  growth  golden-yellow.  Var.  pygmaea,  Carr.  (C.  obtusa 
breviramea,  Hort.,  not  Beiss.).  Pygmy  Hinoki  C.  Very  dwarf  form,  with 
horizontal,  almost  creeping  branches,  densely  frond-like  branched.  Exceed- 
ingly interesting  form  for  rockeries. 

Juvenile  form:  Var.  ericoides,  Boehmer   {Retinospora  Sanderi,  Sander. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


217 


Jvniperus  Sanderi,'H.ori.).  Sander  Retinispora.  Fig.  41.  Of  low  subglobose 
habit  with  bluish-gray,  linear,  spreading,  blunt  leaves  about  I  inch  long, 
thickish,  marked  with  a  green  line  above. 

Geographical  variety:  Var.  fonnosana,  Hayata.  Tree  to  130  feet  tall; 
branchlets  slenderer  and  thinner:  cones  subglobose,  about  3^  inch  across; 
seeds  smaller.  Formosa. — Introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H. 
Wilson  in  1918.    Probably  hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States  and  California. 

5.  C.  Lawsoniana,  Pari.  {Cupressus  Lawsoniana, 
Murr.  C.  Boursieri,  Decne.).  Lawson  C.  Fig.  42 
and  Plate  XIX.  Tree  to  200  feet,  with  horizontally 
spreading  and  usually  pendulous  branches;  bark 
reddish-brown,  thick,  divided  into  rounded  ridges 
covered  with  small  scales;  branchlets  flattened,  frond- 
like arranged  in  horizontal  planes:  leaves  closely 
appressed,  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute,  usually  bright 
green,  marked  below  with  often  indistinct  white 
streaks,  with  a  gland  on  the  back :  staminate  catkins 
bright  red  (yellow  in  all  other  species) :  cone  globose, 
about  3^  inch  across,  red-brown  and  often  glaucous; 
scales  8,  with  a  thin  reflexed  mucro,  each  with 
2-4  broad-winged  seeds.  Southwestern  Oregon  to 
northwestern  California. — Introduced  in  1854  to 
England.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  and 
in  sheltered  positions  to  Massachusetts.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
conifers  and  it  forms  in  cultivation  usually  narrow  pyramidal  trees  densely 
furnished  to  the  ground  with  branches;  it  is  very  variable  and  about  80 
garden  forms  are  known  in  European  nurseries  and  collections. 

Color  forms:  Var.  albo-spica, Beiss.  Cream  C.  Tips  of  branchlets  creamy- 
white,  of  slender  habit.  Var.  argentea,  Beiss.  {Cupressus  Laicsoniana  argentea, 
Gord.).  Of  slender  habit,  with  very  glaucous  almost  silvery  foliage.  Here 
belongs  "Silver  Queen."  Var.  lutea,  Beiss.  Golden  Lawson  C.  Of  compact 
habit,  young  growth  clear  yellow.  Var.  glauca,  Beiss.  Steel  C.  Foliage  of 
metallic,  glaucous  tint.  One  of  the  hardier  forms.  Here  belongs  "Triomphe 
de  Boskoop." 

Forms  of  upright  or  columnar  habit:  Var.  Alumi,  Beiss.  Scarab  C.  Of 
columnar  habit,  foliage  very  glaucous,  with  a  bluish  metallic  hue.  The 
best  blue  columnar  form.  Var.  Fraseri,  Beiss.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but 
less  narrow  in  habit  and  with  dark  blue  foliage.  Var.  erecta,  Sudw.  (var. 
erecta  viridis,  Beiss.).  Green  Column  C.  Dense  columnar  habit  and  bright 
green  foliage.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  varieties,  but  somewhat  tender. 
Var.  "erecta  glauca,"  Beiss.  Blue  Column  C.  Similar  in  habit,  but  with 
glaucous  foliage. 


41.  Chamsecyparis  obtusa 
var.  ericoides. 


218 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


Forms  of  spreading  and  pendulous  habit:  gracilis,  Beiss.  (var.  gracilis 
pendula,  Hort.).  Fountain  Lawson  C.  Elegant  light  green  form,  with 
graceful  pendulous  branehlets.  Var.  intertexta,  Beiss.  Glaucous  growth, 
with  remote  pendulous  branches  and  distant  thickish  branehlets.  Var. 
pendula,  Beiss.  Weeping  Lawson  C.  With  pendu- 
lous branches. 


42.  Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana, 
showing  three  cones. 


Compact  or  dwarf  forms:  Var.  Bowleri,  Beiss.  A  dense,  compact  form, 
with  the  tips  of  the  branclilets  elongated  and  pendulous.  Var.  nana,  Beiss. 
(C.  Boursieri  nana,  Carr.).  Dwarf  Lawson  C.  Dwarf  globose  habit.  Var. 
"nana  glauca,"  Beiss.,  has  the'  young  growth  bluish-green.  Var.  "minima 
glauca,"  Beiss.   Dwarf  and  compact  conical  form  with  dark  steel-blue  foliage. 


4.  THUJOPSIS,  Sieb.  &  Zuec. 

Evergreen  tree  with  spreading  branches;  branehlets  broad,  much  flattened 
and  frond-like,  arranged  in  horizontal  planes :  leaves  opposite  and  decussate, 
with  white  markings  below:  staminate  flowers  with  6-10  decussate  pairs  of 
stamens:  cones  subglobose;  scales  6-10,  rhomboidal,  imbricate,  flat,  woody, 
usually  with  a  mucro  below  the  apex,  the  upper  pair  sterile,  the  fertile  scales 
with  3-5  winged  seeds  each;  cotyledons  2.  (Name  derived  from  Thuja  and 
Greek  o^psis,  likeness;  referring  to  its  close  relation  to  that  genus.)  Also 
spelled  Thuyopsis  or  Thyopsis. — Only  one  species  known. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


219 


T.  dolobrata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (7".  dolobrata  var.  australis,  Henry.  Thuja 
dolobrata,  L.).  Hiba  Arbor-vit^.  Fig.  43.  Pyramidal  tree  attaining  50 
feet,  or  sometimes  shrubby;  bark  thin,  reddish-brown,  fissured  longitudinally 
into  long  narrow  strips;  branches 
irregularly  whorled  or  scattered, 
horizontally  spreading  and  often  nod- 
ding at  the  ends;  branchlets  ^-^ 
inch  broad:  leaves  glossy  green 
above,  marked  with  a  broad  white, 
band  beneath,  those  of  the  upper 
and  under  side  obovate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, adnate  except  at  the  apex,  the 
lateral  ones  spreading,  ovate-lanceo- 
late and  curved  (hatchet-shaped), 
obtusish:  cone  globose-ovoid,  about 
3^-f  inch  long;  scales  with  a  promi- 
nent, often  curved  umbo  below  the 
apex.  Central  Japan. — Introduced 
to  Holland  in  1853;  to  America  in 
1861  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall.  It  has  not 
proved  very  successful  in  the  Eastern 
States  and  is  not  hardy  much  farther 
north  than  New  York,  though  at 
Mattapoiset,  Cape  Cod,  some  fine 
specimens  are  growing.  When  well 
developed  it  is  a  handsome  tree  of 
dense,  broad-pyramidal  habit,  with 
bright  green  lustrous  foliage. 

Var.  variegata,  Fortune.  Whitetip 
Hiba  Arbor-vit^.  Tips  of  branch- 
lets  creamy-white. 

Var.   nana,   Sieb.    &    Zucc.    (T. 
leetevirens,  Lindl.).    Dwarf  form,  with  more  slender  and  narrower  branchlets 
of  a  lighter  green. 

Var.  Hondai,  Makino  {T.  Ilondai,  Henry).  Tree  to  70,  or  occasionally  to 
90  feet  tall;  branches  more  densely  ramified  and  the  branchlets  placed  close 
together  and  overlapping  one  another  by  their  edges  more  than  in  the  type: 
leaves  smaller  and  whiter  beneath:  cone  subglobose,  f-^  inch  across; 
scales  less  thickened  at  the  apex  and  with  the  umbo  reduced  to  a  short  mucro 
or  narrow  ridge.  Northern  Japan. — Introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in 
1915  by  E.  H.  Wilson,  but  has  not  proved  hardy  in  Massachusetts,  though 
it  may  be  somewhat  hardier  than  the  type. 


43.  Thujopsis  dolobrata. 


220 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


5.  LIBOCEDRUS,  Endl.    INCENSE-CEDAR 

Evergreen  trees  with  scaly  bark  and  spreading  or  erect  branches;  branch- 
lets  flattened,  rarely  quadrangular,  frond-like  in  arrangement:  leaves  de- 
cussate, scale-like,  with  decurrent  base,  with  or  without  glands:  flowers 

monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious,  ter- 
minal, similar  to  those  of  Thuja; 
the  staminate  ones  with  12-16  decus- 
sate stamens:  cones  oblong  to  ovate, 
with  4,  rarely  6,  woody  scales,  the 
lower  pair  sterile,  short  and  reflexed, 
the  second  one  much  larger  and 
fertile,  each  scale  bearing  2  long- 
winged  seeds,  the  third  pair,  if  pres- 
ent, connate  into  a  woody  septum, 
cotyledons  2.  (Name  derived  from 
Greek  libas,  drop,  tear,  and  Cedrus; 
alluding  to  the  resinous  character 
of  the  tree.)  —  Eight  species  in 
western  North  America,  South  Amer- 
ica, New  Zealand,  New  Caledonia, 
New  Guinea,  Formosa,  and  south- 
western China. 

L.  deciirrens,  Torr.  {L.  Craigana, 
Low.  Thuya  Craigana,  Murr.  T. 
gigantea,  Carr.,  not  Nutt.).  Cali- 
fornia I.  (White  Cedar).  Fig.  44 
and  Plate  XVII.  Tree  to  100,  oc- 
casionally to  200  feet  tall,  with  erect 
or  spreading  short  branches,  forming 
a  rather  narrow  pyramidal  head, 
irregular  in  old  age;  bark  bright 
cinnamon-red,  broken  into  irregular 
ridges  covered  with  closely  appressed 
scales;  branchlets  much  flattened, 
bright  green  on  both  sides:  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  adnate,  with  long  decurrent  base,  free  at  the  apex  and 
acuminate,  glandular  on  the  back:  cones  pendulous,  oblong,  ^-1  inch 
long,  light  reddish-brown;  scales  mucronate  below  the  apex,  a  third  connate 

inch  long. 

Introduced   to   Europe 

in  sheltered   positions.     A 


.  Libocedrus 
decurrens. 


Oregon  to  western  Nevada  and  Lower  California, 
in  1853.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  221 

handsome  Thuja-like  tree  of  narrow-pyramidal  or  columnar  habit  with  deep 
green  lustrous  foliage,  the  upper  branchlet-systems  in  vertical  planes.  A 
few  garden  forms  are  cultivated  in  Europe. 

The  following  species  are  occasionally  seen  in  European  collections,  but 
are  apparently  unknown  in  American  gardens;  they  are  all  tender  and  could 
be  grown  only  in  the  Southern  States  and  California;  L.  chilensis  may  be 
somewhat  hardier  than  the  others, 

L.  chilensis,  Endl.  Chilean  I.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  compact  pyram- 
idal head;  branchlets  much  compressed:  facial  leaves  minute,  obtuse,  glandu- 
lar, the  lateral  ones  much  larger,  boat-shaped,  keeled,  acute  and  spreading 
at  apex,  with  a  silvery  line  beneath:  cones  ovate-oblong,  3^  inch  long.  Chile. 
— Introduced  in  1847  to  Great  Britain. 

L.  cupressoides,  Sarg.  (L.  tetragona,  Endl.).  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with 
compact  pyramidal  head,  sometimes  shrubby;  branchlets  almost  tetragonal: 
leaves  all  alike,  spreading,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  -^-^  inch 
long:  cones  ovate;  scales  with  a  large  curved  spine  on  the  back.  Chile  to 
Patagonia. — Introduced  in  1849  to  Great  Britain. 

L.  macrolepis,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  branchlets  com- 
pressed, glaucous  below  with  white  markings:  leaves  of  equal  length,  acute, 
the  lateral  strongly  keeled,  the  facial  ones  obovate,  apiculate:  cones  obovate- 
oblong,  about  ^4  inch  long,  consisting  of  6  truncate  scales.  Southwestern 
China,  Formosa. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1899. 

L.  plumosa,  Sarg.  {L.  Doniana,  Endl.).  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  dense 
pyramidal  head;  branchlets  much  compressed:  facial  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
scarcely  glandular,  lateral  leaves  longer,  spreading  and  acute  at  apex,  with  a 
white  band  below:  cone  about  ^2  "^ch  long;  scales  4,  with  a  large  curved  spine 
on  the  back.    New  Zealand.— Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1847. 

A  related  genus  not  in  cultivation  in  this  country  is  Fokienia;  it  is  inter- 
mediate in  its  characters  between  Chamsecyparis  and  Libocedrus,  resembling 
the  latter  in  the  foliage  and  in  the  seeds  having  -i  very  unequal  lateral  wings; 
the  cone  is  subglobose  and  composed  of  numerous  peltate  scales,  each  bearing 
2  seeds. — Two  species  in  southeastern  China.  F.  Hodginsii,  Henry  & 
Thomas  (Cupressus  Hodginsii,  Dunn).  Tree  to  40  feet;  brancldets  much 
flattened:  the  lateral  leaves  with  spreading  acute  apex,  green  above  and 
with  white  markings  below:  cone  1  inch  across,  ripening  the  second  year. — 
Introduced  into  England  in  1909  by  Captain  Hodgins. 

6.  THUJA,  L.  ARBOR- VIT^ 

Evergreen  aromatic  trees  with  thin  scaly  bark  and  short  branches;  the 
flattened  branchlets  arranged  frond-like:  leaves  decussate,  scale-like,  ap- 
pressed,  usually  glandular  on  the  liack:  flowers  moncecious,  globose,  small, 


222 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


terminal  on  short  branchlets;  staminate  yellow  and  consisting  of  6-12  decus- 
sate stamens  each  with  2-4  anther-cells;  fertile  flowers  consisting  of  8-12 
scales  in  opposite  pairs,  of  which  only  the  middle  ones,  or  in  the  section  Biota 
the  lower  ones,  are  fertile,  each  scale  with  2  ovules  inside  at  the  base:  cones 
globose-ovoid  to  oval-oblong;  scales  with  a  thickened  ridge  or  umbo  at  the 
apex;  seeds  2  or  3  under  each  scale,  thin  with  broad  lateral  wings  or  thick 
and  wingless;  cotyledons  2.     (Name  derived  from  Greek  thya  or  thyia,  a 
resinous  tree.)    Also  spelled  Thuya,  Thuia,  or  Thya. — The  genus  contains 
six  species  in  North  America  and  in  central  and  eastern  Asia.    Except  T . 
sutchuenensis,  Franch.,  from  western  China,  the  species  are  in  cultivation  and 
their  numerous  garden  forms  are  much  planted  for  ornament. 
A.  Branchlets  in  horizontal  planes:  cone-scales  thin;  seeds  thin, 
winged.    (Subgenus  Euthuja.) 
B.  Leaves  of  primary  axes  widely  spaced,  ending  in  a  long  point 
parallel  to  the  axis, 
c.  Primary   axis    flattened:   leaves    conspicuously   glandular, 

yellowish-  or  bluish-green  below 1.   T.  occidentalis 

cc.  Primary  axis  nearly  terete:  leaves  not  or  inconspicuously 

glandular,  usually  with  whitish  markings  beneath 2.   T.  plicata 

BB.  Leaves  of  primary  axes  close,  ending  in  a  short,  rigid,  spreading 
point :  young  branchlets  with  more  or  less  conspicuous  white 
markings  below. 
c.  Under  side  of  leaves  slightly  or  not  concave,  glandless: 

branchlets  thickish,  compressed,  but  scarcely  flattened.  .3.   T.  Standishii 
cc.  Under  side  of  leaves  concave  or  grooved  below,  with  con- 
spicuous  white   markings,   glandular:   branchlets   much 

flattened 4.   T.  koraiensis 

AA.  Branchlets  in  vertical  planes,  bright  green  on  both  sides:  cone- 
scales  thick;  seeds  ellipsoidal,  wingless.   (Subgenus  Biota.).  .  .  . 5.   T.  orientalis 

1.  T.  occidentalis,  L.  American 
Akbor-viTjE.  Erroneously  but  com- 
monly called  White  Cedar  (which 
is  properly  Chamsecyparis).  Fig.  45. 
Tree  attaining  60  feet  and  more, 
with  short  horizontal  branches 
ascending  at  the  end  and  forming 
a  narrow,  pyramidal,  rather  com- 
pact head;  bark  light  red-brown, 
shallowly  fissured  into  narrow 
connected  ridges  covered  with  elon- 
gated scales:  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
or  apiculate,  usually  glandular, 
bright  green  above,  yellowish- 
green  beneath,  changing  in  winter 
45.  Thuja  occidentalis.  usually    to    dull     brownish-green: 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  223 

cones  oval  to  oval-oblong,  about  Yi  inch  long,  brownish-yellow,  with 
usually  2  pairs  of  fertile  scales;  seeds  J/^  inch  long.  Nova  Scotia  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Illinois. — Introduced  to 
France  about  1550.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada  and  in  sheltered  posi- 
tions even  in  Manitoba.  More  than  50  garden  forms  are  known;  they  are 
favorite  evergreens,  particularly  in  colder  regions,  while  the  type  is  used  for 
hedges  and  shelter  plantations. 

Forms  distinguished  by  color:  Var.  alba,  Nichols,  (var.  albo-spica,  Beiss. 
var.  Queen  Victoria,  Ilort.).  Queen  Victoria  A.  Tips  of  young  branchlets 
white.  Var.  argentea,  Carr.  (var.  alho-variegata,  Beiss.).  Branclilets  varie- 
gated silvery-white.  Var.  Vervaeneana,  Henk.  &  Hochst.  Verv^ne  A.  Of 
smaller  and  denser  habit  than  the  type;  branclilets  slenderer,  with  yellowish 
foliage,  bronzy  in  winter.  Var.  "Douglasii  aurea,"  Hort.  Douglas  Golden  A. 
A  vigorously  growing  form  with  bronzy-yellow  foliage.  Var.  semperaurea, 
Hort.  A  vigorous  form  with  golden-yellow  foliage.  Var.  Colvimbia,  Hort. 
Columbia  A.  Plate  XX.  Strong  habit;  foliage  broad,  with  a  beautiful  silvery 
variegation.  Var.  lutea,  Gord.  (var.  elcgantissima,  Hort.  var.  "George  Peabody 
Golden").  George  Peabody  A.  Pyramidal  form,  with  bright  yellow  foliage. 
Var.  axirea,  Nichols.  Broad  bushy  form,  with  deep  yellow  foliage;  also 
Meehan's  Golden  has  yellow  foliage.  Var.  lutescens,  Hesse  (var.  Wareana 
lutescens,  Hesse).  A  form  of  var.  robusta  with  bright  or  dark  yellow 
foliage.  Var.  avireo-variegata,  Beiss.  (var.  aurea  viaculata,  Hort.  var. 
Wareana  aurea,  Hort.).    Goldspot  A.    Foliage  variegated  with  golden-yellow. 

Pyramidal  or  fastigiate  forms:  Var.  robusta,  Carr.  (var.  Wareana,  Beiss. 
T.  caucasica,  T.  tatarica,  and  T.  sibirica,  Hort.).  Siberian  A.  Pyramidal 
tree,  lower  and  denser  than  the  type,  with  stouter  branchlets;  foliage  bright 
green.  Very  desirable  form.  Var.  Riversi,  Beiss.  Rivers  A.  Compact 
pyramidal  form  with  yellowish-green  foliage.  Var.  plicata,  Mast.  ( T.  plicata. 
Pari.,  not  Don.  T.  Wareana,  Booth).  Moss  A.  Pyramidal  tree,  darker  and 
denser  than  the  type;  branchlets  short,  rigid,  much  flattened:  foliage  dis- 
tinctly glandular,  brownish  dark  green  above,  bluish-green  beneath.  Var. 
theodonensis,  Beiss.  (var.  magnifica,  Hort.).  Vigorous  form  of  upright  habit 
with  broad  thickish  branclilets  and  dark  green  foliage.  Var.  fastigiata, 
Jaeger  (var.  fyramidalis,  Hort.  var.  columnaris,  Hort.).  American  Pyram- 
idal A.  Columnar  form  with  short  branches.  Var.  viridis,  Beiss.  (var.  ereda 
viridis,  Hort.).  American  Green  A.  Compact  pyramidal  form  with  upright 
branches  and  dark  green  lustrous  foliage.  Var.  Rosenthali,  Ohlend.  Rosen- 
thal A.  Columnar  form  with  dark  green  lustrous  foliage.  "Douglasii 
pyramidalis,"  Spaeth.  Douglas  Pyramidal  A.  Dense  pyramidal  form  with 
short,  densely  branched,  fern-like  branches  often  cristate  at  the  ends.  Var. 
filicoides,  Beiss.  Fernleaf  A.  Densely  branched,  narrow,  pyramidal  form 
with  the  ultimate  branchlets  short  and  regularly  pinnately  arranged.  Var. 


224 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


Buchanani,  Parsons  (var.  Buchononi,  Spaeth).  Plate  XX.  Graceful  narrow- 
pyramidal  form  with  slender  branches  and  rather  remote  and  irregularly 
arranged  thin  branchlets  clothed  with  grayish-green  foliage.  A  very 
distinct  form. 

Globose  or  dwarf  forms:  Var.  globosa,  Beiss.  (var.  compada  globosa,  Hort.). 
American  Globe  A.  Dwarf  globose  form,  similar  to  var.  compada,  but 
lower  and  smaller.  Var.  Hoveyi,  Veitch.  Hovey  A.  Dwarf,  dense,  ovate- 
globose  form  with  bright  green  foliage.  Var.  compacta,  Beiss.  (var.  Froebelii, 
Hort.  var.  glohularis,  Hort.).  Parsons  A.  Globose  light  green  form  with 
rather  thin  branchlets.  Var.  intermedia,  Hort.  Halfhigh  A.  Of  dwarf  com- 
pact habit.  Var.  Woodwardii,  Hort.  Woodward  A.  Plate  XXI.  Dense  globose 
form,  with  deep  green  foliage.  Var.  Little  Gem,  Hort.  Little  Gem  A.  Very 
dwarf  dark  green  form,  growing  broader  than  high.  Var.  umbraculifera, 
Beiss.  Compact,  depressed-globose,  of  umbrella-like  shape  with  dark  green 
foliage. 

Forms  of  irregular  or  abnormal  habit:  Var.  filiformis,  Beiss.  (var.  Doug- 
lasii,  Rehd.).  Threadtwig  A.  Fig.  46.  Bushy  form,  with  long  and  slender 
sparingly  ramified  branches  nodding  at  the  tips,  partly  4-angled  and  clothed 
with  sharply  pointed  leaves.  A  very  distinct  form,  somewhat  similar  to 
ChamcEcyparis  pisifera  var.  filifera.     Var.  Ohlendorfifi,  Beiss.  (var.  Spaethii, 

P.  Smith).   Spaeth  A.-Pigs.  47, 
48.     Peculiar    form    with    two 
kinds   of   foliage;    the    younger 
and     lower     branchlets     with 
spreading    acicular    leaves    like 
those    of    var.     ericoides, 
but    thicker    in    texture; 
the  upper  branchlets  slen- 
der and  sparingly  ramified 
much  like  those  of  var.  filifor- 
mis.   Var.  spiralis,  Hort.  Com- 
pact form  with  upright  branches 
and  very  close-set  short  branch- 
lets;  the  branclilet-systems  con- 
cave and   twisted,  suggesting  a 
spiral  arrangement  if  seen  from 
above. 

Pendulous    form:  Var.    pen- 
dula,  Gord.    American  Weep- 
ing   A.       With    the     branches 
bending    downward     and      the 
46.  Thuja  occidentalis  var.  filiformis.  branchlets  more  tufted. 


ENUMERATION    OF   CONIFERS 


225 


Juvenile  forms :  Var.  Ellwangeriana,  Beiss.  ( var.  Tom  Thumb) .  Tom  Thumb 
A.  Plate  XXI.  A  low  broad  pyramid,  with  slender  branches  clothed  with  two 
kinds  of  foliage,  adult  leaves  and  primordial,  acicular,  spreading  leaves;  it 
is  an  intermediate  form  between  the  var.  ericoides  and  the  type.  Var.  "Ell- 
wangeriana aurea,"  Spaeth.  Like  the  preceding  but  with  yellow  foliage. 
Var.  ericoides,  Beiss.  &  Hochst.  {Retinospora  dubia,  Carr.  R.  ericoides,  Hort., 
not  Zucc).  Heath  Retinispora.  Dwarf,  globose  or  broadly  pyramidal 
form,  with  slender  branchlets  clothed  with  needle-shaped,  soft,  spreading 
leaves,  dull  green  above,  grayish-green  beneath  and  assuming  a  brownish 
tint  in  winter. 

2.  T.  plicata,  D.  Don  {T.  gigantea,  Nutt.  T.  Menziesii,  Douglas.  T.  Lobbii, 
Hort.).  Giant  A.  Tall  tree  attaining  200  feet,  with  short  horizontal  branches 
often  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  narrow  pyramid;  trunk  with  a  much- 
buttressed  base  and  clothed  with  cinnamon- 
red  bark;  branchlets  slender,  regularly  and 
closely  set:  leaves  bright  green  and  glossy 
above,  dark  green  beneath  and  with  whitish 
triangular  spots:  leaves  of  vigorous  shoots 
widely  spaced,  ending  in  long  points  parallel 
to  axis  of  the  lateral  branchlets,  acute  and 


47.  Lower  foliage   of  Thuja 
occidentalis  var.  Ohlendorffi. 


48.  Upper  foliage   of  Thuja  occidentalis, 
var.  Ohlendorffi. 


226  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

scarcely  glandular:  cones  cylindrlc-ovoid,  little  over  Yi  inch  long;  scales 
8-10,  elliptic-oblong,  usually  the  3  middle  pairs  fertile;  seeds  winged,  notched 
at  the  apex.  Alaska  to  northern  California  and  Montana. — Introduced  in 
1853  to  England  by  Lobb.  The  Rocky  Mountain  form  is  hardy  as  far  north 
as  Massachusetts.  Handsome  pyramidal  tree  of  rapid  growth  with  bright 
green  lustrous  foliage  which  retains  its  color  in  winter. 

Var.  atrovirens,  Sudw.  (7".  gigantea  atrovirens,  Beiss.  T.  Lobbii  var. 
atrovirens,  Hort.  T.  occidentalis  Vervceneana  atrovirens,  Hort.).  Foliage  dark 
green. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Schneid.  (T.  gigantea  fastigiata,  Beiss.  T.  gigantea  -pyrami- 
dalis.  Bean).     Columnar  form. 

Var.  pendula,  Sclmeid.  {T.  gigantea  pendula,  Beiss.).  Form  with  slender 
pendulous  branches. 

3.  T.  Standlshii,  Carr.  {T.japonica,  Maxim.  Thujopsis  Standiskii,  Gord.). 
Standish  a.  Tree  to  50  feet,  with  spreading  or  somewhat  ascending  branches 
forming  a  broad  pyramid;  bark  reddish-brown,  thin,  separating  into  small 
scales  leaving  pale  gray  blotches;  branchlets  rather  thick,  compressed:  leaves 
bright  green  above  with  triangular  white  marks  below,  glandless,  those  of 
the  main  axes  with  rigid  free  points,  those  of  the  lateral  branchlets  obtuse, 
ovate:  cones  ovoid,  H-H  inch  long;  scales  10-12,  broad-ovate,  the  two  middle 
pairs  fertile;  seeds  3  to  each  scale  with  narrow  wings  not  notched  at  apex. 
Japan." — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1861.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Mas- 
sachusetts. Handsome  ornamental  tree  with  rather  broad  head,  quite  dif- 
ferent in  habit  from  the  preceding  species. 

4.  T.  koraiensis,  Nakai.  Korean  A.  Low  spreading  shrub,  usually  with 
decumbent  branches,  rarely  a  slender  narrow-pyramidal  tree  to  12  feet  tall, 
with  spreading  branches  ascending  at  the  ends;  bark  thin,  scaly,  chocolate- 
brown;  branchlets  much  flattened:  leaves  of  main  branches  triangular-ovate, 
acuminate,  glandular,  of  lateral  branchlets  deltoid  or  rhombic,  acutish  or 
obtuse,  glandular,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath:  cones  elliptic- 
ovoid,  about  3^  inch  long,  light  brown;  scales  8,  those  of  the  2  middle  fertile 
pairs  oval  to  narrow-obovate;  seeds  with  the  wing  emarginate  at  apex. 
Korea. — Introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1918  by  E.  H.  Wilson. 
Probably  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

5.  T.  orientalis,  L.  (Biota  orientalis,  Endl.).  Oriental  A.  Pyramidal  or 
bushy  tree  branching  from  near  the  base,  attaining  60  feet,  with  spreading 
and  ascending  branches;  bark  thin,  separating  into  papery  scales,  reddish- 
brown;  branchlets  thin:  leaves  of  main  axes  with  a  free  rather  spreading  apex, 
those  of  the  lateral  branchlets  closely  appressed,  rhombic-ovate,  acute, 
bright  green,  with  a  small  gland  on  the  back :  cones  globose-ovate,  3^-1  inch 
long,  fleshy  and  bluish  before  ripening;  usually  6  ovate  scales,  each  with  a 
Lom-like  process,  the  uppermost  pair  sterile;  seeds  2  to  each  scale,  ovoid. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  227 

brown.  Northern  China  and  Korea;  in  Japan,  western  China  and  central 
Asia  only  cultivated. — Introduced  to  Europe  before  1735.  Its  hardiest  forms 
are  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts;  the  typical  form  is  a  graceful  pyram- 
idal tree  with  slender  ascending  branches  and  hardier  than  most  of  the 
garden  types  which  are  much  planted  for  ornament  in  the  Southern  States. 

Forms  distinguished  by  color:  Var.  aurea,  Dauvesse.  Golden  Oriental 
A.  Low,  compact,  globose  shrub,  golden-yellow  in  spring,  changing  to  bright 
green.  Var.  conspicua,  Berckmans  (var.  aurea  conspicua,  Hort.).  Gold- 
spine  A.  More  erect,  the  intense  golden  foliage  partially  suffused  with  green. 
Var.  beverleyensis,  Rehd.  {Thuja  hevcrleycnsis,  Hort.).  A  columnar  form 
with  the  tips  of  the  branchlets  golden-yellow.  Var.  elegantissima,  Gord. 
Yellow  Coluihn  A.  Of  low  columnar  habit,  bright  yellow  in  spring,  yel- 
lowish-green afterward.  Var.  semperaiorescens,  Nichols.  Evergolden  A. 
Dwarf,  globose;  the  golden  hue  of  the  foliage  remains  throughout  the  whole 
year. 

Forms  distinguished  by  habit:  Var.  stricta,  Loud.  (7".  fTjramidalis,  Ten. 
Biota  orientalis  var.  pyramidalis,  Endl.).  Oriental  Pyramidal  A.  Of 
pyramidal  habit,  with  bright  green  foliage;  one  of  the  tallest  and  hardiest 
varieties.  Var.  flagellifonnis,  Jacq.  (var.  pendula.  Mast.  Biota  orientalis 
var.  pendula.  Pari.  B.  o.  var.  filiformis,Ilenk.  &  Hochst.  T.  pcndula.  Lamb. 
T.  filiformis,  Lindl.).  Weeping  Oriental  A.  Branches  pendulous,  thread- 
like, sparingly  ramified,  and  with  the  leaves  wide  apart  and  acuminate.  Var. 
funiculata,  Nichols.,  and  var,  intermedia,  Carr.,  are  forms  intermediate 
between  this  variety  and  the  juvenile  form;  their  branchlets  are  pendent  and 
the  leaves  partly  scale-like  and  partly  acicular.  Var.  Sieboldii,  Endl.  (var. 
japonica,  Sieb.  var.  7iana,  Carr.  var.  Ziiccariniana,  Veitch.  var.  compacta, 
Beiss.).  Siebold  A.  Globose,  compact,  low  form,  bright  green. 

Juvenile  forms :  Var.  meldensis,  Mast.  Of  columnar,  pyramidal,  somewhat 
irregular  growth:  leaves  acicular,  bluish-green,  sometimes  passing  into  the 
normal  form.  Intermediate  between  the  var.  decussata  and  the  type.  Var. 
decussata,  Mast.  {Biota  o.  var.  decussata,  Beiss.  &  Hochst.  Retinospora 
juniperoides,  Carr.  Chamcecyparis  decussata,  Hort.).  Dwarf  globose  form: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  stiff,  acute,  bluish-green.  A  juvenile 
form. 

7.  FITZROYA,  Hook.  f.    FITZROYA 

Evergreen  tree;  ramification  of  branclilets  irregular;  branclilets  angled: 
leaves  ternate,  decurrent,  their  free  part  spreading:  flowers  dioecious;  stami- 
nate  flowers  cylindric,  solitary,  axillary,  consisting  of  15-24  stamens  in 
ternate  whorls:  cone  small,  globose,  with  3  ternate  whorls  of  valvate  scales, 
the  lower  whorl  small  and  sterile,  slightly  imbricate,  the  middle  whorl  sterile 
or  fertile  and  the  upper  one  fertile;  each  fertile  scale  with  a  prominent  com- 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


pressed  umbo  on  back  and  with  2-6  2-  or  3-winged  seeds.    (Named  in  honor 

of  Captain  R.  Fitzroy,  of  the  British  Navy;  died  in  1855). — It  contains  only 

the  following  species: 

F,  patagonica,  Hook.  f.    Patagonian  F.    Fig.  49.    Tree  to  100  feet  tall, 

in  cultivation  usually  shrubby;  bark  thick,  fibrous,  deeply  furrowed:  leaves 
ternate    or    occasionally    opposite,    spreading    or    somewhat 
imbricate,    ovate-oblong    to    narrow-oblong,   with    incurved 
mucronate  tip,  about  i/g  i^ch  long,  dark  green  and  concave 
above,    keeled    on    back,    with    2    white 
stomatic  bands  beneath:  cones  globose, 
3^  inch  across.     Southern  Chile. — Intro- 
duced to  Great  Britain  by  Wm.  Lobb;  to 
this  country  by  the  Biltmore  Nurseries 
prior  to  1900.     It  may  be  hardy  as  far 
north  as  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  in 
sheltered  positions.     In  cultivation  it  is 
usually  a  shrub  of  slow  growth  and  un- 
symmetrical    habit,  apparently    without 
special  ornamental  merits. 

The  closely  related  genus  Diselma, 
Hook,  f.,  differs  chiefly  in  the  cones  with 
2  pairs  of  scales,  the  inner  scales  each 
with  2  three-winged  seeds,  and  in  the 
opposite,  scale-like,  closely  appressed 
leaves.  The  only  species  D.  Archeri, 
Hook.  f.  (Fitzroya  Archeri,  Benth.),  has 
been  introduced  to  Great  Britain,  but 
apparently  is  at  present  no  longer  in 
cultivation. 


49.  Fitzroya  patagonica 


8.  CALLITRIS,  Vent.  CYPRESS-PINE;  including  Odoclinis,  F.  Muell. 

Evergreen  trees;  branchlets  articulate,  3-  or  rarely  4-angled  or  nearly 
terete:  leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  or  rarely  4,  reduced  to  minute  scales:  flowers 
monoecious;  stamina te  catkins  ovoid  to  cylindric,  the  stamens  in  whorls  of 
3  or  4 :  cones  on  short  and  thick  peduncles,  without  bracts  at  base,  subglobose 
to  oblong,  usually  ripening  the  second  season;  scales  6  or  rarely  8,  unequal, 
those  of  the  outer  whorl  smaller;  seeds  many  to  each  scale,  winged;  coty- 
ledons 2,  rarely  3.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  kallos,  beauty,  and  tris,  thrice; 
referring  to  the  ternate  whorls  of  leaves  and  cones.) — ^About  12  species  in 
Australia  and  New  Caledonia. 

C.  robusta,  R.  Br.   (C.  verrucosa,  R.  Br.   Frenela  robusta,  A.  Cunn.). 


Plate  XXXI.    Caiuliua  hoiulock  {T,-iiiga  caroliniana) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


Fig.  50.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  branchlets  short  and  erect,  often  glaucous,  with 
terete  or  obscurely  angled  internodes:  scale-like  leaves  small  and  acute, 
ternate:  staminate  flowers  solitary  or  in  3's,  }/q~}4  inch  long:  cones  solitary 
or  few  together,  subglobose,  about  1  inch  across,  not  furrowed;  valves  6, 
smooth  on  back  or  more  or  less  verrucose.  Australia. — Cultivated  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Florida.  Trees  about  forty  years  .,^, 
old  are  said  to  be  growing  at  Santa  Barbara. 
In  southern  Florida  it  makes  good  specimens, 
in  five  years  becoming  10-12  feet  high.  The 
tree  somewhat  resembles  red-cedar,  and  is 
reported  as  useful  for  tall  hedges  and  wind- 
breaks. This  is  one  of  the  "pines"  of  Australia, 
the  wood  being  used  in  building  and  for  the 
making  of  furniture. 

Other  species  occasionally  cultivated  are: 

C.  Drummondii,  F.  Muell.  {Frenela  Drum- 
mondii.  Pari.).   Shrub  or  small  tree;  branchlets 
angular:  cones  usually  solitary,  globose,  not 
furrowed,    about    3^    inch  across,  smooth  or 
slightly  rugose  on  back,  with  a  minute  mucro  below 
the  apex.    Australia. — Introduced  by  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  1920  and  recommended  as  an  orna- 
mental evergreen  of  dwarf  globose  habit  with  bright 
green  branchlets. 

C.  cupressifonnis,  Vent.  (C.  rhomboidea,  R.  Br. 
Frenela  r}wmboidea,'End\.).  Tree  to  50  feet  tall;  branch- 
lets  slender,  angular,  often  drooping:  cones  often 
clustered,  subglobose,  about  3^  inch  across,  furrowed 
at  the  junctions  of  the  valves,  the  larger  valves  dilated  into  a  broadly  rhom- 
bical  apex,  with  a  conical  process  at  the  center  and  usually  rugose.  Australia. 
— Cultivated  in  Europe  before  1890;  introduced  into  this  country  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  1912  and  1919. 

C.  calcarata,  R.  Br.  {Frenela  Endlicheri,  Pari.).  Branclilets  angular: 
cones  ovoid,  furrowed  at  junction  of  the  valves,  about  3^  inch  diameter, 
the  larger  valves  little  or  not  dilated  at  apex.  Australia. — Cultivated  in 
South  Africa. 

C.  oblonga,  Rich.  (C  australis,  R.  Br.  Frenela  Gunnii,  Endl.).  Tree  to 
25  feet  tall;  branchlets  angular:  cones  usually  clustered,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
^-1  inch  long,  furrowed  at  the  junction  of  the  valves,  the  larger  valves  not 
dilated  at  apex,  the  smaller  valves  slightly  overlapping  the  larger  ones. 
Tasmania. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  before  1890. 

A  related  genus  is  Actinostrobus,  Mifj.    It  differs  chiefly  in  the  numerous 


230 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


scale-like  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  cone:  leaves  ternate,  scale-like,  sometimes 
needle-shaped:  cone  ripening  the  first  year,  with  6  acute  valvate  scales 
surrounding  a  conical  production  of  the  central  axis;  each  scale  with  2  winged 
seeds.  The  only  species  is  A.  pyramidalis,  Miq.  (Callitris  Adinostrohus,  F. 
Muell.),  a  densely  branched  shrub  with  a 
cone  about  f  inch  across,  from  West  Aus- 
tralia.— Cultivated  in  Europe  about  1845. 

9.  TETRACLINIS,  Mast.    ARAR-TREE 

Evergreen  tree;  branchlets  articulate, 
flattened:  leaves  scale-like,  minute,  in 
whorls  of  4 :  cones  tetragonal,  consisting  of 
4  valvate  scales  of  nearly  equal  size,  the 
outer  pair  concave  on  back,  the  inner  pair 
depressed  on  back  and  usually  sterile,  all 
with  a  small  mucro  below  the  apex;  fertile 
scales  with  2  or  3  broad-winged  seeds. 
(Name  derived  from  Greek,  tetra,  four,  and 
klinis  or  Icline,  bed;  referring  to  the  num- 
ber and  shape  of  the  cone-scales). — One 
species  in  northern  Africa. 

T.  articulata,  Mast.  {Thuya  articulata, 
Valil.  Callitris  quadrivalvis.  Vent.).  Arar- 
Tree  (Sandarach-gum-Tree).  Fig.  51. 
Small  tree  to  20  feet  tall,  with  slender 
spreading  branches:  the  free  apex  of  the  leaves  triangular,  glandular: 
cones  about  3^  inch  across;  scales  oval.  Mountains  of  northwestern  Africa. 
— Introduced  in  1815  to  Great  Britain  and  occasionally  cultivated  in  Euro- 
pean gardens  and  in  California.  It  is  probably  not  hardy  north  of  the  Southern 
States  and  California.  The  arar-tree  has  some  resemblance  to  Thuja  orien- 
talis,  but  the  habit  is  looser  and  the  branchlets  slenderer.  It  furnishes  gum 
sandarach,  a  varnish  resin. 

10.  WIDDRINGTONIA,  Endl. 

Evergreen  trees;  branchlets  terete:  leaves  opposite,  scale-like  or  linear,  on 
leading  shoots  alternate  and  linear:  flowers  dioecious;  staminate  flowers 
solitary  and  terminal:  cones  ripening  the  second  year;  scales  4,  valvate, 
equal,  usually  tuberculate  and  angular  on  back;  each  scale  with  1  to  many 
winged  seeds.  (Named  for  Samuel  Edward  Widdrington  [formerly  Cook]; 
wrote  on  Conifers;  died  in  1856). — Five  species  in  tropical  and  South  Africa 
and  Madagascar. 


Tetraclinis  articulata. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


231 


W.  Whytei,  Rendle  {Callitris  Whytei,  Engl.).  Figs.  H^l,  53.  A  large  tree  to 
HO  feet  tall,  with  a  straight  clear  trunk  and  very  thick  bark:  leading  shoots 
with  spirally  arranged  imbricate  leaves  free  at  the  apex  and  triangular  and 
subpungent;  ultimate  branchlets  with  opposite  closely  appressed  leaves 
deltoid  and  with  a  thickened  apex;  young  seedling  plants  with  linear  spreading 
leaves  to  1  inch  long:  cones  4-6  together  on  short  lateral  branchlets,  sub- 
globose,  about  ^:4  inch  across;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  tuberculate  on  back 
and  with  a  short  mucro  below  the  ai)ex 
Africa,  at  6,000-8,000  feet 
altitude. — Introduced  in  1894 
to  Great  Britain;  cultivated  in 
California.  It  is  recommended 
for  reforestation  purposes  in 
tropical  and  subtropical 
wood  is  dull 
and      strongly 


High  mountains  of  tropical  East 


countries;     its 
reddish-white 
aromatic. 
A    related 


species    is   V/. 


52.  Juvenile  foliage  of 
Widdringtonia  ^^^lytei. 


53.  Mature  foliage  of  Widdringtonia  Whytei 


232  THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

cupressoides,  Endl.  {Callitris  cupressoides,  Schrad.).  Shrub  or  small  tree: 
leaves  imbricate,  scale-like:  cone-scales  smooth  on  back  with  an  obtuse 
mucro  below  the  apex  and  each  with  5-10  winged  seeds.  South  Africa. — 
Introduced  to  France  before  1850. 


11.  SCIADOP  TYS,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.    UMBRELLA-PINE 

Evergreen  tree:  leaves  of  two  kinds;  small  and  scale-like  leaves  scattered 
on  the  shoot,  but  crowded  at  its  end  and  bearing  in  their  axils  a  whorl  of 
20-30  long,  linear,  flat  leaves  furrowed  on  each  side,  more  deeply  beneath; 
these  leaves  really  consist  each  of  2  connate  leaves  borne  on  undeveloped 
spurs  like  those  of  Pinus;  they  have  been  sometimes  called  cladodes,  but  are 
not  true  cladodes:  flowers  monoecious;  the  stamina te  oval,  consisting  of 
spirally  disposed  2-celled  anthers  and  appearing  in  dense  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  shoots;  the  fertile  ones  are  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  shoots  and  con- 
sist of  numerous 
spirally  arranged 
scales  subtended  by 
a  small  bract  and 
bearing  7-9  ovules: 
cone  oblong-ovate, 
woody,  ripening  the 
second  season; 
bracts  adnate  to  the 
broadly  orbicular 
thick  scales  spread- 
ing at  the  margin; 
seeds  oval,  com- 
pressed, with  narrow 
wing,  emarginate  at 
the  apex;  cotyledons 
2.  (Name  derived 
from  Greek  skias, 
skiados,  umbrella, 
and  pitys,  pine;  al- 
luding to  the  posi- 
tion of  the  leaves.) 
— One  species  in 
Japan,  with  very 
strong  and  straight- 
grained,  nearly 
white  wood. 


54.  Sciadopitys 
verticillato. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  233 

S.  verticillata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Umbrella-Pine.  Fig.  54  and  Plate  XXII. 
Tree  attaining  1"20  feet,  with  short  and  slender,  horizontally  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow,  pyramidal,  compact  head,  in  old  age  loose;  bark 
nearly  smooth,  separating  in  long  thin  shreds,  gray  to  grayish-brown,  red- 
brown  below:  scale-like  leaves  dark  brown,  J/q  hich  long;  the  large  connate 
leaves  15-35  in  each  whorl,  linear,  stiff,  obtuse,  and  emarginate,  deeply 
furrowed  on  both  sides,  dark  green  and  glossy  above,  with  2  white  bands 
beneath,  3-6  inches  long:  cone  3-5  inches  long,  ovate-oblong;  seed  3^  inch 
long.  Central  Japan. — First  successfully  introduced  to  England  in  18G1  by 
J.  G.  Veitch  and  one  year  later  to  this  country  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall.  It  has 
proved  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
and  most  distinct  conifers.  It  is  doing  well  under  cultivation,  but  is  of  slow 
growth  and  forms  a  narrow  pyramidal  tree  densely  clothed  with  dark  green 
lustrous  foliage. 

12.  TAXODIUM,  Rich.    BALD-CYPRESS 

Deciduous  or  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs:  leaves  alternate,  linear,  usually 
2-ranked,  falling  off  in  autumn  or  the  second  year  together  with  the  short 
lateral  branchlets:  flowers  monoecious,  small;  staminate  flowers  catkin-like, 
consisting  of  spirally  arranged  anthers,  with  4-9  anther-cells  anfl  forming 
terminal  panicles;  fertile  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  at  the  ends  of  branchlets 
of  the  previous  year,  composed  of  imbricated  scales  bearing  2  ovules  inside 
at  the  base:  cone  globose  or  nearly  so,  maturing  the  first  year,  consisting  of 
spirally  arranged  woody  scales  enlarged  at  the  apex  into  an  irregularly  4- 
sided  disk  with  a  mucro  in  the  middle  and  narrowed  toward  the  base  into  a 
slender  stalk;  2  triangular,  winged  seeds  under  each  scale;  cotyledons  4-9. 
(The  name  refers  to  the  similarity  of  the  foliage  to  that  of  Taxus.) — 
One  species  in  eastern  North  America  and  one  in  Mexico. 

A.  Foliage  deciduous 1 .   T.  distichum 

AA.  Foliage  persistent 2.  T.  mucronatum 

1.  T.  distichxim,  Rich.  (Cupressus  disticha,  L.  Schubertia  disticha,  Mirbel). 
Common  Bald-Cypress  (Deciduous  Cypress).  Fig.  55.  Tall  deciduous 
tree,  becoming  150  feet  high,  with  a  buttressed  trunk  usually  4-5,  but  some- 
times attaining  12  feet  or  more  in,diameter,  usually  hollow  in  old  age;  bark 
light  cinnamon-brown,  shallowly  fissured  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with 
long  fibrous  scales;  branches  erect  or  spreading,  distichously  ramified,  form- 
ing a  pyramidal  head,  becoming  at  maturity  broad  and  rounded,  with  slightly 
pendulous  branches:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  thin,  light  green,  y^r^i 
inch  long:  panicles  of  the  purplish  staminate  flowers  4-5  inches  long:  cone 
almost  globose,  rugose,  about  1  inch  across  and  destitute  of  mucros  at  matu- 
rity, seed  3^  inch  long.    Flowering  in  spring.    Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to 


234 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


southern  Illinois,  Oklahoma,  and  Texas,  in  swamps,  along  the  larger  rivers 
and  over  calcareous  rocks. — Introduced  about  1640  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  A  handsome  pyramidal  tree  with  a  feathery 
head  of  light  green  foliage;  in  old  age  sometimes  wide-spreading  with  pendent 

branches. 

Var  pyramidalis,  Carr.  Narrow 
pyramidal  form  with  short  ascend- 
mg  branches. 

Var  nutans,  Loud.  Branches 
spreadmg,  long  and  slender,  nod- 
dmg  at  the  tips. 

Var.  imbricarium, 
Sarg.  {T.  adscendens, 
Brongn.  T.  imbrica- 
rium. Harper.  T.  micro- 
phyllum,  Brongn.  T. 
distichum  var.  erecti- 
Wfrons,  Schelle).  Pond- 
Cypress.  Smaller  tree 
with  deeply  furrowed 
bark;  branches  upright: 

fFW-ilW  W  'M         "'  ^""^^^^    subulate,    i-H 

'  /    y/^ij<\  ^  m  MM  inch  long,  more  or  less 

upright  and  rather  ap- 
pressed.  Virginia  to 
Florida  and  Alabama. 
— In  cultivation  in 
England  before  1879.  By  some  botanists  this  is  considered  a  distinct  spe- 
cies, but  it  is  apparently  only  a  variety  due  to  certain  soil  conditions;  it 
occurs  in  lakes,  ponds,  and  small  rivers,  apparently  always  over  a  clay  subsoil. 
Var.  pendulum,  Carr.  ( T.  distichum  sinense  pendulum.  Loud.  Glyptostrobus 
pendulus,  Endl.  G.  sinensis,  Hort.).  Weeping  Pond-Cypress.  A  form  of 
the  preceding  variety  with  pendulous  branches. 

2.  T.  mucronatum,  Ten.  {T.  viexicanum,  Carr.  T.  distichum  var.  mexi- 
canum,  Gord.  T.  distichum  var.  mucronatum,  Henry).  Montezuma 
Cypress.  Similar  to  the  preceding  species :  taller  evergreen  tree,  occasionally 
170  feet  high  with  a  trunk  20  feet  or  more  in  diameter:  leaves  shorter,  ob- 
tusish  and  mucronulate,  falling  with  the  branchlet  the  second  year:  staminate 
panicles  and  cones  larger.  Flowering  in  autumn. — Introduced  to  Italy  in 
1838  and  occasionally  cultivated  in  California. 

The  closely  related  Chinese  genus  Glyptostrobus  is  often  united  with 
Taxodium,  but  it  differs  in  its  elongated  not  peltate  cone-scales.    The  only 


55.  Taxodium  distichum. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


235 


species  is  G.  sinensis,  Henry  (G.  heteropJnjUa,  Endl.  Taxodium  heterophyllum, 
Brongn.)-  A  small  tree  with  dimorphic  deciduous  leaves  linear  and  arranged 
in  3  ranks  on  sterile  branches,  imbricate  and  scale-like  on  fertile  ones:  cones 
pyriform,  about  ^i  inch  long.  Southeastern  China. — Introduced  to  Great 
Britain  in  1804,  but  apparently  unknown  in  this  country. 


13.  SEQUOIA,  Endl. 

Large  evergreen  trees  with  thick,  red,  fibrous  and  deeply  grooved  bark; 
heartwood  dark  red,  soft,  durable,  straight-grained;  sapwood  thin  and  nearly 
white:  leaves  persistent,  alternate,  linear  or  awl-shaped  or  scale-like,  often 
dimorphic:  flowers  monoecious;  staminate  catkins  axillary  and 
terminal,  each  of  the  numerous  spirally  arranged  stamens  bearing 
2-5  pollen-sacs;  fertile  catkins  terminal,  com- 
posed of  many  spirally  arranged  scales,  each 
with  4-7  ovules  at  base:  cone  woody,  persis- 
tent, the  divergent  scales  widened  at  summit 
which  is  rhomboidal,  wrinkled,  and  with 
depressed  center;  seeds  flattened,  winged; 
cotyledons  4-6.  (Named  after  Sequoyah,  a 
Cherokee  half-breed  of  Georgia,  originator 
of  the  Cherokee  alphabet;  about  1770-1843.) 
— Two  species  in  western  North  America. 

A.  Leaves  mostly  spreading  in  2 

ranks:  buds  scaly 1.  ~ 

A.\.  Leaves  appressed  or  slightly 
spreading,  not  2-ranked : 
buds  naked 2.  S.  gigantca 

1.  S.  sempervirens,  Endl.  Redwood.  Fig. 
56  and  Plate  XXIII.  Tree  100  to  340  feet 
high,  with  trunk  10-25  feet  in  diameter  and 
often  clear  of  limbs  for  100  feet  in  mature 
specimens,  the  narrow  crown  with  horizontal 
or  downward-sweeping  branches;  bark  dark 
brown,  6-12  inches  thick,  divided  into  rounded 
ridges  covered  with  long  and  narrow  fibrous 
scales,  in  falling  disclosing  the  light  cinnamon- 
red  inner  bark:  leaves  linear,  mostly  ) 
inch  long,  1-1 3^  lines  wide,  spreading  in  flat 
sprays,  or  the  upper  leaves  and  those  on  main 
stems  of  the  branches  often  ordy  1-5  lines  long 
and    awl-shaped:    cone    oval,   M~lH    inches        .5(5.  Sequoia  sempervirens. 


sempervirens 


236 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


long. 


inch   broad,    maturing    the  first  autumn;   scales  14- 


seeds 


elliptic,  narrowly  margined,  2  lines  long.  Confined  to  northern  and  central 
Coast  Ranges  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. — Introduced 
to  Great  Britain  about  1848  by  Hartweg.  In  the  East  it  is  probably  not 
hardy  north  of  Virginia.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  with  spreading  branches 
and  yew-like  dark  green  foliage.  It  holds  the  record  as  the  tallest  tree  in 
the  world,  at  least  so  far  as  actual  measurements  have  been  made,  one 
specimen  in  Humboldt  County,  California,  measuring  340  feet,  according 
to  Sargent.  Greater  heights  assigned  to  species  of  Eucah'ptus  were 
erroneous.  It  reproduces  by  seeds  and  by  stump-sprouts,  the  latter  numer- 
ous and  remarkably  persistent,  often  producing  merchantable  lumber. 

Var.  adpressa,  Carr.  (var.  albo-spica,  Hort.).  Smaller  tree  with  shorter 
branches:  leaves  shorter  and  broader,  slightly  appressed;  young  leaves  and 
tips  of  branchlets  creamy-white,  glaucescent  when  older. 

Var.  glauca,  R.  Smith.  Blue  Redwood.  Foliage  with  a  decidedly  bluish 
cast. 

2.  S.  gigantea,   DC.    (S.  Washingtonia,  Sudw.    S.    Wellingtonia,    Seem. 
Wellingtonia  gigantea,  Lindl.     Washingtonia  calif ornica,  Winslow).    Giant 
Sequoia  (California  Big  Tree).    Fig.  57.  Tree  150- 
275,  rarely  to  325  feet  high,  with  trunk  10-30  feet  in 
diameter;  crown  pyramidal  on  young  trees,  rounded 
at  summit  or  much  broken  in  age;  bark  cinnamon- 
red,  1-2  feet  thick,  divided   into  rounded  ridges  4-5 
feet  wide,  corresponding  to  the  lobes  of  the  buttressed 
base  and  separating  into  loose  fibrous  scales;  branches 
pendulous,    cord-like:     leaves   scale-like,   3^-H    inch 
long,    sharp-pointed,    adherent    to   the 
stem  which  they  thickly  clothe,  the  tip 
free:   cone    ovoid,    2-3^:^    inches    long, 
13^2~2     inches      broad,    opening     only 
slightly,  maturing  the  second  summer, 
persistent;  scales   25-45;   seeds   oblong 
or     somewhat     ovate,    wing-margined, 
2}  2-3    lines    long.     Western    slopes  of 
Sierra  Nevada,  California. — Introduced 
in  1853  by  Wm.  Lobb  to  Great  Britain. 
In  the    East   it    is    not  reliably  hardy 
north     of     Philadelphia,    although     in 
southern  and  western  New  York  trees 
have   occasionally  reached   a    fair  size 
and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  have 
survived  ordinary  winters  for  a  number 


57.  Sequoia  gigante 


Tlate  XXXU.     I'aiiaila  hcialock  (T.siiya  caiHuUit.si.s}.    A\>i>w,  var.  coinpacti. 
Below,  var.  pendula 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


237 


of  years.  As  usually  seen  in  cultivation,  it  is  a  handsome  narrow- pyramidal 
tree  clothed  to  the  ground  with  short  and  slender  upcurved  branches,  but  in 
mature  specimens  the  trunk  is  clear  of  limbs  up  to  80  to  200  feet.  It  is  the 
most  massive  of  all  trees,  although  exceeded  Ln  girth  by  a  few  others,  notably 
the  African  baobab.  In  nature  it  reproduces  only  by  seeds  and  does  not 
make  stump-sprouts  as  the  preceding  species. 

Var.  pendula,  Lav.  Weeping  Giant  Sequoia.  A  form  in  which  the 
branches  are  strongly  recurved,  closely  covermg  the  stem  and  producing  u 
narrow  cylindric  effect  similar  to  that  of  Italian  cA'press. 

There  is  a  form  with  bluish  foliage,  var.  glauca,  Otto,  Blue  Giant 
Sequoia,  and  a  form  with  yellow  foliage,  var.  aurea,  Nichols;  also  insig- 
nificant variegated  forms. 


14.  TAIWANIA,  Hayata.    TAIWANIA 

Evergreen  tree:  leaves  dimorphic,  alternate,  subulate,  falcate,  4-angled. 
or  on  fruiting  branches  scale-like,  imbricate,  incurved:  scales  of  pistillate 
flowers  with  2  reversed  ovules:  cones  terminal,  subglobose,  with  many  spirally 
arranged  imbricate  scales  subtended  by 
minute  bracts;  scales  obovate,  cuneate  at 
base,  mucronate,  thin,  each  with  2  narrowly 
winged  seeds;  cotyledons  2.  (Name  from 
Taiwan,  the  Chinese  name  of  Formosa.) — 
One  species  in  Formosa 
and  western  China. 

T.    cryptomerioides, 
Hayata.     Fig.    58.     Tree 
to   200   feet   high  with  a 
tall  clean  trunk  sometimes 
30  feet  in  girth  and  clean  to 
the  height  of  100  or  150  feet, 
with  short  branches  forming  a 
small    crown;     young     plants 
with  ascending   branches   and 
pendulous    branchlets:    leaves 
of  sterile  branches  linear-subu- 
late, pungent,  incurved-falcate, 
keeled    on    the    ventral     and 
dorsal  side,  about  3^  inch  long, 
those  of  fertile  branches   tri- 
angular,    imbricate,     obtusish    58.  Taiwania  cryptomerioides.  Fruiting  branch  with 
or    acutish,    about    j/g"!    "it;h      adult  foliage  and  branchlet  with  juvenile  foliage. 


238  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

long:  cone  about  ^  inch  long  with  about  15  leathery  scales;  seeds 
oblong,  with  the  wing  about  ^  inch  long.  High  mountains  of  Formosa 
and  southwestern  China. —  Introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretmn  in  1918 
by  E.  H.  Wilson;  young  plants  are  growing  in  California  and  Florida. 
When  young  it  is  a  very  handsome  tree  of  broad- 
pyramidal  outline  with  ascending  branches  and  long 
pendidous  branchlets;  the  foliage  is  very  similar  to  that 
of  Cryptomeria. 

15.  ATHROTAXIS,  D.  Don. 

Evergreen  densely  branched  trees;  bark  peeling  o£F  in 
longitudinal  shreds :  leaves  homomorphic,  small,  alternate 
or  indistinctly  decussate,  either  short,  blunt,  scale-like 
and  appressed,  or  lanceolate  and  somewhat  loosely 
disposed:  flowers  monoecious;  staminate  flowers  in  imbri- 
cated spiral  aments,  the  anthers  2-celled;  fertile  flowers  in 
spirally  imbricated  aments,  3-6  ovules  under  each  scale, 
these  aments  becoming  small  globular  cones  with  woody 
scales  which  are  contracted  at  base  and  at  apex  peltately 
dilated  or  pointed;  seeds  3-6,  winged;  cotyledons  2. 
(Name  derived  from  Greek  athroos,  crowded,  and  taxis, 
arrangement;  alluding  to  the  crowded  cone-scales  and 
leaves.) — Three  species  in  Tasmania.  One  or  the  other  of 
these  species  which  were  introduced  to  Great  Britain  in 
1857  by  Wm.  Archer  may  be  in  cultivation  in  this  country 
either  in  the  open  in  the  Southern  States  or  in  California 
or  as  a  greenhouse  plant  in  the  North.  (^H^ 

A.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

B.  Cone-scales  without  process  on  back:  leaves  spiny-pointed..  .1.  A.  selaginoides 
BB.  Cone-scales  with  large  acute  process  on  back:  leaves  obtuse 

or  acute 2.  A.  laxifolia 

AA.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse 3.  A.  cupressoides 

1.  A.  selaginoides,  D.  Don  {A.  alpina.  Van  Houtte.  Cunninghamia  selagi- 
noides, Zucc).  Fig.  59.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  fibrous  slightly  furrowed 
bark:  leaves  spreading,  lanceolate,  incurved,  acute,  rigid  and  spiny  pointed, 
3^-3^  inch  long,  with  2  glaucous  bands  on  the  ventral  side,  keeled  on  back 
and  with  2  small  glaucous  depressions;  those  of  young  seedlings  narrower: 
cones  ^-1  inch  diameter,  the  scales  numerous,  broad-ovate,  acuminate. 

2.  A.  laxifolia,  Hook.  (A.  Doniana,  Henk.  &  Hochst.).  Tree  to  40  feet 
tall:  leaves  slightly  spreading,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  about  J^ 
inch  long,  with  translucent  entire  margin,  on  the  ventral  side  with  glaucous 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


239 


stomatic  bands,  on  the  back  with  whitish  depressions  near  the  base:  cones 
^  inch  across,  the  scales  thickened,  with  a  large  acute  process  on  back. 

3.  A.  cupressoides,  D.  Don  (A.  imbricata,  Maule.  Cunninghamia  cupressoides, 
Zucc).  Tree  reaching  40  feet,  with  ascending  branches:  leaves  rhombic - 
ovate,  broad  and  obtuse,  with  translucent  denticu- 
late margin,  H~K  ^^'^^  long,  thick  and  keeled, 
closely  appressed  to  the  branches:  cones  f-/^  inch 
across,  the  scales  rounded  at  top  and  bearing  a  tri- 
angular recurved  process  in  the  middle. 

16.  CRYPTOMERIA,  D.  Don.    CRYPTOMERIA 

Evergreen  pyramidal  tree  with  a  straight  slender 
trunk  covered  with  reddish-broTVTi  bark,  and  with 
irregularly  whorled  spreading  branches  ascending 
at  the  extremities:  leaves  spirally  arranged,  linear- 
subulate,  acute,  slightly  curved,  decurrent  at  the 
base:  flowers  monoecious;  staminate  flowers  axillary, , 
oblong,  yellow,  forming  short  racemes  at  the  end 
of  the  branches;  pistillate  globular,  solitary,  at  the 
end  of  short  branchlets:  cone  globular,  with  thick, 
wedge-shaped  scales,  furnished  with  the  recurved 
point  of  the  adnate  bract  on  the  back  and  with 
pointed  processes  at  the  apex,  each  scale  with  3-5 
narrow- winged,  erect  seeds;  cotyledons  usually  3, 
rarely  2.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  kryptos,  hidden, 
and  meros,  part;  meaning  doubtful.) — Only  one 
species  is  known. 

C.  japonica,  D.  Don.  Common  C.  Fig.  60.  Tree 
attaining  125  feet  in  height;  bark  cinnamon-brown 
peeling  off  in  long  ribbon-like  shreds:  leaves  linear-subulate,  compressed 
and  slightly  4-  or  3-angled,  bluntly  keeled  on  the  dorsal  and  sharply 
keeled  on  the  ventral  side,  bluish-green,  3^-1  inch  long:  cone  brownish- 
red,  ^-1  inch  across.  In  central  and  southern  Japan  and  doubtfully 
native  to  China. — It  is  much  planted  in  Japan  and  China  as  an  ornamen- 
tal and  as  timber  trees  m  the  former  comitrj%  where  the  light  and  easily 
worked  but  durable  wood  is  much  used.  It  was  first  introduced  in  its 
Chinese  form  to  Great  Britain  in  1842  and  perhaps  a  few  years  earlier  to 
Petrograd.  It  has  proved  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  and  in  sheltered 
positions  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston. 

The  tj'pe  has  been  distinguished  as  var.  japonica,  Henry.    A  pyramidal 
tree  with  straight  spreading  branches  and  short,  stout,  dark  green  leaves :  cone- 


Crypi 


omeria  japonica. 


240  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

scales  with  long-acuminate  processes  and  long-pointed  bracts,  making  the 
cone  very  spiny. — Introduced  in  1861  by  Siebold  to  Holland. 

Var.  Lobbii,  Carr.  Lobb  C.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  of  more  compact 
habit,  with  more  appressed  dark  green  leaves  and  the  cones  with  the  pro- 
cesses and  the  bracts  even  longer. — Introduced  in  1845  by  Wm.  Lobb  from 
Buitenzorg,  Java. 

Var.  sinensis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (var.  Fortunei,  Henry.  C.  Fortunei,  Hooi- 
brenk).  Tree  of  more  diffuse  habit,  with  slenderer  branches,  deflexed  branch- 
lets  and  longer  and  slenderer  leaves:  cones  with  fewer  scales  which  have 
shorter  processes  and  shorter  tips  of  scales.  TUs  was  the  first  of  the  forms 
introduced  into  cultivation,  as  stated  under  the  species.  It  is  somewhat 
tenderer  than  the  Japanese  type. 

Var.  compacta,  Beiss.  Cave  C.  Of  very  compact  habit,  with  bluish-green 
foliage. 

Var.  nana,  Carr.  Dwarf  and  procumbent,  densely  branched  form;  adapted 
for  rockeries. 

Var.  araucarioides,  Henk.  &  Hochst.  Branches  deflexed  with  long,  dis- 
tantly placed,  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves  small,  stout  and  stiff,  incurved 
at  apex,  bright  green. 

Var.  dacrydioides,  Carr.  With  long,  distant  branches,  close,  somewhat 
pendent  branchlets,  and  short,  very  closely  set  leaves  of  brownish  color. 

Var.  pungens,  Carr.  Prickly  C.  Compact  form  with  spreading,  rigid, 
and  sharply  pointed  much-compressed  leaves  of  bluish-green  color. 

Var.  cristata,  Beiss.  (var.  Lobbii  cristata,  Hort.).  Monstrous  form  with 
fasciated  coxcomb-like  branches,  with  occasional  normal  branches. 

Var.  spiralis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Slender  shrub,  with  strongly  falcate  leaves, 
twisted  spirally  around  the  branchlets. 

Var.  elegans.  Mast.  (C.  elegans,  Veitch).  Spreading  C.  Plate  XXIV. 
Low  dense  tree,  with  horizontal  branches  and  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves 
linear,  flattened,  soft,  spreading,  longer  than  in  the  type,  bright  green,  chang- 
ing to  bronzy  red  in  fall  and  winter.  Very  handsome  when  yoimg,  but  short- 
lived.— Introduced  in  1861  to  Great  Britain  and  in  1862  to  this  country  by 
Dr.  G.  R.  HaU. 

17.  CUNNINGHAMIA,  R.  Br.    CHINA-FIR 

Evergreen  trees  with  whorled  spreading  branches  distichously  ramified 
with  opposite  branchlets;  without  distinct  winter-buds:  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, rigid,  densely  spirally  arranged  and  2-rowed  in  direction:  flowers 
monoecious;  staminate  oblong,  fertile  globose,  both  sexes  in  small  clusters 
at  the  end  of  the  branches :  cones  roundish-ovate,  1-2  inches  long,  with  round- 
ish-ovate, serrate  and  pointed,  coriaceous  scales,  each  with  3  narrow-winged 
seeds  at  the  base;  cotyledons  2.    (Named  in  honor  of  J.  Cunningham  who 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


£41 


-Two  species  in  southern  and  western 


discovered  this  tree  in  China  in  1702.)- 
Cliina  and  in  Formosa. 

A.  Leaves  of  fertile  branches  spiny-pointed,  1-2  inches  long:   cones 

about  1  Yi  inches  long 1.  C  lanceolata 

AA.  Leaves  of  fertile  branches  obtusish,  3^/<4  inch  long:  cone  about 

^/i  inch  long 2.  C  Konishii 

1.  C.  lanceolata,  Hook.  (C  sinen- 
sis, R.  Br.).  Fig.  61.  Tree  attaining 
80  feet  in  height:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  broad  decurrent 
base,  sharply  pointed,  finely  serru- 
late, light  green  and  shining  above 
and  with  2  broad  whitish  bands 
beneath,  13^-23^2  inches  long:  cones 
1-2  inches  long.  Southern,  central, 
and  western  China. — Introduced  to 
Great  Britain  in  1804  by  Wm,  Kerr 
and  again  in  1844  by  Fortune.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania  in 
sheltered  positions  but  injured  in 
very  severe  winters.  Handsome  tree  <^ 
with  horizontally  spreading  branches 
pendulous  at  the  extremities.  If  cut 
down  or  killed  back  by  frost,  it 
sprouts  from  the  stump  and  forms 
bushy  specimens. 

2.  C.  Konishii,  Hayata.  Tree  to 
100  feet,  with  longitudinally  furrowed 
cinnamon-brown  bark  becommg 
grayish- white  with  age:  leaves  on  fertile  shoots  lanceolate,  falcate,  obtusish, 
J/2-1  inch  long,  grayish-green  with  2  broad  white  bands  beneath  and  2 
narrow  stomatic  bands  above,  on  young  plants  linear-lanceolate,  to  IJ/2 
inches  long,  spiny-pointed  and  without  stomatic  lines  above:  cones  ovoid, 
%-l  inch  long;  scales  rounded  with  a  sharp  mucro  at  the  apex.  Formosa. — 
Introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson  in  1918  and  growmg 
well  in  California  and  Florida.  Young  plants  differ  little  from  those  of 
the  preceding  species. 


61.    Cunninghamia 
lanceolata. 


18.  ARAUCARIA,  Juss.    (Synonym:  Domheya,  Lam.).    ARAUCARIA 

Evergreen  tall  trees  with  regularly  whorled  branches;  without  distinct 
winter-buds:  leaves  spirally  arranged,  subulate  or  scale-like  and  stiff,  clothing 


242  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

all  the  branches  uniformly  and  usually  closely  imbricated:  flowers  mostly 
dioecious,  the  staminate  terminal  and  solitary  or  disposed  in  fascicles; 
anthers  6-8-celled ;  fertile  flowers  in  ovoid  or  globose  heads  that  become  large 
woody  cones  with  only  1  seed  underneath  each  scale;  scales  numerous, 
elongated,  cuneate,  2-edged  or  2-winged;  seeds  wingless,  adnate  to  the 
scale  at  the  base;  cotyledons  2-4.  (Name  derived  from  Arauco,  a  province 
of  southern  Chile  where  one  of  the  species  grows.) — About  twelve  species 
in  South  America,  Australia,  and  the  Pacific  Islands  to  New  Guinea.  They 
are  stately  ornamental  trees  in  subtropical  countries,  while  in  colder  regions 
they  are  in  their  juvenile  state  favorite  greenhouse  and  pot-plants. 

A.  Leaves  flattened,  sharply  pointed,  ^-2  inches  long,  homo- 
morphic:  cone-scales  not  winged;  cotyledons  2,  hypogean 
(remaining  below  ground).    Sect.  Colymbea,  Endl. 
B.  Arrangement  of  leaves  spreading  in  two  ranks,  contracted 

at  base 1.  A.  Bidwillii 

BB.  Arrangement  of  leaves  imbricated,  crowded,  broad  at  base, 
c.  Shape  of  leaves  lanceolate,  loosely  imbricated,  glaucous 

green 2.  A.  brasiliana 

cc.  Shape  of  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  to  ^4  inch  broad  at 

base,  densely  imbricated,  bright  green  on  both  sides. .  .3.  A.  araucana 
AA.  Leaves  subulate  or  flattened  and  obtusish,  not  more  than  32 
inch  long,  more  or  less  dimorphic,  those  of  fertile  branches 
much  shorter,  compressed,  obtusish  and  densely  imbricate: 
cone-scales  winged;  cotyledons  4,  epigean  (above  ground). 
Sect.  EuTACTA,  Endl.  {Eutassa,  Salisb.  Eutacta,  Link). 
B.  Form  of  leaves  flattened,  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  ob- 
tusish, densely  imbricated,  at  least  3^  inch  wide i.  A.  Rulci 

BB.  Form  of  leaves   (of  sterile  branches)  subulate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  about  -^i  inch  thick, 
c.  Leaf  mucronate,  not  spiny,  slightly  or  not  keeled  on  the 
ventral  side,  triangular,  falcate. 
D.  Position  of  leaves  loosely  appressed  and  imbricate, 
broad  at  base  and  slightly  decurrent,  about  ^4  inch 

long 5.  A.  Cookii 

DD.  Position  of  leaves  spreading,  laterally  compressed,  de- 
current,  3  3-}  2  inch  long 6.  ^.  excelsa 

CO.  Leaf    spiny-pointed,    rigid,    much    flattened,    strongly 

keeled  on  both  sides,  quadrangular,  scarcely  falcate. .  .7.  A.  Cunninghamii 

1.  A.  Bidwillii,  Hook.  Bxjnya-bunta.  Tree  attaining  150  feet  in  height, 
the  trunk  free  of  branches  for  about  half  its  height;  branches  in  whorls  of 
10-15,  sparingly  ramified:  leaves  in  two  rows,  lance-ovate  and  very  sharp- 
pointed,  M~lK  inches  long,  thick,  firm  and  shining:  staminate  flowers  2-3 
inches  long:  cone  globose-ovoid,  about  9  inches  long  and  7  inches  through; 
scales  terminating  in  an  acute  edge.  Australia. — Introduced  about  1840. 
A  handsome  and  graceful  species. 

2.  A.  brasiliana,  A.  Rich.  {A.  hrasiliensis.  Loud.).    Brazilian  A.    Tree 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


243 


to  100  feet  tall,  with  spreading  and  slightly  pendent  branches  raised  at  the 
ends,  in  whorls  of  5-7,  with  the  branchlets  and  leaves  tufted  at  the  ends, 
tending  to  disappear  below  as  the  plant  grows:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 


much  attenuated  and  very  sharp- 
imbricated:  staminate  flowers  4-5 


1-2  inches  long,  somewhat  decurrent, 
pointed,   deep   glaucous  green,  loosely 
inches    long:    cones    globose,   5-6 
inches  across;  scales  with  a  recurved 
spine  at  apex.    Southern  Brazil. — 
Introduced  to  Europe  in  1819. 

Var.  Ridolfiana,  Gord.  A  more 
robust  form  with  longer  and  larger 
leaves.  } 

Var.  elegans,  Laws,   (var.   gra-        ' 
cilis,    Carr.).     A   form   with   more        \ 
numerous    and  slenderer  branches  ^^J^^yNiy'v 
and  more  crowded,  narrower,  and    -^^^^^^^^'^ 
often  glaucous  leaves. 

3.  A.  araucana,  K.  Koch  {A. 
imhricata,  Pav.).  Monkey-Puzzle. 
Fig.  62  and  Plate  XVII.  A  striking 
tree  of  pyramidal  habit,  to  100  feet 
tall;  branches  generally  in  whorls 
of  5,  at  first  horizontal,  with 
upward-curving  (sometimes  down- 
ward-curving) tips,  but  finally  be- 
coming much  defiexed;  branclilets 
in  opposite  pairs,  curved  upward  when  yoimg,  and  continuing  to  grow  until 
several  feet  long  when  adult:  leaves  imbricated  and  persisting,  even  on  the 
trunk,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  stiff,  leathery,  and  sharp-pointed,  2  inches 
long  on  the  primary  stem  and  branches,  1  inch  long  on  the  branchlets,  slightly 
concave  at  the  base,  bright  green  on  both  sides:  staminate  flowers  3-5  inches 
long:  cone  globose-ovoid,  5-8  inches  in  diameter;  scales  with  lanceolate 
acuminate  appendage  about  1  inch  long  at  apex;  seeds  about  1  inch  long, 
obscurely  4-angled.  Western  slope  of  the  Andes  in  Chile. — A  few  plants  were 
brought  to  England  in  1795  by  A.  Menzies,  but  remained  very  rare  until  in 
1844  Wm.  Lobb  sent  a  large  supply  of  seeds.  This  is  the  hardiest  species 
and  can  probably  be  grown  as  far  north  as  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  in 
sheltered  locations.  Thrives  well  in  mild  climates  in  a  hea^^'^  loamy  soil  in 
a  moist  valley  or  position  sheltered  from  rough  winds.  The  branches  are 
heavy  and  rather  brittle  and  the  beauty  and  symmetry  are  soon  destroyed  if 
planted  in  an  exposed  position.  One  of  the  most  distinct  conifers,  of 
singular  and  impressive  appearance  when  clothed  to  the  ground  with  its 


62.  Araucaria  araucana. 


244  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

whorls  of  regularly  branched  stout  and  heavy  branches  covered  throughout 
with  dark  green  spiny  leaves. 

4.  A.  Rulei,  F.  Muell.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  the  branches  in  whorls 
of  5-7;  branclilets  elongated,  horizontal  to  slightly  pendent  or  slightly 
ascending  at  the  ends;  leafy  branclilets  very  long:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to 
elliptic,  imbricated,  concave,  arched  toward  the  branch,  nearly  or  quite 
obtuse,  H-M  inch  long,  with  a  prominent  dorsal  nerve,  silvery-gray  on 
the  upper  and  rich  glossy  green  on  the  lower  side.  New  Caledonia. — 
Introduced  in  1863  to  Great  Britain.  A  very  handsome  plant  of  regular 
habit  with  stout  branchlets  and  dark  green  foliage.  Variable  at  different 
ages.  When  young,  the  branches  are  often  drooping  and  the  leaves  com- 
pressed and  obscurely  4-angled  and  nearly  or  quite  subulate:  var.  poly- 
morpha,  Bailey  {Eutada  Rulei  polymorpha,  Carr.). 

Var.  Goldieana,  Mast.  A  form  with  more  sparingly  ramified  erect  or 
ascending  branches  and  narrower  leaves. 

A  related  species  rarely  grown  is  A.  Balansae,  Brongn.  &  Oris.  Slow- 
growing  plant  with  usually  5  slender  branches  in  a  tier:  leaves  imbricate, 
short,  ovate,  J^  inch  long,  stiff,  falcate,  obtuse,  dark  olive-green:  cones 
subglobose,  4  inches  long.    New  Caledonia. — Introduced  in  1875. 

5.  A.  Cookii,  R.  Br.  {A.  columnaris.  Hook.).  A  slender  columnar  tree 
attaining  200  feet  in  height,  much  narrower  in  shape  than  A.  excelsa  which 
it  closely  resembles  when  young;  branches  disposed  as  in  ^.  excelsa,  but  tree 
tending  to  shed  the  lower  ones;  branchlets  crowded  on  the  branches  and 
turning  upward  in  a  boat-like  form :  young  leaves  rather  closely  arranged  on 
the  branchlet  and  M-3^  inch  long,  broad  and  slightly  decurrent  at  base, 
slightly  curved,  mucronate;  adult  leaves  densely  imbricated,  short  and 
ovate,  obtuse:  staminate  flowers  ij^  inches  long:  cones  globose-ovoid,  4-5 
inches  high  and  3-4  inches  in  diameter;  scales  terminating  in  a  long  subulate 
mucro.  New  Caledonia  and  New  Hebrides. — Introduced  about  1850  to 
Great  Britain. 

6.  A.  excelsa,  R.  Br.  Norfolk-Island-Pine.  Tree  attaining  200  feet  in 
height;  branches  frondose,  in  whorls  of  4-7:  leaves  curved  and  sharp-pointed, 
rather  soft,  H~/^  inch  long,  and  densely  placed  on  the  horizontal  or  droop- 
ing branclilets:  cones  subglobose,  broadest  at  base,  4-6  inches  across;  scales 
terminating  in  an  incurved  spine.  Norfolk  Islands. — Introduced  to  England 
about  1793  by  J.  Banks.  This  is  the  most  commonly  cultivated  species, 
being  much  grown  as  small  pot-specimens.  It  is  an  excellent  house  plant, 
and  keeps  well  in  a  cool  room  near  a  window.  In  summer  it  may  be  used  on 
the  veranda,  but  must  be  shaded. 

Var.  glauca,  Carr.    Bluish  A.    With  bluish-green  foliage, 
Var.  albo-spica,  Mast.    Silver-Star  A.    Tips  of  the  young  branchlets 
white. 


Plate  XWIII       \ii  old  Norwav  spruce  il'ina    I  hi,",;  or  I'   (riilsn) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


245 


Var.  robusta,  Kent.  Emerald  A.  A  strong-growing  form  with  deep  green 
foliage. 

Var.  virgata,  Schwerin.  The  primary  branches  without  or  with  very  short 
secondary  branchlets. 

7.  A.  Ctmninghamii,  Lamb.  Hoop-Pine  (Moreton  Bay  Pine).  Tree 
attaining  200  feet  in  height,  with  spreading  branches  in  whorls  of  4-7,  the 
upper  ascending,  the  lower  in  older  plants  somewhat  depressed:  leaves 
acicular,  straight  or  nearly  so,  stiff  and  pungent,  '^-Yi  inch  long,  laterally 
strongly  compressed,  with  the  dorsal  midrib  decurrent:  staminate  flowers 
2-3  inches  long:  cone  ovoid-globose,  about  3  inches  long;  scales  terminating 
in  a  lanceolate  recurved  mucro.  Australia. — The  most  widely  distributed  of 
the  Australian  araucarias  and  a  valuable  timber  tree.  Introduced  to  Great 
Britain  in  1851.  It  is  a  less  formal  and  symmetrical  plant  than  A.  excelsa 
and  not  much  cultivated. 

Var.  glauca,  Endl.    With  silvery 
glaucous  foliage. 

19.   AGATHIS,  Salisb. 
DAMI^IAR-PINE 

Evergreen  trees  with  whorled 
branches;  without  distinct  winter- 
buds:  leaves  opposite  or  alternate, 
usually  more  or  less  2-ranked,  flat 
and  broad,  not  needle-like,  coriace- 
ous: flowers  dioecious;  staminate 
flowers  axUlary,  cylindric;  fertile 
flowers  terminal  or  axillary:  cones 
usually  on  short  lateral  branchlets, 
globose-ovoid,  usually  depressed, 
composed  of  numerous  broadly  obo- 
vate  scales  without  bracts;  each 
scale  with  a  solitary  reversed  winged 
seed;  cotyledons  2.  (Name  derived 
from  Greek  agathis,  ball  or  glome; 
referring  to  the  shape  of  the  fertile 
flowers  and  the  cone.) 
A.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong  to 

narrow-  lanceolate, 

}4~M:  inch  broad.  .  .  .1.  A.  australis 
AA.  Leaves   short -petioled, 

generally  oblong,  ^i- 

\}/2  inches  broad.  63.  Agathis  australis 


246  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

B.  Staminate  flowers  ^  inch  long:  leaves  obtuse,  usually  opposite.  .2.  A.  alba 
BB.  Staminate  flowers  about  1}/^  inches  long:  leaves  short-acuminate 

to  obtuse,  often  alternate 3.  A.  robusta 

1.  A.  australls,  Steud.  {Davimara  australis.  Lamb.).  Ejvuri-Pine. 
Fig.  63.  Tree  to  100  or  occasionally  to  150  feet  tall;  bark  glaucous  gray, 
falling  off  in  large  flakes:  leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  sessile,  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  /^-Ij^  inches  long,  obtuse,  on  young  trees  oblong  to  narrow- 
lanceolate  and  2-4  inches  long:  staminate  flowers  M~lH  inches  long,  solitary: 
cone  terminal  on  short  branchlets,  erect,  subglobose,  2-3  inches  across; 
scales  terminating  in  a  short  mucro.  New  Zealand. — Introduced  in  1821 
to  Great  Britain.  Cultivated  out-of-doors  in  California,  but  not  very  success- 
fully. Kauri  gum,  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  varnish,  is  the  partly 
fossilized  resin  of  A.  australis.  It  is  found  5-6  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  in  the  northern  part  of  New  Zealand  where  there  were  vast  forests 
of  this  tree  in  ages  past. 

2.  A.  alba,  Foxw.  {A.  lor anthi folia,  Salisb.  A.  Dammara,  Rich.  A.  orientalis, 
Rehd.  Dammara  alba.  Lam.  D.  orientalis.  Lamb.).  White  D.  Tree  to  100 
feet  tall:  leaves  usually  opposite,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
2-4  inches  long,  thickish,  striated,  dull  green:  staminate  flowers  about  ^ 
inches  long:  cone  globose-ovoid,  about  33^2  inches  long  and  2-23/2  inches  in 
diameter.  Malayan  Archipelago. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1804, 
Cultivated  out-of-doors  in  California  and  in  greenhouses  elsewhere.  Both  this 
and  the  preceding  species  were  introduced  to  California  by  Franceschi  of 
Santa  Barbara. 

3.  A.  robusta,  F.  M.  Bailey  {Dammara  robusta,  C.  Moore.  D.  Brownii, 
Lem.).  Robust  D.  Tree  to  150  feet  tall,  with  nearly  whorled  branches: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  to  short-acuminate, 
2-3,  rarely  to  4  inches  long,  striated:  staminate  flowers  about  13^^  inches  long: 
cone  globose-ovoid  to  obovoid,  3—4  inches  long;  seeds  nearly  3^  inch  long, 
with  an  upright  wing  as  long  as  the  seed.  Australia. — Introduced  to  Europe 
before  1850.    Cultivated  in  California. 

A.  obtusa,  Morrison  {Dammara  obtusa,  Lindl.),  from  the  New  Hebrides, 
is  closely  related.  It  was  introduced  to  Europe  in  1851  and  is  but  rarely 
cultivated  in  greenhouses  in  Europe. 

20.  KETELEERIA,  Carr. 

Evergreen  trees  with  rough  irregularly  furrowed  bark  and  whorled  spread- 
ing branches,  of  regular  pyramidal  habit  while  young,  in  old  age  with  a  broad 
flat-topped  head;  winter-buds  globose  or  ovoid,  not  resinous:  leaves  linear, 
flat  or  keeled,  not  grooved  above,  pale  green  below,  appearing  2-ranked: 
flowers  monoecious,  staminate  arranged  in  clusters;  anthers  2-celled:  cones 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


247 


upright,  with  persistent  woody  scales;  bracts  inclosed,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  scales;  wings  of  seeds  as  long  as  the  scales;  cotyledons  2,  hypogean 
(remaining  below  ground).  (Named  in  honor  of  Jean  Baptiste  Keteleer,  a 
French  nurseryman,  born  in  Belgium.) — Two  or  possibly  3  or  4  species  in 
China  and  Formosa. 

A.  Young  branchlets  orange-red,  glabrous:  cone-scales  suborbicular, 

slightly  inflexed  at  apex I.  K.  Fortunei 

A.*..  Young  branchlets  yellowish-gray,  puberulous   or  sometimes  gla- 
brous: cone-scales  ovate,  recurved  at  apex 2.  K.  Davidiana 

1.  K.  Fortunei,  Carr.  (Abies  Fortunei,  Murr.  Pseudotsuga  jczocnsis, 
Bertrand.  Pin  us  Fortunei,  Pari.  Ahietia  Fortunei,  Kent).  Tall  tree  to  100 
feet;  branchlets  glabrous,  orange-red:  leaves  linear,  rigid,  mucronate  or 
spiny-pointed,  obtusish  on  old  trees,  flat,  with  the  midrib  prominent  on 
both  sides,  glossy  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  1-13^^  inches  long:  cones 
ovoid  or  cylindric-ovoid,  3-7  inches  long;  scales  suborbicular,  purple  while 
young,  later  reddish-brown. 
Southeastern  China.  —  Intro- 
duced to  Europe  about  1845. 
Little  known  in  this  country 
and  probably  hardy  only  in 
California  and  the  Southern 
States.  Handsome  pyramidal 
tree  similar  to  a  fir. 

2.  K. Davidiana,  Beiss.  {Abies 
Davidiana,  Franch.  Pseudotsuga 
Davidiana,  Bertrand).    Fig.  64. 
Tall    tree   to    120    feet;    young 
branchlets     puberidous,     rarely 
glabrous:  leaves  linear,  rounded 
or  notched  at  the  apex,  midrib 
raised  on  both  sides,  glossy  green 
above,  paler  below,  \-\}/2  inches 
long:      cones     cylindric-oblong, 
6-8  inches  long,  with  orbicular- 
ovate  scales,  erose  at  the  margin 
and     recurved     at     the     apex. 
Western  China  and  Formosa. — 
Introduced  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
in   1900    to   Great   Britain 
and  in  1907  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum.     This    species 
is  probably  somewhat  har- 


64.  Keteleeria  Davidiana 


248  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

dier  than  the  preceding  one,  but  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  tested. 
Keteleeria  sacra,  Beiss.,  K.  Evelyniana,  Mast.,  and  K.  formosana,  Hayata, 
are  probably  synonyms  or  only  varieties  of  K.  Davidiana. 

21.  ABIES,  Mill.    FIR 

Evergreen  trees  of  pyramidal  habit,  with  whorled  spreading  branches; 
bark  usually  smooth,  thin  on  young  trees,  thick  and  furrowed  at  base  of  old 
trees;  winter-buds  with  or  without  resin:  leaves  persistent  for  many  years, 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  contracted  above  the  circular  base 
and  leaving  a  circular  scar  as  they  fall,  flattened,  usually  grooved  and  deep 
green  and  lustrous  above,  with  2  white  or  pale  stomatic  bands  and  keeled 
beneath,  rarely  4-sided  with  stomata  on  all  4  sides,  rounded  and  variously 
notched  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  usually  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  at 
their  base,  with  2  resin-canals  which  are  either  marginal  (lying  close  to  the 
epidermis  of  the  under  side)  or  internal  (surrounded  by  the  tissue  of  the  leaf), 
and  with  2,  rarely  1,  vascular  bundles;  on  upper  fertile  branches  crowded, 
more  or  less  erect,  often  incurved  or  falcate,  thickened  or  quadrangular, 
obtuse  or  acute:  flowers  axillary,  appearing  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed 
the  previous  summer  on  branchlets  of  the  year,  surrounded  by  involucres  of 
the  enlarged  scales  of  the  flower-buds;  stamina te  flowers  pendent  on  branches 
above  the  middle  of  the  tree;  fertile  flowers  globular,  ovoid  or  oblong,  with 
numerous  2-ovuled  imbricate  scales,  erect  on  the  topmost  branches :  fruit  an 
erect  ovoid  or  oblong-cylindrical  cone,  its  scales  longer  or  shorter  than  their 
bracts,  broad  and  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  incurved  apex,  narrowed  at 
base  into  a  long  stipe;  seeds  with  large  thin  wing;  cotyledons  4-10.  (Abies 
is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  silver-fir.) — About  35  species  in  northern 
and  mountainous  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  often  gregarious, 
extending  south  in  America  to  Guatemala,  in  the  Old  World  to  northern 
Africa  and  the  Himalayas. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  among  the  handsomest  and  stateliest  conifers. 
They  succeed  best  in  a  cool  and  humid  climate  and  are  particularly  impatient 
of  dust  and  smoke,  therefore  not  suited  for  planting  in  or  near  cities;  only 
a  few,  like  A.  concolor,  are  more  resisting.  All  the  known  species  have  been 
introduced  and  are  in  cultivation  except  A.  maroccajia  and  A.  Kawakamii. 

The  following  key  is  artificial  and  based  primarily  on  vegetative  characters; 
it  does  not  pretend  to  express  the  natural  affinities  of  the  species  and  their 
sequence,  therefore  differs  from  that  of  the  enumeration  where  the  species 
are  grouped  as  much  as  possible  according  to  their  relationship.  The  de- 
scriptions of  the  leaves  refer  to  those  of  sterile  branches;  the  leaves  of  fertile 
branches  are  as  a  rule  shorter  and  thicker,  usually  more  or  less  upturned  and 
ascending,  acute  and  often  spiny-pointed  and  have  in  some  cases  internal 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  249 

resin-ducts,  even  if  the  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches  have  the  resin-ducts 
marginal. 

A.  Leaves  without  stomata  above  (or  sometimes  with  few  in- 
complete hnes  of  stomata  near  apex  in  Nos.  1,  18,  and  i5). 
B.  Branchlets  deeply  grooved,  particularly  on  two-year-old 
branches, 
c.  Pubescence  lacking  on  branchlets:  leaves  with  internal 

resin-ducts 14.  J.  homolepis 

CO.  Pubescence  of  branchlets  brown,  in  the  grooves:  leaves 

with  marginal  resin-ducts 15.  A.  spectabilis 

BB.  Branchlets  not  or  slightly  grooved. 

c.  Under  surface  of  leaves  without  conspicuous  white  or 
glaucous  bands  (sometimes  fairly  conspicuous  in  A. 
chensiensis) . 
D.  Apex  of  leaves  acutish  to  spiny-pointed. 

E.  Cones  violet-purple:  leaves  of  upper  ranks  partly 
recurved;    resin-ducts    marginal:    winter-buds 

very  resinous 11.  ^1.  recurvata 

EE.  Cones  green:  leaves  spreading  at  nearly  right 
angles  or  upper  ranks  directed  forward:  resin- 
ducts  internal:  winter-buds  thinly  resinous 12.  /I.  holophylla 

DD.  Apex  of  leaves  emarginate  or  bifid:  resin-ducts  mar- 
ginal. 
E.  Cones  green:  leaves  more  or  less  pectinate:  buds 
not  or  slightly  resinous. 

F.  Leaves  emarginate:  branchlets  glabrous 10.  A.  chensiensis 

FF.  Leaves  sharply  bifid  (at  least  in  young  plants) : 
branchlets   slightly    grooved,    hairy    in    the 

grooves 1.3.  A.  firma 

EE.  Cones  purple:  leaves  of  upper  ranks  directed  for- 
ward, slender,  often  curved,  bifid  at  apex:  buds 

resinous IG.  .4.  Pindrow 

CO.  Under  surface  of  leaves  with  2  white  or  glaucous  sto- 
matic  bands. 
D.  AU  branchlets  more  or  less  pubescent. 
E.  Buds  resinous. 

F.  Foliage   more   or   less  pectinate. 
G.  Winter-buds   very  resinous. 

H.  Leaves     distinctly     pectinate,      13^-2^ 
inches  long:  branchlets  soon  glabrous 

and  lustrous 28.  ^.  grandis 

HH.  Leaves  not  all  strictly  pectinate,  l^-l^/i 
inches  long. 
I.  Apex  of  leaves  acute  to  obtusish;  resin- 
ducts  marginal \1.  A.  religiosa 

n.  Apex  of  leaves  truncate  to  emarginate; 

resin-ducts  internal %5.  A.  balsamea 

GG.  Winter-buds   slightly  resinous:   leaves   very 
white  beneath,  to  1^^  inches  long,  sharply 

bifid:  branchlets  slightly  grooved 6.  A.  Faxoniana 

FF.  Foliage  not  pectinate. 


250 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


G.  Direction  of  leaves  spreading  upward  and 
outward. 
H.  Length  of  leaves  H~/€  inch;  resin-ducts 
internal. 

I.  Leaf  with  8-12  Hnes  of  stomata  in  each 

band:  bracts  of  cone  much  exserted. . .  24 
II.  Leaf  with  4-8  lines  of  stomata  in  each 
band:  bracts  not  or  slightly  exserted.  .25. 
HH.  Length    of    leaves    about    1    inch;    resin- 
ducts  marginal  (internal  in  No.  7). 
I.  Branchlets    soon    glabrous,    yellowish: 

buds  thinly  resinous 

u.  Branchlets   densely  pubescent,   brown: 
buds  very  resinous. 
J.  Apex  of  leaves  truncate  or  emargi- 

nate:  bark  smooth 3. 

jj.  Apex  of  leaves  acutish  to  obtuse:  bark 

flaky 7. 

GG.  Direction  of  leaves  forward. 

H.  Width  of  leaves  ^  inch  or  more. 

I.  Pubescence  of  branchlets  pale,  short: 
leaves  about  1  inch  long;  resin-ducts 
marginal 27. 

II.  Pubescence    of    branchlets 


A.  Fraseri 
A.  balsamea 


4.  A.  Jcoreana 


A.  Veitchii 
A.  squamata 


fous:  leaves  ^-%  inch  long;  resin- 
ducts  internal 5. 

HH.  Width  of  leaves  ^'j-xe  inch,  to  1 1-2  inches 
long;  resin-ducts  internal. 
I.  Branchlets  smooth,  minutely  pubescent : 
leaves  with  4-5  lines  of  stomata  in 

each  band 1 . 

II.  Branchlets  slightly  grooved,  withh  airs 
in  the  grooves:  leaves  with  7-8  lines 

of  stomata  in  each  band 2. 

EE.  Buds  not  resinous:  leaves  with  marginal  resin- 
ducts:  cones  green. 
F.  Foliage  not  pectinate. 

G.  Cone  with  hidden  bracts:  leaves  spreading 

upward  and  outward 21. 

GG.  Cone  with  exserted  and reflexed bracts:  leaves 

directed  forward 22. 

FF.  Foliage  pectinate:  cone  with  exserted  bracts 23. 

DD.  All  branchlets  glabrous  (often  slightly  hairy  in  Nos. 

8  and  9) :  resin-ducts  marginal. 

E.  Apex   of   leaves    obtuse    or    emarginate,    rarely 

acutish :  branchlets  bro^vn :  cones  purple  or  violet. 

F.  Winter  -  buds    resinous:    leaves  slender,    ^^-1 

inch  long,  emarginate. 

G.  Leaves  not  or  scarcely  revolute;  resin-ducts 

internal  on  fertile  branches 8. 

GG.  Leaves  revolute  at  the  margin;   resin-ducts 

marginal 9. 


A.  amabilis 
A.  Mariesii 


A.  sihirica 

A.  sachalinensis 


A.  cilicica 


A.  Nordmanniana 
A.  alba 


A.  Fargesii 
A.  Delavayi 


ENUMERATION   OF   CONIFERS  251 

FF.  Winter-buds  not  resinous:  leaves  stout,  J^-^ 
inch,  usually  obtuse,  often  with  a  few  sto- 

matic  lines  above 18.  ^.  numidica 

EE.  Apex  of  leaves  sharply  pointed. 

F.  Leaf  J^-1  inch  long,  radially  spreading:  buds 
resinous,    small,     bracts   of   cones   exserted 

and  reflcxed 20.  A.  ccphalonica 

FF.  Leaf  pectinate,  to  2  inches  long:  winter-buds 
large,   pointed,   not    resinous:    cone    bristly 

with  the  long  upright  tips  of  the  bracts 32.  A.  venusta 

AA.  Leaves  stomatiferous  on  both  sides,  grayish-green  or  glau- 
cous" buds  resinous. 
B.  Position  of  leaves  radially  spreading,  pointed,  short  and 

rigid;  resin-canal  internal 19.  .1.  Pinsajm 

BB.  Position  of  leaves  not  radially  spreading. 

c.  Buds  completely  covered  with  resin:  leaves  flat. 

D.  Branchlets   pubescent:  leaves  not  pectinate,   with 

internal  resin-ducts 26.  .4.  lasiocarpa 

DD.  Branchlets  glabrous:  leaves  pectinate,  with  marginal 

resin-ducts 29.  A.  concolor 

cc.  Buds  thinly  resinous,  with  a  ring  of  free  acuminate 
scales  at  base:  leaves  of  the  upper  ranks  curving  up- 
ward from  an  approssed  base;  resin-cinals  marginal. 
D.  Bracts  of  cone  much  exserted  and  reflexed:  leaves 

of  sterile  branches  flat  and  grooved  above 30.  A.  nobilis 

DD.  Bracts  of  cone  hidden  or  slightly  exserted:  leaves 

4-sided 31.  A.  magnifica 

1.  A.  sibirica,  Ledeb.  {A.  pichta,FoTh.  A.  Semenovii,  Fedtsch.).  Siberian 
F.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  bark  smooth;  winter-buds  globose,  resinous; 
branchlets  gray,  minutely  pubes"cent:  leaves  linear,  slender,  up  to  1^  inches 
long,  rounded  and  entire  or  bifid  at  apex,  lustrous,  bright  green  above,  often 
with  2  or  3  short  lines  of  stomata  near  apex,  with  2  narrow  grayish  bands 
beneath,  crowded  and  directed  forward:  cone  cylindric,  2-3  inches  long, 
bluish  before  maturity;  scales  about  §  inch  wide,  with  denticulate  margin; 
bracts  hidden,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  scale.  Northern  Russia  to  Kamchatka, 
south  to  Turkestan  and  Manchuria. — Introduced  to  Europe  about  1820. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada,  but  starts  to  grow  early  and  is  often  injured 
by  late  frosts.  It  is  not  very  satisfactory  in  the  Eastern  States  and  is  likely 
to  become  thin  and  scraggy. 

A  closely  related  species  is  A.  nephrolepis,  Maxim.  (A.  sibirica,  Trautv. 
A.  gracilis,  Komar.).  Bark  of  trunk  rough;  branchlets  more  pubescent: 
leaves  shorter:  cones  smaller;  bracts  longer.  Eastern  Siberia,  northern 
China. — Introduced  in  1908  to  Europe. 

2.  A.  sachalinensis,  Mast.  {A.  Veitchii  var.  sachalinensis,  F.  Schmidt). 
Saghalin  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark;  winter-buds 
small,  very  resinous;  branchlets  slightly  grooved,  pubescent  in  the  grooves: 
leaves  similar  to  those  of  A.  sibirica,  but  without  stomata  above  and  with 


252 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


broader  stomatic  bands  beneath  and  slightly  broader  and  longer:  cones  about 
3  inches  long,  gradually  narrowed  toward  the  apex;  scales  with  entire  margin, 
densely  pubescent  outside;  bracts  exserted  and  reflexed.  Northern  Japan, 
Saghalin,  and  Kurile  Islands. — Introduced  in  1878  by  W.  A.  Clark  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  and  in  1879  to  Great  Britain  by  Maries.  Hardy  north 
to  Canada,  but  not  particularly  ornamental  on  account  of  its  thin  habit. 

Var.  nemorensis,  Mayr.  Cones  smaller  with  hidden  bracts.  Saghalin. — 
Introduced  in  1914  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

3.  A.  Veitchii,  Murr.  Veitch  F. 
Fig.  65.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with 
smooth  grayish  bark;  winter-buds 
purplish,  very  resinous,  the  lateral 
almost  united  with  the  terminal  one; 
branchlets  brown,  rather  densely 
pubescent:  leaves  crowded,  directed 
forward  and  more  or  less  upward, 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  branchlets 
pectinate,  linear,  3^-1  inch  long, 
truncate  and  notched  at  apex,  lus- 
trous dark  green  above,  with  2  broad 
silvery- white  bands  beneath:  cone 
cylindric,  1M~2H  inches  long,  bluish- 
purple  before  maturity;  bracts 
slightly  exserted  and  reflexed;  seeds  with  a  broad  short  wing,  scarcely  as 
long  as  body.  Central  Japan. — Introduced  in  1865  to  Europe  by  Tschonoski 
and  in  1876  to  this  country  by  Thomas  Hogg.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Ontario 
and  New  England  and  doing  weU;  it  is  a  desirable  species  of  broad-pyramidal 
habit  and  particularly  handsome  while  young. 

Var.  olivacea,  Shiras.  Cones  green  before  maturity. — Introduced  in  1914 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson. 

4.  A.  koreana,  Wils.  Korean  F.  Tree  to  50  feet;  bark  of  older  trees 
rough,  fissured  into  irregular  plates;  branchlets  sparingly  pubescent,  yellowish 
at  first,  becoming  glabrous  and  purplish;  winter-buds  thinly  resinous:  leaves 
crowded,  usually  broader  toward  the  apex,  rounded  and  emarginate,  or  on 
young  plants  pointed,  }/i-^/i  inch  long,  revolute  at  the  margin,  lustrous 
above,  with  whitish  bands  beneath:  cone  cylindric,  2-3  inches  long  and  about 
1  inch  in  diameter,  violet-purple  before  maturity;  scales  about  ^^  inch 
broad;  bracts  about  as  long  as  scales,  slightly  exserted  and  reflected.  Korea. 
— Introduced  to  France  about  1908  and  in  1918  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  where  it  has  so  far  proved  hardy. 

5.  A.  Mariesii,  Mast.  Maries  F.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  smooth 
pale  gray  bark,  rough  at  base  of  old  trees;  winter-buds  subglobose,  small. 


65.  Abies  Veitchii. 


Plate  XXXIV.    Norway  spruce  (Picea  Abies).    Top,  the  foliage.    Center,  var.  ClaTt- 
bramliana.    Below  left,  var.  pendnla;  right,  var.  microsperma 


ENUMERATION   OF    CONIFERS  253 

resinous;  branchlets  densely  rusty-pubescent:  leaves  crowded,  those  of  the 
middle  ranks  directed  forward  and  nearly  appressed,  the  lateral  ones  longer 
and  spreading,  linear,  slightly  broader  above  the  middle,  rounded  or  bifid  at 
apex,  3^-M  iiich  long,  lustrous  above,  with  white  bands  beneath:  cone 
ovoid  to  oblong-ovoid,  narrowed  toward  the  ends,  1^-33^  inches  long,  dark 
purple  before  maturity;  scales  about  1  inch  broad;  bracts  hidden;  seed- 
wings  twice  as  long  as  body.  Mountains  of  Japan. — Introduced  in  1879  to 
Great  Britain  by  Charles  Maries.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts, 
but  not  doing  as  well  as  A.  Veitchii. 

6.  A.  Faxoniana,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Faxon  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  bark 
dark  gray,  furrowed;  winter-buds  ovoid,  purple,  very  resinous;  branchlets 
densely  brown-pubescent,  slightly  grooved:  leaves  crowded,  irregularly 
spreading  in  two  ranks,  the  upper  rows  shorter,  linear,  obtuse  to  emarginate, 
rarely  mucronate,  slightly  revolute  at  the  margins,  }  2~1  inch  long,  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  with  white  bands  beneath;  resin-ducts  internal  or  marginal : 
cone  ovoid-oblong,  2-3  inches  long,  violet-purple  before  maturity;  scales 
about  ^4:  inch  broad;  bracts  somewhat  exserted,  upright  or  reflexed;  seed- 
wing  scarcely  as  long  as  body.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1911  by  E. 
H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  x\rboretum  where  it  has  proved  fairly  hardy,  but 
so  far  not  very  promising. 

7.  A.  squamata,  Mast.  Flaky  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  bark  purplish- 
brown,  exfoliating  in  thin  flakes;  winter-buds  subglobose,  reddish-brown, 
very  resinous;  branchlets  densely  brownish  pubescent:  leaves  crowded  and 
ascending,  linear,  often  falcate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  |-1  inch  long,  bluish- 
green  above,  with  white  bands  beneath:  cone  oblong-ovoid,  2-2}/^  inches 
long,  violet  before  maturity,  resinous;  scales  about  f  inch  wide;  bracts 
slightly  exserted.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to 
the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  is  apparently  not  quite  hardy.  Remarkable 
for  its  flaky  bark  which  begins  to  exfoliate  on  the  primary  branches  when 
about  six  years  old,  the  inner  bark  purplish-red  even  on  young  branches. 

8.  A.  Fargesii,  Franch.  Faroes  F.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  winter-buds 
resinous;  branclilets  glabrous,  reddish-brown  or  purplish,  slightly  grooved 
and  often  hairy  in  the  grooves:  leaves  on  upper  side  of  branchlets  crowded, 
spreading  at  nearly  right  angles,  the  middle  ranks  upright  or  nearly  reflexed, 
those  below  pectinate,  linear,  sometimes  falcate,  emarginate  or  bifid  at  apex, 
about  1  inch  long,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  with  white  bands  beneath: 
cones  ovoid-oblong,  2-3  inches  long;  scales  about  ^  inch  wide;  bracts  slightly 
exserted  and  recurved.  Central  China. — Introduced  in  1901  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
to  Great  Britain,  in  1907  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Hardy  as  far  north 
as  Massachusetts  and  promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  species 
of  the  Chinese  firs. 

A  closely  related  species  is  A.  sutchuenensis,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  {A.  Fargesii 


254  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

var.  sutchuenensis,  Franch.).  Differs  chiefly  in  its  stouter  and  shorter  ascend- 
ing leaves  acute  or  obtuse,  with  distinct  yellow  petioles.  Western  China. — 
Introduced  by  Wm.  Purdom  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1911. 

9.  A.  Delavayi,  Franch.  {A.  Faheri,  Craib.  Keteleeria  Fabri,  Mast.). 
Delavay  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  bark  gray,  fissured  in  old  trees;  winter- 
buds  resinous;  branclilets  usually  glabrous,  red-brown,  lustrous,  slightly 
grooved  and  often  hairy  in  the  grooves:  leaves  crowded,  spreading  at 
nearly  right  angles,  those  of  the  middle  ranks  much  smaller,  nearly  upright, 
and  often  upturned,  scarcely  pectinate  below,  linear,  emarginate  at  apex, 
f- 1  inch  long,  acute  at  the  margin  and  usually  strongly  revolute,  dark 
green  above  with  wide  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  23^-3  inches 
long,  violet-black  before  maturity;  scales  about  ^  inch  wide  and  entire  at 
the  margin;  bracts  slightly  exserted.  Western  China.  —  Introduced  by 
E.  H.  Wilson  in  1901  to  Great  Britain,  and  in  1908  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

A  related  species  is  A,  Beissneriana,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  180  feet  tall; 
bark  fissured,  dark  gray;  branchlets  yellowish  or  grayish-yellow,  rarely 
slightly  puberulous:  leaves  crowded,  linear-ligulate,  nearly  plane  above  and 
sometimes  stomatiferous  near  apex,  with  pale  or  glaucescent  bands  beneath: 
cone  peduncled;  bracts  hidden.  Western  China. — Introduced  by  E.  H. 
Wilson  in  1904  to  Great  Britain  and  in  1908  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where 
it  did  not  prove  hardy. 

Into  this  affinity  seems  to  belong  A.  Forrestii,  Craib.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall; 
branchlets  brown,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy:  leaves  pectinately  arranged, 
ascending  and  forming  a  V-shaped  groove,  those  of  lower  and  upper  ranks 
directed  forward  and  upward  and  curving  slightly  backward,  exposing  the 
white  under  side,  linear,  to  13^^  inches  long,  rounded  or  emarginate,  with 
broad  white  bands  beneath:  mature  cones  not  known.  Southwestern  China. 
— Introduced  about  1910  by  G.  Forrest  to  Great  Britain,  Not  yet  in  culti- 
vation in  this  country. 

10.  A.  chensiensis,  Van  Tiegh.  Shensi  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  winter- 
buds  ovoid,  slightly  resinous;  branchlets  glabrous,  yellowish-gray,  older  ones 
dark  gray:  leaves  horizontally  spreading  and  more  or  less  2-ranked,  linear, 
broader  above  the  middle,  f-l3^  inches  long,  usually  rounded  and  emargi- 
nate at  apex,  rarely  acutish,  shining  dark  green  above,  with  grayish-green 
or  sometimes  glaucescent  bands  beneath:  cones  ovoid-oblong,  3-4  inches 
long  and  nearly  2  inches  in  diameter,  green  while  young,  finally  cinnamon- 
brown;  scales  about  Ij^  inches  wide,  erose  at  the  margin  and  tomentose 
outside;  bracts  hidden.  Central  China. — Introduced  in  1907  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy,  but  grows  slowly.  A 
very  distinct  species. 

11.  A.  recurvata,  Mast.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall,  with  rough  dark  gray  or 
reddish-brown  bark;  buds  ovoid,  very  resinous;  branchlets  glabrous  and 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  ^55 

lustrous,  yellowish-gray:  leaves  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  on  the 
middle  ranks  and  partly  more  or  less  recurved,  pectinate  below,  linear, 
I -13^2  inches  long,  shorter  on  fertile  branches,  acutish  or  sharply  pointed, 
lustrous  or  bluish-green  above,  paler  green  beneath:  cones  oblong-ovoid, 
2-4  inches  long,  violet-purple  before  maturity,  finally  grayish-brown;  scales 
about  I  inch  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1910 
by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy.  A 
handsome  fir,  very  distinct  on  account  of  the  partly  recurved  spiny  leaves. 

12.  A.  holophylla,  Maxim.  Needle  F.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  winter-buds 
slightly  resinous;  branchlets  yellowish-gray,  glabrous,  slightly  grooved: 
leaves  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  outward  and  upward,  pectinate 
below,  linear,  entire  at  apex  and  spiny-pointed  in  young  plants,  acute  or 
obtusish  in  older  trees,  lustrous  bright  green  above,  with  grayish  or  slightly 
whitish  bands  beneath:  cone  cylindric,  5-6  inches  long,  green  when  young, 
finally  dull  light  brown;  scales  lJ^-2  inches  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Manchuria 
and  Korea. — Introduced  in  1905  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has 
proved  hardy  and  promises  to  become  a  handsome  and  distinct  tree  of 
pyramidal  habit  with  bright  green  lustrous  foliage. 

13.  A.  finna,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (A.  bifida,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  A.  Momi,  Sieb.). 
MoMi  F.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  bark  dark  gray,  soon  becoming  scaly,  fissured 
on  old  trees;  buds  small,  slightly  resinous;  branchlets  brownish,  slightly 
grooved,  short-pubescent  in  the  grooves:  leaves  pectinate,  linear,  broadest 
about  the  middle,  with  bifid  pungent  apex  on  young  plants,  obtuse  and 
emarginate  on  older  plants,  up  to  13^  inches  long,  lustrous  dark  green  above, 
not  keeled  and  with  grayish  bands  beneath :. cone  cylindric,  gradually  nar- 
rowed toward  the  apex,  4-5  inches  long,  yellowish-green  before  maturity; 
bracts  exserted,  not  reflexed.  Japan. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1861 
by  J.  G.  Veitch  and  the  following  year  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall  to  this  country. 
It  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  and  can  be  grown  in  sheltered  positions 
in  eastern  Massachusetts.  It  is  not  doing  as  well  as  the  other  Japanese 
firs  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  is  likely  to  become  a  thin,  rather  scraggy  tree 
when  older. 

14.  A.  homolepis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  {A.  hrachyphylla,  Maxim.).  Nikko 
F.  Fig.  06  and  Plate  XXV.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall;  bark  scaly;  winter-buds 
ovoid,  resinous;  branchlets  deeply  grooved,  particularly  on  two-  and  three- 
year-old  branchlets,  grayish,  glabrous:  leaves  spreading  outward  and  upward, 
separated  in  the  middle  by  a  V-shaped  depression,  pectinate  below,  those  of 
the  outer  ranks  about  1  inch  long,  of  the  middle  ranks  shorter,  linear,  rounded 
and  slightly  bifid  at  apex,  shining  dark  green  above,  with  broad  white  bands 
beneath:  cones  cylindric,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  ends,  about  4  inches  long, 
purple  before  maturity;  scales  about  f  inch  wide,  entire  at  the  margin;  bracts 
hidden.     Japan. — Introduced   in   1861    to  Great  Britain  by  J.   G.   Veitch. 


Q56  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  England  and  southern  Ontario,  and  it  has  proved, 
in  the  Eastern  States,  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  and  ornamental  firs;  it 
forms  a  broad  pyramidal  tree  usually  densely  branched  to  the  ground  and 
with  dark  green  lustrous  foliage. 


66.  Abies  homolepis. 

Var.  umbellata,  Wils.  (A.  umbellata,  Mayr.  A.  umbilicata,  Mayr).  Cone 
green  before  maturity. — Introduced  in  1891  by  Dr.  H.  Mayr  to  Europe  and 
to  this  country. 

Var.  Tomomi,  Rehd.  {A.  Tomomi,  Bobbink  &  Atkins).  More  sparingly 
branched  and  with  shorter  leaves. 

A  related  species  is  A.  Kawakamii,  Hayata.  Branchlets  deeply  grooved, 
yellowish,  pubescent  in  the  grooves  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  pointing 
forward,  the  upper  ranks  ascending  and  curved:  cones  2-3  inches  long. 
Formosa. — Not  yet  introduced. 

15.  A.  spectabilis,  Spach  {A.  Webbiana,  Lindl.).  Himalayan  F.  Tree 
to  150  feet  tall;  bark  scaly,  rough;  winter-buds  large,  subglobosc,  resinous; 
branchlets  reddish-brown,  deeply  grooved,  pubescent  in  the  grooves:  leaves 
arranged  as  in  ^.  homolepis,  but  larger,  1-2 J^  inches  long,  rounded  or  bifid 
at  apex,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  with  broad  white  bands  beneath :  cones 
cylindric,  6-7  inches  long,  violet-purple  before  maturity;  scales  about  ^ 
inch  broad;  bracts  hidden  or  slightly  exserted.  Sikkim  and  Bhutan  Himalaya. 
— Introduced  in  1822  to  Great  Britain.  A  handsome  tree  with  wide-spreading 


LATE  XXX\'.    Alcufk  spruce  {Picea  bicolor) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  257 

branches  forming  a  broad-pyramidal  head;  possibly  hardy  as  far  north  as 
the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  brevifolia,  Relid.  (A.  Wehbiana  var.  brevifolia,  Henry).  Leaves 
shorter,  not  exceeding  13<4  inches,  with  grayish-white  bands  beneath.  North- 
western Himalaya. — Somewhat  hardier  than  the  type. 

16.  A.  Pindrow,  Spach  {A.  Webbiana  var.  Piiidroio,  Brandis).  Pindrow 
F.  Tree  to  200  feet  tall;  bark  smooth  and  gray  on  young  trees,  grayish-brown 
and  fissured  on  old  trees;  winter-buds  large,  resinous;  branchlets  smooth  and 
glabrous,  gray:  leaves  crowded  above,  the  middle  ranks  directed  forward, 
pectinate  below,  narrowly  linear,  narrowed  into  a  bifid  acute  apex,  entire  in 
young  plants,  1-2^^  inches  long,  lustrous  dark  green  above  and  with  pale 
grayish  bands  beneath:  cone  cylindric,  4-5^2  inches  long,  deep  purple  while 
young;  scales  13<4  inches  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Himalaya:  Kumaon  to  Kash- 
mir.— Probably  hardy  as  far  north  as  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

17.  A.  religiosa,  SclJecht.  (.4.  hirteUa,  Lindl.).  Tree  to  150  feet  taU; 
bark  gray  or  grayish-brown,  fissured  into  oblong  plates;  winter-buds  globose- 
ovoid,  resinous;  branchlets  brown,  short-pilose:  leaves  pectinate,  the  middle 
ranks  directed  forward,  linear,  narrow,  acute  to  obtusish,  f-l/^  inches  long, 
dark  green  above,  with  white  or  grayish-white  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric- 
oblong,  5-6  inches  long  and  2-2}^  inches  in  diameter,  dark  violet-blue  before 
ripening;  bracts  longer  than  the  scale,  reflexed.  Mexico. — Introduced  in 
1838  to  Europe.    Probably  hardy  only  in  California  and  the  Southern  States. 

18.  A.  numidica,  De  Lannoy  (.4.  baborensis.  Let.  A.Pinsapo  var.  baborensis, 
Coss.).  Algerian  F.  Plate  XXVI.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall;  bark  gray,  smooth; 
winter-buds  ovoid,  large,  not  or  slightly  resinous;  branchlets  glabrous  and 
lustrous:  leaves  much  crowded  above,  spreading  outward  and  upward,  on 
stronger  branchlets  more  or  less  backward,  on  weaker  ones  with  a  V-shaped 
depression  in  the  middle,  pectinate  below,  stout,  linear,  often  broadest  above 
the  middle,  rounded  at  apex  and  slightly  emarginate  or  entire,  rarely  acutish, 
|-/4  inch  long  and  -jlj  inch  broad,  dark  green  above,  often  only  faintly 
grooved  and  usually  stomatiferous  near  apex  or  on  fruiting  branches  with 
several  stomatic  lines,  with  white  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric,  5-7  inches 
long;  scales  33<^  inches  broad,  with  entire  margin;  bracts  hidden.  Northern 
Africa. — Introduced  into  France  in  1862.  This  species  is  doing  well  in  the 
Eastern  States  and  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  and  in  sheltered 
positions  to  Massachusetts.  A  handsome  and  distinct  species  of  broad- 
pyramidal  habit  with  stiff  branches  densely  covered  with  short  stout  leaves. 

A  related  but  yet  incompletely  known  species  is  A.  nebrodensis,  Mattel, 
from  Sicily,  with  resinous  winter-buds  and  pubescent  branchlets;  it  is  in 
cultivation  in  France.  Another  related  species  is  A.  maroccana,  Trabut,  from 
Morocco,  also  incompletely  known  and  not  in  cultivation. 

19.  A.  Pinsapo,  Boiss.    Spanish  F.    Tree  to  80  feet  tall;  bark  smooth. 


258 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


fissured  in  old  trees;  winter-buds  ovoid,  resinous;  branchlets  glabrous, 
brownish:  leaves  spreading  radially  at  nearly  right  angles,  linear,  thick  and 
rigid,  acute  or  obtusish,  |-|  inch  long,  dark  green  and  stomatiferous  and 
slightly  convex  above,  with  grayish  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric,  4-5 
inches  long,  purplish-brown;  scales  about  1  inch  wide,  with  entire  margin; 
bracts  small,  hidden.  Spain. — Introduced  in  1837  by  Captain  Widdrington  to 
Great  Britain.  Hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 
A  handsome  tree  of  striking  appearance  doing  well  on  limestone  soil. 

Var.  argentea,  Beiss.  With  silvery-white  foliage.  Var.  glauca,  Beiss. 
Blue  Spanish  F.    With  glaucous  foliage. 

Of  this  species  the  following  hybrids  are  known: 

A.  Vilmorinii,  Mast.  {A.  cephalonica  XA.  Pinsapo).  A  handsome  vigorous 
tree  with  spreading  spiny-pointed  leaves  about  1  inch  long;  intermediate 
between  the  parents.    Originated  in  1868  in  France. 

A.  insignis,  Carr.  {A.  Nordmanniana  X  A.  Pinsapo).  A  broad-pyramidal 
vigorous  tree;  winter-buds  resinous:  leaves  crowded,  the  upper  ranks  pointing 
forward,  thickish,  lustrous  bright  green,  usually  obtuse  at  apex,  about  1  inch 
long.  Raised  first  in  1872  and  repeatedly  afterward;  several  forms  have  been 
distinguished,  as  var.  Beissneriana,  Rehd.  {A.  Beissneriana,  Mott.),  var. 
Kentiana,  Rehd.  {A.  Kentiana,  Mott.),  var.  Masterslana,  Rehd.  (A.  Master- 
siana,  Mott.),  and  var.  speciosa,  Rehd.  {A.  Nordmanniana  speciosa,  Bailly). 
20.  A.  cephalonica,  Loud.  (A.  panachaica,  Heldr.  A.  Regince-Amalice, 
Heldr.).    Greek  F.    Fig.  67.     Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  bark  grayish-brown, 

smooth,  fissured  in  old  trees;  winter- 
buds  ovoid,  reddish, resinous;  brancldets 
lustrous,  red-brown,  glabrous:  leaves 
radially  spreading  and  slightly  directed 
forward,  the  middle  ranks  above  shorter, 
linear,  stiffs,  gradually  narrowed  into  a 


67.  Abies 
cephalonica 


sharp  point,  3^-1  inch  long,  shining  deep 


L  few 
bands 
cones 

13^-2 


green  above,  sometimes  with 
stomata  near  apex,  with  white 
beneath,  the  margins  obtuse: 
cylindric,  5-7  inches  long  and 
inches  in  diameter,  brownish; 
with  convex  undulate  or  entire  margin; 
bracts  exserted  and  reflexed.  Greece. — 
Introduced  in  1824  to  Great  Britain. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts;  a  handsome 
tree  with  radially  spread- 
ing pungent  leaves. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


259 


Tree  to 


()8.  Abies 


Var.  Apollinis,  Beiss.  (A.  Apollims,  Link).  Branchlets  j'^ellowish:  leaves 
more  crowded  above,  only  a  few  leaves  below  spreading  downward  and 
forward,  thicker  and  broader,  acute  or  sometimes  obtusish. — Introduced  in 
1850  to  Germany. 

21.  A.  cUicica,  Carr.     Cilician  F.    Fig.  68  and  Plate  XXVII. 
100  feet  tall;    bark  ashy-gray,  smooth, 
scaly  in  old  trees;    winter-buds    small, 
with  few  keeled    acute    scales,  free  at 
the  tips,  not  resinous;  branchlets  gray, 
with     scattered     short     hairs:      leaves 
spreading    upward     and     forward,    on 
weak  shoots  outward  and  upward  and 
leaving   a  V-shaped   depression   in  the 
middle,     somewhat     pectinate     below, 
linear,   slender,    rounded  or   acute  and 
slightly  bifid  at  apex,  about  1  inch  long, 
shining  bright  green  above,  with  narrow 
white   bands   beneath:  cones  cylindric, 
7-9  inches  long,  reddish-brown;  scales 
1^-2  inches  broad,  with  entire  margin; 
bracts    hidden.     Asia    Minor, 
Syria. — Introduced  in  1853  to 
Europe  by  Kotschy.      Hardy 
as    far    north    as     southern 
Ontario  and  New  England.    A  handsome  fir  similar  to  A.  Nordmanniana, 
but  with  slenderer  branches. 

22.  A.  Nordmanniana,  Spach.  Nordmann  F.  Tree  to  150  feet  tall;  bark 
grayish-brown,  slightly  fissured  in  old  trees;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  with 
slightly  keeled  obtusish  scales,  not  resinous;  branclilets  gray  with  scattered 
short  hairs:  leaves  directed  forward  and  densely  covering  the  branclilets. 


lustrous  dark  green  above,  with  whitish  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric, 
5-6  inches  long,  reddish-brown;  scales  about  IJ/2  inches  wide;  bracts  exserted 
and  reflexed.  Caucasus,  Asia  Minor,  Greece. — Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern 
Ontario  and  New  England.  Introduced  about  1840  to  Europe.  A  hand- 
some and  desirable  species  forming  a  narrow-pyramidal  densely  branched 
tree  with  dark  green  foliage. 

Var.  aurea,  Beiss.    With  yellow  foliage. 

Var.  tortifolia,  Rehd.  Leaves  of  the  middle  ranks  above  falcate  and 
twisted,  partly  exposing  the  white  under  side. 

23.  A.  alba,  Mill.  {A.  pectinafa,  DC.  A.  Picea,  Lindl.,  not  Mill.).  Silver 
F.    Tree  to  150  feet  tall;  bark  grayish,  smooth,  scaly  in  old  trees;  winter- 


260  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

buds  small,  with  few  obtuse  scales,  not  resinous;  brancblets  gray,  with 
scattered  short  hairs:  leaves  pectinate,  those  of  the  upper  and  middle  ranks 
pointing  outward  and  upward,  linear,  rounded  and  bifid  at  apex,  |— 13^ 
inches  long,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  with  white  bands  beneath:  cones 
cylindric,  4-5}'^  inches  long,  green  while  young,  finally  reddish-brown; 
scales  about  1  inch  broad,  tomentose  outside;  bracts  exserted  and  reflexed. 
Mountains  of  Central  and  southern  Europe. — Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern 
Ontario  and  New  England,  but  not  very  satisfactory  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Var.  pendula,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (A.  pedinata  pendula,  Carr.).  Weeping 
Silver  F.    With  pendulous  branches. 

Var.  pyramidalis,  Voss  (A.  alba  fastigiata,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  A.  pedinata 
pyramidalis,  Carr.).  Sentinel  Silver  F.  With  ascending  branches  forming 
a  columnar  head. 

Var.  columnaris,  Rehd.  {A.  pedinata  coluvmaris,  Carr.).  Columnar 
Silver  F.  With  very  short  branches  of  nearly  equal  length  forming  a 
columnar  head. 

Var.  equi-trojani,  Asch.  &  Sint.  Leaves  attenuate  toward  the  apex  and 
slightly  emarginate:  cones  oblong-cylindric;  bracts  much  exserted.  Asia 
Minor. — This  variety  forms  a  transition  to  A.  cephalonica;  it  is  probably 
not  in  cultivation. 

24.  A.  Fraseri,  Poir.  Eraser  F.  (Southern  Balsam  F.).  Tree  to  70 
feet  tall;  bark  smooth,  reddish  and  scaly  in  old  trees;  winter-buds  small, 
subglobose,  very  resinous;  branchlets  yellowish-gray,  densely  covered  with 
short  reddish  hairs:  leaves  crowded,  spreading  upward  and  forward,  pectinate 
below,  linear,  rounded  and  bifid  at  apex,  |-1  inch  long,  shining  dark  green 
above,  with  broad  white  bands  beneath:  cones  oblong-ovoid  or  ovoid,  l}^- 
9,yi  inches  long,  purple  before  maturity;  scales  about  ^/'i  inch  wide;  bracts 
exserted  and  reflexed.  Alleghany  Mountains  from  West  Virginia  to  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1811  by  John  Eraser. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New  England,  but  not  very 
satisfactory  under  cultivation. 

25.  A.  balsamea,  Mill.  Balsam  F,  Tree  to  70  feet  tall;  bark  grayish- 
brown,  scaly  on  old  trees;  winter-buds  small,  reddish,  very  resinous;  branch- 
lets  ashy-gray,  short-pubescent:  leaves  spreading  upward,  pectinate  below, 
on  weaker  branchlets  indistinctly  pectinate  above,  linear,  rounded  and 
slightly  bifid  at  apex,  f-1  inch  long,  lustrous  dark  green  above  and  often 
with  a  few  stomatic  lines  near  apex,  with  narrow  grayish-white  bands  be- 
neath: cones  oblong,  1/^-23^  inches  long,  violet-purple  before  maturity; 
scales  f  inch  wide;  bracts  usually  inclosed  (exserted  in  var.  phanerolepis, 
Fern.).  Labrador  to  West  Virginia,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Iowa. — Intro- 
duced to  England  in  1698  by  Bishop  Compton.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Canada,  but  not  growing  satisfactorily  outside  of  its  natural  habitat. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  261 

Var.  hudsonia,  Engclm.  (Picea  Fraseri  hudsonia.  Knight).  Hudson  F, 
Dwarf  form  with  dark  green  shorter  and  broader  leaves. 

Var.  macrocarpa,  Kent.  Leaves  longer  and  cones  3-3^2  inches  long. 
Wisconsin. — Introduced  before  1884  by  R.  Douglas.  This  variety  forms  a 
transition  to  the  following  species. 

26.  A.  lasiocarpa,  Nutt.  (A.  subalpina,  Engelm.).  Alpine  F.  Tree  to 
100  or  occasionally  to  150  feet  tall;  bark  smooth  and  silvery-gray,  fissured 
in  old  trees;  winter-buds  small,  ovoid,  resinous;  branchlets  ashy-gray,  with  a 
short  rufous  pubescence:  leaves  much  crowded,  directed  upward  and  forward, 
linear,  rounded  or  acutish  at  apex,  rarely  emarginate,  1-1 H  inches  long, 
pale  bluish-green,  stomatiferous  above  and  only  slightly  grooved,  with  broad 
pale  bands  beneath:  cones  oblong-cylindric,  23^-4  inches  long,  truncate  or 
depressed  at  apex;  scales  ^<l-l  inch  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Alaska  to  Oregon, 
Utah  and  northern  New  Mexico. — ^Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1863,  to 
the  Eastern  States  in  1873.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada. 

Var.  compacta,  Rehd.  (A.  subalpina  compacta,  Beiss.).  A  dwarf  compact 
form. — Originated  about  1873. 

Var.  arizonica,  Lemm.  {A.  arizonica,  Merriam).  Cork  F.  Bark  thick 
and  corky,  grayish- white :  leaves  emarginate  at  apex,  with  bluish-white 
bands  beneath,  the  lower  ranks  pectinate,  the  upper  ones  directed  forward. 
Northern  Arizona  and  northern  New  Mexico. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1901. 

27.  A.  amabilis,  Forbes.  Cascade  F.  Tree  to  250  feet  tall;  bark  silvery- 
white  or  pale,  at  the  base  of  old  trees  thick  and  furrowed ;  winter-buds  globose, 
very  resinous;  branchlets  gray,  densely  pubescent:  leaves  crowded,  the  upper 
ranks  directed  forward,  the  lower  ones  spreading,  pectinate  below,  linear, 
often  broadest  above  the  middle,  truncate  or  bifid  at  the  apex,  about  1 
inch  long,  shining  dark  green  above,  with  broad  white  bands  beneath :  cones 
oblong,  3}^-6  inches  long,  purple  before  maturity,  puberulous;  scales  1-1 3<C 
inches  wide;  bracts  hidden.  British  Columbia  and  Alberta  to  Oregon. — 
Introduced  in  1830  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  in 
sheltered  positions.    A  very  handsome  fir  of  narrow-pyramidal  habit. 

28.  A.  grandis,  Lindl.  (A.  Gordoniana,  Carr.  A.  amabilis,  Murr.,  not  Forbes). 
Great  F.  Tree  to  300  feet  tall;  bark  smooth,  brownish,  fissured  into  thin 
plates  and  red-brown  or  grayish-brown  at  the  base  of  old  trees;  winter-buds 
ovoid,  resinous;  branchlets  olive-green,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  pectinate, 
linear,  rounded  and  bifid  at  apex,  flexible,  iMr'^^i  inches  long,  shining  dark 
green  above,  with  white  bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric,  2-4  inches  long, 
green;  scales  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  hidden  bracts.  Vancouver  Island  to 
northern  California,  east  to  Montana. — Introduced  in  1831  to  Great  Britain. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York,  but  not  very  satisfactory  in  the  Eastern 
States. 

29.  A.  concolor,  Lindl.  &  Gord.    White  F.    Plate  XXVIII.    Tree  to  120 


262  THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

feet  tall;  bark  smooth  gray,  on  old  trees  fissured  and  scaly;  winter-buds 
globose,  resinous;  branclilets  yellowish-green,  minutely  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous:  leaves  irregularly  arranged,  mostly  spreading  outward  and  curving 
upward,  some  of  the  middle  ranks  above  directed  forward,  linear,  acute, 
or  rounded  at  apex,  13^-2  inches  long,  bluish-green,  slightly  convex  and 
stomatiferous  above,  not  grooved,  convex  and  with  pale  bands  beneath: 
cones  cylindric,  3-5  inches  long,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  greenish  or  purplish 
before  maturity;  scales  about  1  inch  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Colorado  to 
southern  California,  northern  Mexico  and  New  Mexico. — Introduced  in  1872 
to  the  Eastern  States  and  to  Em-ope.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario 
and  New  England.  This  is  the  most  satisfactory  of  American  firs  for  culti- 
vation ia  the  Eastern  States  and  withstands  heat  and  drought  better  than 
any  other  fir. 

Var.  violacea,  Beiss.    Ptjrplecone  White  F.    With  bluish-white  foliage. 

Var.  argentea,  Niemetz.    With  silvery-white  foliage. 

Var.  Wattezii,  Beiss.  Foliage  first  pale  yellowish,  changing  to  silvery- 
white. 

Var.  globosa,  Beiss.    Of  globose  habit,  with  short  branches. 

Var.  Lowiana,  Lemm.  (A.  Lowiana,  Murr.  A.  Parsonsiana,  Barron.  A. 
concolor  var.  lasiocarpa,  Engelm.  &  Sarg.  A.  lasiocarpa.  Mast.,  not  Nutt.). 
Pacific  White  F.  Tree  to  250  feet  tall;  winter-buds  smaller:  leaves  pec- 
tinately  arranged,  2-3  inches  long,  rounded  and  bifid  at  apex,  shallowly 
grooved  above.  Oregon  to  California. — Introduced  in  1851  to  Great  Britain. 
Much  tenderer  than  the  type. 

30.  A.  nobilis,  Lindl.  Noble  F.  Tree  to  250  feet  tall;  bark  reddish- 
brown,  deeply  fissured,  smooth  in  young  trees;  winter-buds  resinous,  the 
outer  scales  narrow  and  acuminate;  branchlets  minutely  rusty-pubescent: 
leaves  crowded  above,  the  lower  ranks  spreading  outward,  the  middle  ranks 
much  shorter,  appressed  to  the  branchlets  near  the  base,  then  curving  up- 
ward, linear,  rounded  and  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  1-1 3^  inches 
long,  bluish-green,  stomatiferous  and  grooved  above,  with  narrow  pale 
bands  beneath:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  apex, 
6-10  inches  long,  green  before  maturity,  becoming  purplish-brown;  scales 
iM-lM  inches  wide;  bracts  much  exserted  and  reflexed.  Washington  to 
northern  California. — Introduced  in  1830  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts  in  sheltered  positions. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.   Blue  Noble  F.   With  glaucous  foliage. 

31.  A.  magnifica,  Murr.  (A.  nobilis  var.  magnifica,  Kellogg).  Red  F. 
Tree  to  200  feet  tall;  winter-buds  and  branchlets  like  those  of  the  preceding 
species:  leaves  less  crowded,  quadrangular  in  section,  rounded  and  entire 
at  apex,  keeled  and  stomatiferous  above,  with  pale  bands  beneath:  cones 
cylindric-oblong,  6-9  mches  long,  pubescent,  purplish-violet  before  maturity; 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  263 

scales  \}/i~\]/2  inches  wide;  bracts  hidden.  Oregon  to  California. — Intro- 
duced in  1851  to  Great  Britain.  A  handsome  fir  of  regular  habit,  doing  well 
in  the  Eastern  States,  but  less  hardy  than  the  preceding  species. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.    Azure  F.    With  deep  glaucous  foliage. 

Var.  axgentea,  Beiss.     With  bluish-white  foliage. 

Var.  shastensis,  Lemm.  {A.  shastensis,  Lemm.).  Bracts  exserted  and 
often  reflexed,  covering  nearly  half  the  scales.    Oregon  to  California. 

32.  A.  venusta,  K.  Koch  (.4.  bradeata,  Nutt.).  Bristlecone  F.  Tree  to 
150  feet  tall;  the  lower  branches  pendulous,  the  upper  short,  forming  a  head 
abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  pyramidal  base  into  a  slender  spire;  bark 
smooth,  brown,  fissured  at  the  base  of  old  trees;  winter-buds  elongated,  acute, 
^-1  inch  long,  not  resinous;  branchlets  greenish,  glabrous:  leaves  pectinate, 
linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  rigid,  spiny-pointed,  1^-2 J^  inches  long,  shining 
dark  green  above,  not  grooved,  with  broad  white  bands  beneath:  cones 
ovoid,  3-4  inches  long,  purplish-brown,  resinous;  bracts  exserted,  upright, 
ending  in  rigid  spines  1-2  inches  long,  giving  the  cone  a  bristly  appearance. 
California. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1853.  Outside  of  California  possibly 
hardy  in  the  Southern  States.   A  very  handsome  fir  of  striking  appearance. 

22.  PSEUDOTSUGA,  Carr. 

Tall  evergreen  trees  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  not  resinous;  branchlets  nearly  smooth,  marked  with  oval  scars  after 
the  leaves  have  fallen:  leaves  more  or  less  2-ranked,  linear,  flattened,  green 
and  grooved  above,  with  a  stomatiferous  white  band  on  each  side  of  the 
prominent  midrib  beneath,  with  only  1  vascular  bundle  in  the  center,  and 
with  2  subepidermal  resin-canals:  staminate  flowers  axillary,  cylindric; 
female  flowers  terminal  on  short  branchlets:  cones  pendent,  ovate-oblong, 
maturing  the  same  season;  scales  rounded,  rigid,  persistent;  bracts  longer 
than  the  scales,  2-lobed  at  the  apex  with  the  midrib  produced  into  a  rigid 
awn;  each  scale  with  2  nearly  triangular  seeds  with  a  wing  shorter  than  the 
scale;  cotyledons  6-12.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  pseudos,  and  tiuga; 
meaning  that  the  genus,  though  closely  related  to  Tsuga,  is  not  a  true  Tsuga.) 
— Four  species:  two  in  western  North  America,  one  in  Japan,  and  one  in 
China  and  Formosa. 

P.  taxifolia,  Britt.  (P.  Douglasii,  Carr.  P.  mucronata,  Sudw.  P.  Lind- 
Icyana,  Carr.  Abies  Douglasii,  Lindl.  Abietia  Douglasii,  Kent).  Douglas 
Fir  (Douglas  Spruce,  Red  Fir).  Fig.  29  and  Plates  XXIX,  XXX. 
Pyramidal  tree  attaining  200  feet  in  height  and  sometimes  more,  with  a  trunk 
becoming  12  feet  in  diameter,  clothed  with  ridged  dark  red-brown  bark; 
branches  horizontal,  with  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves  linear,  straight  or 
curved,  obtuse,  slender  and    flexible,  dark   green   or   bluish-green,    M~l/^ 


264  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

inches  long:  staminate  catkins  orange,  the  fertile  ones  reddish:  cones  pen- 
dulous, oval-ovoid,  2-43^  inches  long,  with  broad  rounded  scales  and  much 
exserted  bracts;  seed  34  inch  long,  with  broad  wing,  light  reddish-brown. 
From  British  Columbia  to  California,  Montana,  Colorado,  western  Texas, 
and  northern  Mexico. — Introduced  in  1827  to  Great  Britain  by  David 
Douglas.  In  its  Rocky  Mountain  form  it  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  southern 
Ontario  and  New  England  and  is  growing  well  in  the  Eastern  States;  it 
forms  a  pyramidal  tree  of  dense  yet  graceful  habit.  A  number  of  distinct 
forms  are  in  cultivation. 

Var.  viridis,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (A.  Douglasii  viridis,  Schwerin).  This  is 
the  typical  green-leaved  form  from  the  coast  region;  it  is  of  rapid  growth  and 
more  open  habit  than  the  Rocky  Mountain  form,  but  tenderer. 

Var.  caesia,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Douglasii  coesia,  Schwerin),  agrees  with 
the  type  except  that  the  leaves  are  bluish-green;  it  seems  to  be  somewhat 
hardier. 

Var.  brevibracteata,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Douglasii  taxifolia,  Carr.), 
Smaller  tree:  leaves  longer  and  darker:  bracts  of  cone  shorter. 

Var.  glauca,  Sudw.  (P.  Douglasii  glauca,  Mayr.  P.  glauca,  Mayr). 
Blue  Douglas  F.  Of  more  compact  habit;  branches  more  ascending: 
leaves  shorter,  bluish-green:  cones  smaller,  with  often  reflexed  bracts.  This 
is  the  Rocky  Mountain  form  which  is  hardier  than  the  type,  but  of  slower, 
more  compact  growth.  In  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  a  form  of  this 
variety  with  gray,  thick  and  corky  bark  occurs  (var.  suherosa,  Lemm.). 

Var.  argentea,  Sudw.  (P.  Douglasii  argentea,  Koster).  Silver  Douglas 
F.    Similar  to  the  preceding,  with  almost  silvery-white  foliage. 

Var.  Fretsii,  Rehd.  (P.  Douglasii  Fretsii,  Beiss.).  Frets  Douglas  F. 
Leaves  short  and  broad,  about  3^  inch  long,  obtuse  at  apex. 

Var.  pendula,  Sudw.  {P.  Douglasii pendula,'Enge\m.).  Weeping  Douglas 
F.  With  pendulous  branches  and  dark  green  foliage.  Var.  "glauca  pendula," 
Schneid.  (P.  Douglasii  glauca  pendula,  Beiss.).  With  pendulous  branches 
and  bluish-green  or  bluish-white  foliage. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Sudw.  (P.  Douglasii  fastigiata,  Carr.).  A  narjow  conical 
pyramid,  with  ascending  branches  and  shorter  leaves. 

Var.  compacta,  Sudw.  A  compact  conical  form  with  short  and  dense  foliage. 

Var.  globosa,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Douglasii  glohosa,  Beiss.).  A  dwarf 
globose  form. 

The  following  three  species  are  not  or  very  little  known  in  cultivation: 

P.  macrocarpa,  Mayr  (P.  Douglasii  var.  macrocarpa,  Engelm.).  Bigconb 
Spruce.  Closely  related  to  P.  taxifolia:  a  smaller  tree  with  more  remote 
and  usually  pendulous  branches:  leaves  acutish,  curved,  bluish-green:  cones 
4-63^2  inches  long,  with  slightly  exserted  upright  bracts.  Southern  C9,li- 
fornia. — Apparently  not  yet  introduced  into  cultivation. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  265 

P.  japonica,  Beiss.  (Tsuga  japonica,  Shiras.).  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  branch- 
lets  glabrous,  pale  yellowish-gray:  leaves  more  or  less  directed  forward,  often 
slightly  curved,  emarginate,  |-1  inch  long,  lustrous  bright  green  above: 
cone  ovoid,  1^4-2  inches  long;  bracts  exserted  and  reflexed.  Japan. — Intro- 
duced in  1898  to  Europe  and  a  year  later  to  this  country,  but  at  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  the  species  did  not  prove  hardy. 

P.  sinensis,  Dode.  Related  to  P.  japonica:  tall  tree;  branclilets  brown, 
pubescent:  leaves  to  13^^  inches  long,  emarginate,  more  or  less  pectinately 
arranged:  cones  to  2)^  inches  long,  with  puberulous  scales  and  upright  or 
reflexed  bracts.  Western  China. — Introduced  to  France  in  1912  and  in 
1914  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  did  not  prove  hardy.  Pseudotsuga 
Wilsoniana,  Hayata,  from  Formosa,  and  P.  Forrestii,  Craib,  from  Yunnan, 
are  probably  not  different  from  P.  sinensis. 

23.  TSUGA,  Carr.    HEMLOCK 

Evergreen  trees  with  slender  horizontal  branches  and  cinnamon-red 
furrowed  bark;  winter-buds  minute,  not  resinous:  leaves  usually  2-ranked, 
short-petioled,  linear,  flat  or  angular,  falling  away  in  drying:  staminate 
flowers  axillary,  subglobose;  ovule-bearing  flowers  termmal,  the  scales  about 
as  long  as  the  bracts,  each  with  2  ovules  at  the  base:  cones  small,  ovate,  or 
oblong  with  thin  flexible  persistent  scales,  much  longer  than  the  bracts; 
seeds  winged;  cotyledons  3-6.  (Tsuga  is  the  Japanese  name  of  the  genus.) — 
Nine  species  in  temperate  North  America,  Japan,  western  China,  and  on 
the  eastern  Himalayas.  The  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Abies  and  Picea  and 
differs  little  in  the  structure  of  the  flowers;  the  cones  are  very  similar  to  those 
of  the  larch,  but  the  leaves,  which  are  much  like  those  of  Abies  in  their 
outward  appearance,  though  smaller,  are  very  different  in  their  internal 
structure  from  all  allied  genera,  having  a  solitary  resin-duct  situated  in  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  below  the  fibro-vascular  bundle. 

Tsuga  should  be  called  "hemlock  spruce,"  but  in  common  speech  it  is 
usually  alluded  to  as  "hemlock."  The  "hemlock"  of  the  ancients  is  a  poison- 
ous umbelliferous  herb  {Conium  maculatum). 

A.  Leaves  with  2  white  lines  beneath,  grooved  above,  much  flattened, 
distinctly    2-ranked:    cones    }^-l3^    inches    long.    (Eutsuga, 
Engelm.). 
B.  Margin  of  leaves  entire;  apex  of  leaves  usually  emarginate, 
sometimes    obtuse. 

c.  Branchlets  glabrous,  grayish-  or  yellowish-browTi 1.  T.  Sieboldii 

cc.  Branchlets    pubescent. 

D.  Length  of  leaves  J 3- J  2  inch,  emarginate  at  apex:  branch- 
lets  pubescent  throughout,  reddish-brown 2.  T.  divcrsifolia 

DD,  Length  of  leaves  J^^-1  inch:  branchlets  yellowish-brown 
or  gray,  pubescent  chiefly  in  the  grooves. 


266  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

E.  Cone-scales  suborbicular:    leaves  emarginate,  with  in- 
conspicuous bands  beneath 3.  T.  chinensis 

EE.  Cone-scales    oblong-oval:     leaves    not    or    indistinctly 

emarginate,  with  conspicuous  white  bands 4.  T.  caroliniana 

BB.  Margin  of  leaves  finely  denticulate,  at  least  toward  the  apex; 
apex  of  leaves  obtuse  or  acutish. 
c.  Under  side  of  leaves  with  narrow  well-defined  bands  about  as 
broad  as  the  green  margin:  cone  peduncled,  with  glabrous 

almost  orbicular  scales 5.  T.  canadensis 

cc.  Under  side  of  leaves  with  broad  not  clearly  defined  bands 
much  broader  than  the  green  margin:  cone  sessile,  Avith 

oval  slightly  puberulous  scales 6.  T.  hcierophylla 

AA.  Leaves  stomatiferous  on  both  sides,  flat  or  convex  above,  spirally 

arranged:  cones  2-3  inches  long  (Hesperopeuce,  Engelm.). . .  .7.  T.  Mertensiana 

1.  T.  Sieboldii,  Carr.  (T.  Araragi,  Koehne).  Siebold  H.  Tree  attaining 
100  feet,  with  spreading  slender  branches;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acutish,  with 
glabrous  ciliate  scales;  branchlets  pale  yellowish-brown,  somewhat  glossy, 
glabrous,  with  reddish  leaf -cushions :  leaves  linear,  usually  broadest  at  the 
apex,  emarginate,  grooved  and  glossy  dark  green  above,  with  narrow  white 
bands  beneath,  }4-%  inch  long:  cone  ovoid,  1-lM  inches  long,  the  peduncle 
exceeding  the  bud-scales;  scales  orbicular;  bracts  bifid.  Japan. — Introduced 
in  1850  by  Siebold  to  Europe.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  in 
sheltered  positions. 

2.  T.  diversifolia,  Mast.  {Abies  diversifolia,  Maxim.  T.  Sieboldii  nana, 
Carr.).  Japanese  H.  Tree,  very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller  and 
chiefly  distinguished  by  the  reddish-brown  pubescent  branches;  winter-buds 
obovoid,  flattened,  minutely  pubescent  and  ciliate:  leaves  linear,  emarginate 
or  obtuse,  shorter  and  narrower,  broadest  at  the  middle  or  toward  the  base, 
■|-f  inch  long:  cone  smaller,  H-^<4  inch  long;  peduncle  not  exceeding  the 
bud-scales;  bracts  truncate,  crenulate,  not  or  slightly  bifid;  cone-scales 
orbicular-ovate,  lustrous,  with  slightly  bevelled  margin.  Japan. — Introduced 
in  1861  by  J.  G.  Veitch  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 
A  graceful  and  handsome  species  growing  well  in  the  Eastern  States. 

3.  T.  chinensis,  Pritz.  Chinese  H.  Tree  to  150  feet  tall;  winter-buds 
ovoid,  obtuse,  glabrous;  branchlets  yellowish,  later  pale  yellowish-gray, 
hairy  only  in  the  grooves :  leaves  linear,  emarginate,  3^-1  inch  long,  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  beneath  with  broad  whitish  bands  becoming  inconspicuous: 
cones  ovoid,  |-1  inch  long;  scales  suborbicular,  lustrous,  yellowish-brown, 
with  slightly  bevelled  margin.  Western  China. — Introduced  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
in  1901  to  Great  Britain  and  in  1908  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Hardy  in 
sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  A  handsome  species 
promising  well  in  suitable  localities. 

The  closely  related  T.  yunnanensis,  Mast.,  Yunnan  H.,  differs  in  the  more 
densely  pubescent  branchlets,  shorter  and  narrower,  obtuse,  not  emarginate 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


267 


leaves  always  very  white  beneath  and  in  the  dull  cones  with  fewer  scales 
slightly  recurved  at  the  apex.  Western  China. — Introduced  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  by  E.  H.  Wilson  in  1908.    Tenderer  than  the  preceding  species. 

4.  T.  caroliniana,  Engclm.  Carolina  H.  Fig.  69  and  Plate  XXXI.  Tree 
attaining  70  feet  in  height, 
of  more  compact  habit  and 
with  darker  green  foliage 
than  the  following;  winter- 
buds  obtuse,  pubescent; 
yoimg  branchlets  light  red- 
dish-brown, finely  pubes- 
cent or  almost  glabrous: 
loaves  linear,  obtuse  or 
slightly  emarginate,  dark 
green  and  glossy  above, 
with  white  bands  beneatli, 
}/S~/4:  inch  long:  cones 
oblong,  1-1 M  inches  long, 
peduncled;  scales  oblong. 
Mountains  of  southwestern 
Virginia  to  northern 
Georgia. — Introduced  into 
cultivation  in  1881  through 
the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Per- 
fectly hardy  in  New  Eng- 
land and  a  very  desirable 
tree,  handsomer  than  the  common  hemlock  spruce. 

5.  T.  canadensis,  Carr.  (T.  mncricana,  Farw.  Abies  canadensis,  Miclix.). 
Canada  H.   Fig.  70.   Tree,  attaining  70  and  occasionally  100  feet  in  height; 


69.  Tsuga  Carolinian 


70.  Tsuga  canadensis 


268  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

winter-buds  obtuse,  slightly  puberulous;  young  branchlets  yellowish-brown, 
pubescent:  leaves  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish,  dark  green  and  obscurely  grooved 
above,  with  2  whitish  bands  beneath,  3^-^  inch  long:  cones  ovoid,  Y^ 
yi  inch  long,  peduncled;  scales  orbicular-obovate,  almost  as  wide  as  long. 
Nova  Scotia  to  Maine  and  south  along  the  mountains  to  Alabama. — Intro- 
duced to  Great  Britain  in  1636  by  Peter  Collinson.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Canada.  The  hemlock  spruce  yields  the  lumber  most  commonly  used  in 
the  East  for  framing  and  clapboarding  of  buildings.  It  is  not  used  for 
finishing  lumber.  It  is  a  handsome  ornamental  tree  and  several  garden  forms 
have  originated  in  cultivation. 

Var.  albo-spica,  Beiss.  Whitetip  H.  Tips  of  the  young  branchlets 
creamy-white. 

Var.  parvifolia,  Beiss.  Leaves  very  small,  }/i  inch  long  or  shorter:  branch- 
lets  stout,  closely  set  and  niunerous. 

Var.  gracilis,  Beiss.  (var.  micro'phjlla,  Hort.).  Slender  Canada  H. 
Slow-growing  form  with  slender  sparingly  ramified  branches,  spreading  and 
more  or  less  drooping  at  the  ends :  leaves  very  small,  about  }/i  inch  long. 

Var.  compacta,  Senecl.  (var.  compacta  nana,  Beiss.).  Dwarf  Canada  H. 
Plate  XXXII.  Dwarf  conical  pyramid  with  niunerous  short  branchlets 
clothed  with  small  leaves. 

Var.  nana,  Carr.  Dwarf  and  depressed  form  with  spreading  branches  and 
short  branchlets. 

Var.  pendula,  Beiss.  (var.  Sargentii  pendula,  Hort.  var.  Sargentiana, 
Kent).  Sargent  Weeping  H.  Plate  XXXII.  Flat-topped  form  with 
spreading  branches  and  drooping  branclilets. 

6.  T.  heterophylla,  Sarg.  (T.  Alhertiana,  Senecl.  T.  Mertensiana,  Carr.). 
Western  H.  Tree  attaining  200  feet  in  height,  with  short,  slender,  usually 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  narrow  pyramidal  head  in  older,  but 
rather  broad  in  young  trees;  winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse;  young  branchlets 
pale  yellowish-brown,  pubescent  for  five  or  six  years  and  with  long  pale 
hairs  while  young:  leaves  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly  grooved  and 
dark  green  above,  with  white  bands  below,  3^-M  iii^h  long:  cones  oblong- 
ovoid,  sessile,  ^-1  inch  long;  scales  oval,  slightly  puberulous  outside.  Alaska 
to  Idaho  and  California. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1851.  A  handsome 
tree  of  rapid  growth  in  rich  humid  soil,  but  not  doing  well  in  the  dry  climate 
of  the  Eastern  States  and  not  hardy  north  of  New  York. 

A  related  species  is  T.  dumosa,  Sarg.  (T.  Brunoniana,  Carr.).  Tree  to 
120  feet  tall;  branchlets  light  brown,  pubescent:  leaves  tapering  to  an  acute 
apex,  with  broad  white  bands  beneath,  leaving  scarcely  any  green  margin, 
l-\}4.  inches  long:  cone  1  inch  long.  Himalayas. — Introduced  to  Great 
Britain  in  1858,  but  doing  well  only  in  favorable  localities;  scarcely  known  in 
this  countrv. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  269 

7.  T.  Mertensiana,  Sarg.,  not  Carr.  {T.  Pattoniana,  Senecl.  T.HooJceriana, 
Carr.  T.  Roczlii,  Carr.  Abies  Williamsonii,  Newb.  Ilesperopeuce  Pat- 
toniana, Lemm.).  Mountain  H.  Tree  attaining  100  and  occasionally  150 
feet,  with  slender  pendent  branches  usually  forming  an  open  pyramid; 
winter-buds  ovoid,  acute;  young  branclilets  light  reddish-brown,  pubescent, 
usually  short  and  upright:  leaves  spirally  arranged  around  the  branches, 
linear,  usually  curved,  acutish,  mostly  rounded  or  keeled,  rarely  slightly 
grooved  above,  light  bluish-green  or  pale  bluish-white,  with  whitish  lines 
on  both  sides,  3^-1  inch  long:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  usually  violet-purple 
before  maturity,  brown  when  ripe,  2-3  inches  long;  scales  obovate,  puberu- 
lous  outside.  Southern  Alaska  to  northern  Montana,  Idaho,  and  California. 
—Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1851  by  Jeffrey.  Hardy  in  sheltered  posi- 
tions as  far  north  as  Massachusetts,  rarely  cultivated  in  the  Eastern  States. 
To  avoid  confusion  one  has  to  bear  in  mind  that  T.  hcterophylla  was  known 
for  a  long  time  as  T.  Mertensiana  and  still  bears  this  name  in  many  gardens. 

Var.  argentea,  Sudw.    With  bluish-white  foliage. 

A  supposed  hybrid  of  this  and  the  preceding  species  is  T.  Jefifreyi,  Henry 
{T.  Mertensiana  var.  Jeffrcyi,  Schneid.).  Buds  ovoid,  acute:  leaves  radially 
spreading  and  directed  outward,  green  and  grooved  above  with  a  few  broken 
lines  of  stomata  near  apex,  finely  serrulate. — Originated  from  seed  of  T. 
Mertensiana  introduced  in  1851  by  Jeffrey. 

24.  PICEA,  A.  Dietr.    SPRUCE 

Evergreen  pyramidal  trees  with  usually  whorled  branches  and  with  scaly 
bark;  branchlets  with  prominent  leaf -cushions  (pulvini)  separated  by  incised 
grooves  and  produced  at  the  apex  into  a  peg-like  stalk  bearing  the  leaf: 
leaves  usually  4-angled,  with  white  lines  formed  by  numerous  stomata 
arranged  in  rows  on  all  four  sides,  or  compressed  and  stomatiferous  only  on 
the  upper  or  ventral  side  which,  on  the  lateral  branchlets,  by  twisting  of  the 
leaf-stalk  appears  to  be  the  lower  one,  sessile  and  jointed  at  the  base  to  a 
short  stalk-like  projection  (sterigma)  of  the  pulvinus:  flowers  monoecious, 
catkin-like,  terminal  or  axillary;  the  staminate  j^ellow  or  red,  consisting  of 
numerous  spirally  arranged  anthers  with  the  connective  enlarged  at  the  apex 
and  scale-like;  the  fertile  ones  greenish  or  purple,  consisting  of  spirallj'  ar- 
ranged scales  each  subtended  at  the  base  by  a  small  bract  and  bearing  2  ovules 
at  the  inner  side:  cones  pendulous  or  spreading,  with  persistent  scales  not 
separating  from  the  axis  after  shedding  the  seeds,  which  are  provided  with  a 
large  and  thin  obovate  or  oblong  wing;  cotyledons  4-15.  (Picea  is  the  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  spruce,  derived  from  fix,  pitch.) — Thirty-eight  species 
in  the  colder  and  temperate  climates  of  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the 
arctic  circle  to  the  high  mountains  of  the  warm-temperate  regions.   They  are 


270  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

all  mentioned  below  except  P.  gemmata,  Rehd,  &  Wils.,  P.  hirtella,  Rehd.  & 
Wils.,  and  P.  Neoveitchii,  Mast.,  from  China,  which  are  not  in  cultivation. 

A.  Leaves  quadrangular  or  slightly  compressed,  with  stomatic  lines 
on  all  foiu-  sides. 
B.  Leaf  nearly  equally  stomatiferous  on  all  foiu-  sides,  in  cross- 
section  as  high  as  broad  or  higher  than  broad.  _ 
c.  Branchlets   glabrous    (sometimes  pubescent  in  P.   Abies 
and  in  a  var.  of  P.  glauca). 
D.  Direction  of  leaves,  at  ■  least  those  of  the  upper  ranks, 
more  or  less  pointing  forward. 
E.  Color  of  branchlets  gray  or  yellowish  to  orange. 
F.  Disposition  of  leaves  radial,  %-l^  inches  long: 
branchlets  pendulous:  cones  3-6  inches  long. 
G.  Winter-buds  pointed:  leaves  1-1%  inches  long, 

slender,  gradually  pointed 1.  P.  Sniithiana 

GG.  Winter-buds  obtuse:  leaves  %-lM  inches  long, 

rather  abruptly  pointed 2.  P.  Schrenkiana 

FF.  Disposition  of  leaves  pectinate  below:  branchlets 
not  pendulous:  winter-buds  acute  or  acutish. 
G.  Branchlets  pale  gray  or  yellowish. 

H.  Length  of  leaves  3^-%  inch:  pulvini  produced 

into  a  short  petiole 3.  P.  Watsoniana 

HH.  Length  of  leaves  14-H  inch:  pulvini  scarcely 

produced  into  a  petiole i.  P.  Wilsoni 

GG.  Branchlets  bright  yellow  to  orange:  pulvini  pro- 
duced into  a  stafk  ^  inch  long 5.  P.  aurantiaca 

EE.  Color  of  branchlets  brown  or  yellowish-brown. 

F.  Cone  i-6  inches  long:  leaves  bright  or  dark  green, 

often  spiny-pointed,  usually  yi'H,  inch  long. 

G.  Winter-buds  not  resinous,  the  terminal  one  with 

a  few  acuminate,  keeled  and  ciliate  scales  at 

base:  cone-scales  not  or  slightly  emarglnate  ...  10.  P.  Abies 

GG.  Winter-buds   resinous,    their   scales   ah   obtuse, 

glabrous,  revolute  at  apex:  lower  cone-scales 

deeply  emarginate 8.  P.  keterolepis 

FF.  Cone  lJ4-23^  inches  long:  leaves  usually  more  or 
less  glaucous,  acute  or  obtusish,  usually  M-% 
inches  long:  bud-scales  round  and  more  or  less 

revolute  at  apex,  often  emarginate 19.  P.  glauca 

DD.  Direction  of  leaves  spreading  more  or  less  radially  at 
nearly  right  angles. 
E.  Winter-buds  not  or  slightly  resinous:  leaves  3^-1  inch 
long. 
F.  Bud-scales  more  or  less  revolute  at  apex,  light  yel- 
lowish-brown:  leaves  in  cross-section  about  as 

high  as  broad,  usually  bluish-green 21.  P.  pvngens 

FF.  Bud-scales    firmly  appressed,  dark  brown:   leaves 

higher  than  broad,  bright  green 7.  P.  polita 

EE.  Winter-buds  very  resinous:  leaves  }/i~%  inch  long.   6.  P.Maximowiczii 
cc.  Branchlets  pubescent. 

D.  Terminal  winter-buds  without  subulate  scales. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  271 

E.  Color  of  branchlets  brown:  leaves  dark  green:  cone- 
scales  rounded  and  entire  at  apex,  stiff :  cones  2-3 
inches    long. 
F.  All  leaves   pointed,    %-%   inch   long,    spreading 
(see  also  10,  P.  Abies). 
G.  Leading  shoot  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  with 

more  numerous  stomata  above  than  beneath.  14.  P.  Koyamai 
GG.  Leading  shoot  and  other  branchlets  pubescent: 

leaves  equally  stomatiferous  on  all  four  sides .  .  1 1 .  P.  oborata 
FF.  All  leaves  obtuse,  very  lustrous,  ^-3^  inch  long, 

more  or  less  appressed 12.  P.  orienialis 

EE.  Color  of  branchlets  yellowish  to  grayish. 

F.  Length  of  leaves  J^^-%  inch:  cone  with  obovate, 
stiff  entu-e  scales. 
G.  Cone  3-5  inches  long:  leaves  slender,  slightly 

pungent,  straight 9.  P.  asperata 

GG.  Cone  23-4-3  inches  long:  leaves  stout,  usually 

curved,  not  pungent 13.  P.  Meyeri 

FF.  Length  of  leaves  ^/i-\  inch,  often  glaucous:  cone  to 

3  inches  long,  with  rhombic,  flexible  erose  scales.   20.  P.  Engelmanni 
DD.  Terminal  winter-buds  with  a  ring  of  conspicuous  subu- 
late scales  at  base:  leaves  often  with  fewer  stomata 
beneath  than  above:  cone  l}<t-2}<4  inches  long. 

E.  Pubescence  of  branchlets  non-glandular 16.  P.  Glehnii 

EE.  Pubescence  of  branchlets  glandular. 

F.  Cones   green   before   matiu-ity,    falling  soon   after 

maturity:  leaves  lustrous  green 17.  P.  rubra 

FF.  Cones  persisting  for  several  years,  purple  before 

maturity:  leaves  glaucous  or  bluish-green 18.  P.  mariana 

BB.  Leaf  more  or  less  compressed,  in  cross-section  broader  than 
high,  with  at  least  twice  as  manv  stomata  above  as  be- 
neath (see  also  16,  P.  Glehnii). 
c.  Stomata  of  leaves  about  twice  as  many  above  as  beneath: 
leaves   slightly   compressed. 
D.  Branchlets    at    least    partly  glabrous:    bud-scales  not 
acuminate. 
E.  Length  of  leaves  }4-H  inch:  leading  branchlets  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so;   the   lateral   ones  glandular- 
pubescent 14.  P.  Koyamai 

EE.  Length  of  leaves  %-l  inch:  the  leading  branchlets 

pubescent,  the  lateral  ones  glabrous 15.  P.  bicolor 

DD.  Branchlets  pubescent:  lower  bud-scales  long-acuminate 

and  keeled:  cone  with  thin  denticulate  scales 22.  P.  montigena 

cc.  Stomata  of  leaves  of  only  1  or  2  usually  broken  rows  be- 
neath: leaves  distinctly  compressed,  with  conspicuous 
bands  above:  cone  with  thin  denticulate  scales. 
D.  Apex   of   leaves   acute   or   mucronate:   cone   brown   or 

slightly  purplish,  with  nearly  rounded  scales 23.  P.  Balfouriana 

DD.  Apex  of  leaves  obtuse  or  bluntly  mucronate:  cone  purple, 

their  scales  attenuate  above  the  middle  and  wavy  .  .  .  .24.  P.  purpurea 
AA.  Leaves  flattened  with  white  bands  above,  without  stomata  be- 
neath or  occasionally  only  with  a  broken  row. 


272  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

B.  Direction  of  leaves  not  radially  spreading,  more  or  less  pecti- 
nate below:  branchlets  short,  not  or  slightly  pendent, 
c.  Branchlets  glabrous:  cone-scales  thin,  erose-denticulate. 
D.  Leaf  not  pungent,  though  often  pointed,  H~M  inch 

long 25.  P.  jezoensis 

DD.  Leaf  pungent,  rigid,  ^^-1  inch  long 26.  P.  sitchensis 

cc.  Branchlets  pubescent  or  the  leading  shoots  glabrescent: 
cone-scales  stiff,  appressed  before  maturity. 
D.  Color  of  branchlets  yellow  to  orange-brown,  the  leading 
ones  usually  glabrescent:  winter-buds  without  sub- 
ulate scales  at  base:  leaves  usually  without  distinct 
green  midrib  above. 
E.  Leaf  acutely  pointed,  often  pungent,  to  ^  inch  long  . .  27.  P.  complanata 
EE.  Leaf  obtusish  or  obtusely  mucronulate. 

F.  Cone-scales  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  at 
apex:  leaves  %-%  inch  long,  and  about  ^t  inch 

broad 28.  P.  Sargentiana 

FF.  Cone-scales  rhombic,  narrowed  toward  the  truncate 
and  arose  apex:  leaves  about  %  inch  long,  and 

about  yj  inch  broad 29.  P.  ascendens 

DD.  Color  of  branchlets  brown,  all  pubescent:  terminal  win- 
ter-buds with  subulate  scales  at  base:  leaves  with 

distinct  green  midrib  above 30.  P.  Omorika 

BB.  Direction  of  leaves  more  or  less  radially  spreading:  branchlets 
long  and  pendulous. 
c.  Branchlets   pubescent:    leaves   obtuse    or   obtusish,    %-l 

inch  long,  not  keeled 31.  P.  Breweriana 

cc.  Branchlets  glabrous:  leaves  pungent,   1-1 K  inches  long, 

slender,  keeled  on  both  sides 32.  P.  spinulosa 

Section  I.    Eupicea,   Willk.    {Morinda,  Mayr) 

Leaves  quadrangular,  stomatiferous  on  all  four  sides:  cone-scales  firm, 
closely  appressed  before  maturity,  usually  entire  and  rounded  at  apex. 

1.  P.  Smithiana,  Boiss.  (P.  Morinda,  Link.  P.  Khuirow,  Carr.).  Hima- 
layan S.  Tree  to  150  feet  tall,  with  wide-spreading  branches  and  slender 
pendulous  branchlets;  bark  brownish-gray,  shallowly  fissured;  branchlets 
gray,  glabrous  and  lustrous;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  up  to  34  inch  long: 
leaves  radially  disposed,  pointing  forward,  slender,  usually  higher  than 
broad,  acute,  bright  or  dark  green,  ^-2  inches  long:  fertile  flowers  purple: 
cones  5-7  inches  long,  dark  brown  and  glossy;  scales  suborbicular,  with  entire 
margin,  firm.  Himalayas:  Bhutan  to  Afghanistan. — Introduced  to  Europe 
in  1818.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York.  A  very  handsome  spruce;  young 
trees  are  of  broad-pyramidal  habit  with  gracefully  pendulous  branchlets. 
The  young  growth  starts  very  early  and  is  liable  to  be  injured  by  frost  in 
spring,  especially  when  planted  in  warm  and  damp  situations. 

2.  P.  Schrenkiana,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  (P.  obovata  var.  Schrenkiana,  Carr.). 
ScHRENK  S.     Tall  pyramidal  tree  to  100  feet  or  more,  with  pendulous,  gla- 


1'late  XXXVI.    White  spruce  {Picea  glauca;  ur  /'.  uUh 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  273 

brous  gray  branchlets;  winter-buds  subglobose,  the  terminal  one  with  acu- 
minate keeled  and  pubescent  scales  at  base:  leaves  radially  disposed,  equally 
4-sided,  acute,  dull  dark  green,  ^i-\]/2  inches  long,  on  young  plants  often 
slightly  shorter:  cones  cylindric-ovate,  3-4  inches  long;  scales  with  entire 
margin.  Central  Asia. — Introduced  to  Europe  about  1880  by  A.  Kegel. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  Similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding 
species  but  branchlets  little  pendulous  on  younger  plants  and  leaves  shorter. 
A  very  desirable  and  hardy  spruce. 

3.  P.  Watsoniana,  Mast.  Watson  S.  Narrow-pyramidal  tree  to  60  feet 
tall,  with  slender  short  branches;  winter-buds  brown,  not  resinous,  with 
obtuse  closely  appressed  scales;  branchlets  glabrous,  yellow  or  yellowish- 
gray,  lustrous:  leaves  pointing  forward,  quadrangular,  slender,  lo-^'i  inch 
long  and  scarcely  -^^  inch  wide,  straight,  acuminate  or  acute,  dark  green: 
cones  cylindric-oblong,  l^^-'i  inches  long,  falling  soon  after  maturity;  scales 
obovate,  entire,  rounded  or  slightly  and  abruptly  produced  into  a  short  point. 
Central  and  western  China. — Introduced  in  1901  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  Great 
Britain.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  growing  well.  Remarkable 
for  its  very  thin  and  slender  leaves. 

A  closely  related  species  is  P.  morrisonicola,  Hayata.  Tree  to  140  feet 
tall,  with  brown  scaly  bark;  winter-buds  conic-ovoid,  brown,  slightly  resinous; 
branchlets  dull  yellow  to  reddish,  with  prominent  leaf-stalks:  leaves  slender, 
J^-^  inch  long,  acuminate:  cone  ovoid-oblong,  2-'-23^  inches  long;  scales 
orbicular-obovate.  Formosa. — Introduced  by  E.  H.  AVilson  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  in  1918.     Probably  tender. 

4.  P.  WUsoni,  Mast.  Wilson  S.  Pyramidal  tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with 
short  spreading  branches;  branchlets  glabrous,  pale  gray,  with  scarcely 
produced  petioles;  winter-buds  ovoid,  dark  brown  and  lustrous:  leaves 
quadrangular,  stout,  straight  or  curved,  pungent,  about  3^  inch  long,  dark 
green:  cones  cylindric-oblong.  l^i-2'^i  inches  long,  persistent  for  about  a 
year  after  maturity;  scales  suborbicular,  entire,  finally  recurved  at  margin. 
Central  China. — Introduced  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where 
it  has  proved  hardy.  A  handsome  spruce  of  dense  habit  with  short,  pungent, 
dark  green  leaves. 

5.  P.  aurantiaca,  Mast.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  spire-like,  with  short  hori- 
zontal branches;  bark  pale  gray  to  nearly  white,  exfoliating  in  thin  plates; 
buds  conical,  resinous,  with  obtuse  scales  becoming  more  or  less  revolute 
at  apex;  branchlets  glabrous,  orange,  often  slightly  bloomy,  with  prominent 
spreading  petioles:  leaves  quadrangular,  often  curved,  sharply  pointed, 
1^-/4:  inch  long:  cones  cylindric,  4-5  inches  long,  with  broad  rounded,  slightly 
erose  scales.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1908  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy. 

A  closely  related  species  is  P.  retroflexa,  Mast.    A  taller  tree  differing 


274  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

chiefly  in  the  darker  bark,  brighter  yellow  lustrous  branehlets,  longer  leaves 
less  sharply  pointed,  and  in  the  more  lustrous,  sometimes  slightly  pointed 
cone-scales.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum. 

6.  P.  Maxunowiczii,  Regel  (P.  Tschonoslcii,  Mayr.  P.  excelsa  var.  obovata 
japonica,  Beiss.).  Japanese  Bush  S.  Tree  to  80  feet  or  occasionally  to 
120  feet  tall,  with  horizontal  branches  ascending  at  the  ends;  branehlets 
glabrous,  yellowish  o."  reddish-brown;  winter-buds  small,  resinous,  with 
firmly  appressed  scales:  leaves  radially  spreading,  quadrangular,  rigid  and 
pungent,  3^-|  inch  long,  dark  green:  cone  oblong,  l}>^-^}/2  inches  long, 
lustrous  brown,  green  before  maturity,  with  rounded  entire  scales.  Japan. — 
Introduced  in  1865  to  Europe  through  the  Petrograd  Botanic  Garden.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  usually  seen  in  cultivation  as  a  small, 
compact,  bushy  tree. 

7.  P.  polita,  Carr.  (P.  Torano,  Koehne.  P.  Thunhergii,  Asch.  &  Graebn. 
P.  hicolor,  Hort.,  not  Maxim.).  Tigertail  S.  Tree  to  90  feet  tall,  forming  a 
dense  broad  pyramid,  with  rigid  stout  branches  when  young,  older  trees  with 
the  habit  of  P.  Abies,  with  somewhat  pendulous  branches;  young  branehlets 
thick,  glabrous,  yellowish-brown;  winter-buds  blackish-brown,  acute,  34-f 
inch  long,  with  closely  appressed  scales:  leaves  radially  spreading,  rigid, 
higher  than  broad,  often  falcate,  shining  dark  green,  3^"~1  inch  long:  fertile 
flowers  green,  staminate  yellowish:  cone  oblong,  4-5  inches  long,  brown, 
glossy;  scales  broad,  with  finely  denticulate  margin.  Japan. — Introduced 
in  1861  to  Great  Britain  and  the  following  year  to  America  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall. 
Hardy  to  southern  Ontario  and  New  England.  It  is  one  of  the  most  distinct 
spruces;  of  very  striking  appearance  with  its  rigid  spiny  leaves  spreading  in 
all  directions  from  the  stout  branches,  but  usually  of  rather  irregular  habit; 
also  the  conspicuous  dark  winter-buds  are  a  feature  of  this  species. 

8.  P.  heterolepis,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall;  branehlets  reddish 
or  yellowish-brown,  glabrous,  with  spreading  prominent  petioles;  winter- 
buds  large,  ovoid,  resinous,  light  brown,  with  obtuse  scales  revolute  at  apex: 
leaves  quadrangular,  stout,  often  slightly  curved,  abruptly  spiny-pointed, 
3/2-M  inch  long,  bluish-green,  often  glaucescent:  cone  cylindric,  4-6  inches 
long,  with  rigid  rhombic-ovate  scales,  the  lower  ones  deeply  emarginate  at 
the  apex.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy. 

9.  P.  asperata,  Mast.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  grayish-brown  bark 
peeling  off  in  thin  flakes;  branclilets  pale  yellowish-gray,  pubescent,  with 
often  spreading  or  recurved  petioles;  winter-buds  conical-ovoid,  yellowish- 
brown:  leaves  quadrangular,  often  curved,  |-f  inch  long,  acute  or  acutish 
and  beveled  at  the  apex,  dark  green:  cones  cjdindric-oblong,  3^4-4  inches 
long,  fawn-gray  when  ripe,  finally  changing  to  chestnut-brown;  cone-scales 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


275 


1.    Picea 
Abies. 


usually  rounded  and  entire  at  the  apex.  Western  China. — Introduced 
together  with  the  two  following  varieties  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  and  has  shown  itself 
one  of  the  most  vigorous  of  the  Chinese 
spruces,  in  general  appearance  much 
resembling  the  Norway  spruce. 

Var.  notabilis,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Leaves 
Yt^A  inch  long:  cones  ^Yi-^  inches  long; 
scales  rhombic-ovate,  narrowed  toward 
the  apex. 

Var.  ponderosa,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Bark 
thicker,  brownish-gray;  branchlets  nearly 
glabrous,  yellowish:  cones  5-G  inches  long. 

10.  P.  Abies,  Karst.  (P.excclsa,  Link. 
P.  rubra,  A.  Dietr.,  not  Link.  Pinus  Abies, 
L.  P.  Picea,  Dur.).  NomvAY  Spruce. 
Fig.  71  and  Plate  XXXIII.  Tree  to  150 
feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches  and 
usually  pendulous  branchlets;  bark  reddish- 
brown;  young  branches  brown,  glabrous 
or  pubescent;  winter-buds  reddish  or  light 
brown,  without  resin,  the  terminal  bud  at 
base  with  a  few  acuminate  keeled  pubescent 
scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  acute,  dark 
green  and  usually  shining,  /^-/4,  rarely  to 
1  inch  long:  staminate  and  fertile  flowers 
bright  purple:  cones  cylindric-oblong, 
4-7  inches  long,  light  brown;  scales 
rhombic-ovate,  emarginate  or  truncate 
at  apex,  with  erose-denticulate  margin. 
Middle  and  northern  Europe,  east  to  the  Ural  Mountains. — Early  introduced 
to  this  country  where  it  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Saskatchewan.  It  is 
extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  and  eastern  States; 
it  is  of  rapid  growth  and  is  a  handsome  tree  with  its  graceful  habit  and  dark 
green  dense  foliage,  but,  like  many  spruces  and  firs,  loses  much  of  its  beauty 
when  it  grows  old,  and  usually  after  thirty  years  it  becomes  thin  and  ragged 
in  the  top.  It  is  one  of  the  best  conifers  to  plant  for  shelters  and  windbreaks. 
The  Norway  spruce  is  very  variable,  and  a  great  number  of  garden  forms 
are  in  cultivation.    Some  of  the  more  important  are  the  following: 

Forms  differing  in  color  or  shape  of  leaves:  Var.  argentea,  Rehd.  (P. 
excelsa  variegata,  Beiss.).  Leaves  variegated  with  white.  Var.  argenteo- 
spica,  Rehd.   (P.  excelsa  argenteo-spica,  Hesse,  or  argenteo-spicata,  Beiss.). 


276  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Silver  Norway  S.  A  form  with  the  tips  of  the  young  branchlets  white. 
Var.  aurea,  Nash  {P.  excelsa  aurea,  Carr.).  Golden  Norway  S.  Leaves 
golden-yellow  on  the  exposed  side;  does  best  in  a  partly  shaded  situation. 
Var.  finedonensis,  Nash  (P.  excelsa  finedonensis,  Beiss.  Abies  excelsa  fine- 
donensis,  Gord.).  Finedon  S.  Leaves  pale  yellow  at  first,  becoming  bronzy 
brown  and  finally  green.  Var.  cincinnata,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  cincinnata, 
Hesse) .  Branchlets  pendulous :  leaves  long  and  comparatively  broad,  curved 
upward  and  spirally  twisted.    A  very  peculiar  form. 

Forms  of  narrow  pyramidal  or  columnar  habit:  Var.  pyramidata,  Rehd. 
(P.  excelsa  pyramidata,  Carr.  P.  excelsa  pyramidalis,  Voss.  P.  excelsa  1. 
erecta,  Schroet.).  Pyramidal  Norway  S.  The  branches  ascending  at  a  very 
acute  angle,  the  lower  ones  very  long,  decreasing  toward  the  apex,  forming  a 
narrow  slender  pyramid.  Var.  cupressina,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  1.  cupressina. 
Thomas).  Tree  with  ascending  densely  ramified  branches  forming  a  dense 
broad  column.  Var.  columnaris,  Rehd,  (P.  excelsa  columnaris,  Carr.).  With 
very  short  horizontal  or  slightly  pendent  much  ramified  branches,  forming  a 
narrow  column. 

Pendulous  or  sparingly  branched  forms:  Var.  pendula,  Nash  (P.  excelsa 
var.  pendula.  Jacq.  &  Herincq.  P.  excelsa  reflexa,  Carr.).  Weeping  Norway 
S.  Plate  XXXIV.  With  pendulous  branches  and  branchlets;  whorls  of 
branches  often  irregular.  Var.  inversa,  Nash  (P.  excelsa  inversa,  Beiss.  Abies 
excelsa  inverta,  Gord.).  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  branches  more  closely 
appressed  to  the  stem,  more  densely  branched,  with  thick  lustrous  leaves. 
Var.  viminalis,  Th.  Fries  (P.  excelsa  var.  viminalis,  Casp.).  Branches  in 
remote  whorls,  almost  horizontal,  with  very  long  and  slender  branchlets 
without  or  with  very  few  lateral  branchlets.  Var.  virgata,  Th.  Fries  (P. 
excelsa  var.  virgata,  Casp.  P.  excelsa  denudata,  Carr.).  Sparingly  branched, 
with  long  and  slender  branches  destitute  of  branchlets,  spreading,  usually  the 
lower  ones  pendulous  and  the  upper  ones  ascending.  Var.  monstrosa,  Rehd. 
(P.  excelsa  1.  monstrosa,  Regel.  P.  excelsa  var.  monocaulis,  Nordl.  Abies 
excelsa  monstrosa.  Loud.),  is  an  extreme  form  of  the  preceding  and  is  destitute 
of  all  branches;  it  consists  only  of  a  single  stem  clothed  with  thick  rigid  leaves. 

Low  forms  of  irregular  habit  more  or  less  monstrous:  Var.  Barryi,  Nash 
(P.  excelsa  Barryi,  Beiss.).  Barry  S.  With  vigorous  thick  branches  and  few 
short  branclilets,  dark  green. 

Low  pyramidal  to  subglobose  or  depressed  forms:  Var.  conica,  Th.  Fries 
(P.  excelsa  conica,  Carr.).  Arrowhead  Norway  S.  A  dense  conical  pyramid 
with  ascending  branches  and  very  crowded  slender,  light  brown  branclilets: 
leaves  radially  arranged,  thin  and  pointed,  light  green.  Var.  elegans,  Rehd. 
(P.  excelsa  elegans,  Beiss.).  Knight  S.  A  dense  conical  form  similar  to  the 
preceding,  with  short  crowded  branchlets  densely  covered  with  short  radially 
arranged  leaves.    Var.  mucronata,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  mucronata,  Carr.  var. 


Plate  XXXVII.    Engelraann  spruce  (Picea  Engchnanni),  with  inset  of 
same  as  grown  at  Ottawa,  Ontario 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  277 

Clanhrasiliana,  Hort.,  not  Carr.  var.  Gregoryana,  Hort.,  not  Gord.).  Strong- 
growing  pyramidal  shrub  with  ascen(Hng  or  sometimes  spreading  branches 
and  branchlets;  branchlets  very  crowded,  stout,  bright  red-yellow:  leaves 
very  crowded,  stout,  abruptly  sharp-pointed,  dark  lustrous  green.  Var. 
Remontii,  Rehd.  {P.  excelsa  Remontii,  Beiss.).  An  ovoid  to  globose  or  conical 
form  of  slow  growth  with  crowded  light  yellow  thin  branchlets  and  fine 
radially  spreading  light  green  leaves.  Var.  Ellwangeriana,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa 
Ellwangeriana,  Beiss.).  A  pyramidal  round  bush  of  vigorous  growth  and 
somewhat  loose  habit  with  stout  bright  orange  branchlets  and  bright,  dark 
green  stiff  leaves  ^  inch  long  and  gradually  tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  Var. 
compacta,  Nash  (P.  excelsa  coinpacta,  Beiss.).  Globe  Norway  S.  A  sub- 
globose  dense  form  with  slender  branclilets  and  acute  short  leaves.  Var. 
parvifonnis,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  parviformis.  Otto.  Abies  excelsa  parviformis, 
Maxw.).  A  broadly  pyramidal  form  with  thin  regular  branchlets  and  very 
short  thin  pungent  leaves  of  bright  green  color.  Var.  pygmaea,  Rehd.  (P. 
excelsa  pygmoea,  Carr.).  Pygmy  Norway  S.  A  very  dense,  small  conical  form 
with  crowded  and  irregular,  ascending,  short  whitish  branchlets  and  bright 
or  dark  green,  radially  spreading  short  leaves.  Var.  Merkii,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa 
Merkii,  Beiss.).  Merk  S.  A  low  and  dense,  broad  round  form  growing  finally 
into  a  broad  pyramid;  branchlets  rather  fine,  yellowish-white,  irregularly 
arranged:  leaves  very  thin,  3^  inch  long,  tapering  to  a  fine  hair-like  point, 
lustrous  grass-green,  crowded  above  and  pointing  forward,  pectinate  below. 
Var.  puinila,  Nash  (P.  excelsa  pumila,  Beiss.  Abies  excelsa  pxnnila.  Maxwell). 
A  dwarf  depressed-globose,  densely  branched  form  with  red-brown  thick  and 
stiff,  spreading  branclilets:  leaves  thin,  short,  ^  inch  long,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point,  lustrous  dark  green  or  bluish-green  (var.  "pumila  glauca,"  Beiss.). 
Var.  Clanbrasiliana,  Th.  Fries  (P.  excelsa  Clanbrasiliana,  Carr.  Abies  excelsa 
Clanbrasiliana,  Loud.).  Plate  XXXIV.  A  compact,  roundish,  rather  flat- 
topped  bush  rarely  exceeding  6  to  7  feet,  with  very  short  and  crowded  thin 
whitish  branchlets:  leaves  nearly  radial  and  pointing  forward  or  pectinate 
on  under  side  of  branchlets,  thin,  3^/^  iiich  long,  tapering  to  a  very  finj 
point,  lustrous  bright  green.  (Named  after  Lord  Clanbrasil  of  Ireland  who 
introduced  the  plant  into  cultivation.)  Var.  Gregoryana,  Nash  (P.  excelsa 
Gregoryana,  Beiss.  Abies  excelsa  Gregoryana,  Gord.).  Gregory  S.  A  very 
dwarf  form,  conical  or  subglobose,  rarely  exceeding  2  feet  in  height,  with  short 
crowded  spreading  branches  and  very  crowded  thin,  whitish  to  grayish-brown 
branchlets  slightly  pubescent  in  the  grooves:  leaves  radially  arranged,  irregular 
in  direction,  M^-H  inch  long,  pale  gray-green.  Var.  Veitchii,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa 
Gregoriana  f.  Veitchii,  Hornibrook).  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  less  compact 
and  more  conical,  with  more  vigorous  branchlets  to  Ij^  inches  long  and  inclined 
to  droop:  leaves  radial  and  stiff  on  the  leading  shoots,  thinner  and  flatter  and 
more  pectinately  arranged  on  the  lateral  branchlets.    Var.  Parsonsii,  Rehd. 


278  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

(P.  excelsa  Gregormna  f.  Parsonsii,  Hornibrook.  P.  excelsa  Clanhrasiliana, 
Parsons,  not  Carr.).  Similar  to  var.  Gregoryana,  but  of  loose  more  straggling 
habit,  with  spreading  branches  and  pendulous  branchlets:  leaves  thinner  and 
flatter,  more  distant,  pectinately  arranged.  Var.  Maxwellii,  Nash  (Abies 
excelsa  Maxwellii,  R.  Smith,  not  P.  excelsa  Maxwellii,  Beiss.).  A  low,  flat, 
dense  form,  not  exceeding  2  feet  in  height  with  very  short  and  thick,  whitish 
to  yellow-brown  branchlets  and  light  green  radially  arranged  leaves  tapering 
to  a  fine  hair-like  point.  Var.  nana,  Nash  (P.  excelsa  nana,  Carr.).  A  de- 
pressed-globose or  sometimes  conical  form  with  very  crowded  ascending 
branches  and  short  orange-yellow  branchlets,  sometimes  swollen  and  mon- 
strous with  larger  and  stouter  leaves  and  large  buds:  leaves  radially  arranged, 
rather  distant  and  nearly  appressed,  about  3^  inch  long,  stiff,  abruptly 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  Var.  procumbens,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  procumbens, 
Carr.).  Prostrate  Norway  S.  A  prostrate  form  with  horizontal  branches 
and  numerous  stiff  bright  yellow  branchlets  in  flat  layers:  leaves  pointing 
forward,  yellow-green,  thin  and  flat,  3^-K  inch  long,  pointed.  Var.  tabuli- 
formis,  Th.  Fries  (P.  excelsa  tabuliformis,  Carr.).  A  low  flat  form  with 
horizontally  spreading  branches  and  rather  distant,  thin,  yellow-brown 
branchlets:  leaves  pointing  slightly  up  and  forward,  yellow-green,  very  thin, 
]4-V^  inch  long,  blunt.  Var.  microsperma,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  var.  micro- 
sperma,  Hornibrook).  Plate  XXXIV.  A  dense,  compact,  conical  or  round 
bush  with  much  crowded  and  ascending  branches  and  branchlets,  the  latter 
gray-brown:  leaves  light  bright  green,  close-set  and  pointing  forward,  thick, 
slightly  curved  and  blunty  pointed,  about  3^  inch  long. 

There  are  two  forms  of  the  Norway  spruce  differing  in  the  color  of  the 
young  cone:  Var.  chlorocarpa,  Th.  Fries  (P.  excelsa  var.  chlorocarpa,  Purk.). 
Young  cones  green:  leaves  obtusish,  more  or  less  appressed;  leafing  later. 
Var.  erythrocarpa,  Rehd.  (P.  excelsa  var.  erythrocarpa,  Purk.).  Young  cones 
violet-purple:  leaves  more  or  less  spreading;  leafing  earlier. — A  form  occasion- 
ally found  wild  in  central  and  northern  Europe  is  var.  nigra,  Th.  Fries  (P. 
excelsa  var.  nigra,  Willk.  Abies  excelsa  var.  nigra.  Loud.).  Densely  branched 
pyramidal  form  with  crowded  falcate,  obtusish,  dark  green  leaves. 

11.  P.  obovata,  Ledeb.  (P.  excelsa  var.  obovata,  Blytt.  P.  Abies  var. 
obovata,  Voss).  Tree  to  100  feet,  similar  in  habit  to  the  following  species,  with 
somewhat  pendulous  branchlets  brown  when  young  and  minutely  pubescent; 
winter-buds  conical  with  closely  appressed  scales,  the  terminal  bud  at  base 
with  acuminate  keeled  ciliate  scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  slightly  higher 
than  broad,  acute,  Yr^A  inch  long,  dull  or  bluish-green:  female  flowers 
purple:  cone  oblong-ovoid,  about  2j^2  inches  long,  light  brown;  scales  broad 
and  rounded  at  apex,  entire.  Northern  Europe  and  northern  Asia  to  Kam- 
chatka and  Manchuria. — Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada  and  probably  to 
Saskatchewan.    A  smaller,  slow-growing  and  more  graceful  tree  than  the 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


279 


Norway  spruce,  with  pendent  branchlets;  grows  best  in  colder  and  mountain- 
ous regions,  but  is  little  known  in  cultivation. 

Var.  fennica,  Henry  (P.  excelsa  vaT.fejinica,  Schroet.var.  7»ec??o.T?'»m,WilIk.). 
Leaves  dark  green:  cone-scales  rounded,  finely  denticulate.  Northern  Europe. 

Var.  alpestris,  Henry  {P.  excelsa  var.  alpcstris,  Bruegg.).  Slow-growing 
compact  tree;  young  branchlets  densely  short-pubescent:  leaves  obtuse  or 
acutish,  }4-%  uich  long,  bluish-  or  grayish-green:  cones  3-5  inches  long. 
Resembles  in  habit  and  foliage  somewhat  P.  glauca.  European  Alps  at  high 
altitudes. 

12.  P.  orientalis,  Carr.  Oriental  S.  Fig. 
72.  Tree  to  100  or  occasionally  to  150  feet 
tall,  with  ascending  and  spreading  branches 
and  somewhat  pendulous  branchlets;  bark 
brown,  scaly;  branchlets  brown,  pubescent; 
winter-buds  acute,  brown,  the  terminal  bud 
at  base  with  a  few  acuminate  keeled  scales: 
leaves  thick,  obtuse,  \-%  inch  long,  dark 
green  and  shining,  crowded  and  more  or  less 
appressefl  to  the  branches:  flowers  carmine: 
cone  cylindric-ovate,  23/^-33^^  inches  long,  less 
than  1  inch  thick;  scales  orbicular,  entire  at 
the  margin.  Caucasus,  Asia  Minor. — Intro- 
duced into  Europe  in  1837.  Hardy  as  far 
north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New  England. 
A  very  graceful  spruce  with  dark  glossy  foli- 
age; of  slow  growth  and  therefore  valuable 
for  smaller  gardens.  It  holds  its  lower  linil)s 
for  many  years. 

Var.  aureo-spicata,  Beiss.  Yellowtip 
Oriental  S.  Young  leaves  yellow,  chang- 
ing later  to  green. 

Var.  nana,  Carr.  (var.  compada,  Hort.). 
Low  form  of  broadly  pyramidal  habit,  with 
wide-spreading  branches. 

13.  P.  Meyeri,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Medium-sized  tree;  branclilets  yellowish  or 
light  brown,  densely  pubescent  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous,  often  densely  pu- 
bescent one  year  and  the  continuation  of  the  same  branch  glabrescent  the  fol- 
lowing year;  winter-buds  conical,  light  brown,  resinous,  the  scales  at  the  base 
of  the  terminal  bud  acute  and  pubescent:  leaves  quadrangular,  obtusish,  often 
curved,  3^3-^:4  inch  long,  bluish-green:  cone  cylindric-oblong,  23^-3  inches  long, 
lustrous  brown,  with  obovate  rounded  scales.  Northern  China. — Introduced  in 
1910  by  Wm.  Purdom  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy. 


72.  Picea  orientalis. 


280  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

14.  P.  Koyamai,  Shiras.  (P.  Moramomi,  Hort.).  Narrow  pyramidal  tree 
to  60  feet  tall;  bark  grayish-brown,  scaly,  peeling  off  in  thin  flakes;  branchlets 
reddish-brown  and  slightly  bloomy,  the  lateral  ones  glandular-pubescent, 
the  leading  shoots  nearly  glabrous;  winter-buds  conical,  brown,  resinous; 
leaves  quadrangular,  slightly  compressed,  straight  or  curved,  acute  or  obtuse, 
]/i-}4  inch  long,  the  white  bands  above  each  with  5-8  rows  of  stomata,  those 
beneath  with  2-4  rows  each  and  inconspicuous:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  2-4 
inches  long,  pale  brown,  pale  green  before  maturity:  scales  broad,  rounded, 
denticulate,  very  firm.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1914  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy. 

15.  P.  bicolor,  Mayr  (P.  Alcockiana,  Carr.,  partly.  P.  AlcocJciana  nova, 
Hort.  Abies  bicolor,  Maxim.).  Alcock  S.  Plate  XXXV.  Pyramidal  tree 
80-150  feet  tall,  with  rather  stiff,  spreading  or  ascending  branches;  bark 
grayish-brown,  fissured  into  thin  plates;  young  branches  dull  yellowish- 
brown,  glabrous,  usually  only  leading  shoots  pubescent;  winter-buds  conic- 
ovoid,  brown,  slightly  resinous:  leaves  quadrangular,  slightly  compressed 
from  above,  somewhat  curved,  with  2  bluish-white  bands  above,  dark  green 
beneath  and  with  only  2-4  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side,  sharply  acuminate, 
3/^-^  inch  long:  cones  oblong,  brown,  purple  before  ripening,  3-4  inches 
long;  scales  obovate,  finely  denticulate  and  slightly  wavy  at  the  often 
recurved  margin.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1861  and  again  in  1868  to  Europe. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New  England.  A  handsome  tree 
growing  well  in  the  eastern  States. 

16.  P.  Glehnii,  Mast.  Saghalin  S.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall,  of  narrow- 
pyramidal  habit  with  slender,  short  and  spreading  branches;  bark  red-brown, 
fissured  into  thin  flakes;  branchlets  reddish-brown,  densely  short-pubescent; 
winter-buds  conic-ovoid,  chestnut-brown,  resinous,  the  terminal  bud  at  base 
with  subulate  scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  slightly  compressed,  obtuSe  or  on 
young  plants  pointed,  M~H  inch  long,  deep  green,  with  2  rows  of  stomata  on 
each  side  above  and  with  1  row  on  each  side  beneath:  cones  cylindric-oblong, 
2-3  inches  long,  lustrous  brown,  violet  before  maturity;  scales  suborbicular, 
rounded  or  slightly  produced  in  the  middle,  entire  or  slightly  erose.  Japan 
and  Saghalin. — Introduced  before  1891  to  Europe  and  in  1894  to  the  Arnold 

Arboretum  where  it  is 
perfectly  hardy  and  has 
grown  into  handsome 
narrow- pyramidal 
trees.  Probably  hardy 
as  far  north  as  Canada. 
17.  P.  rubra,  Link, 

73.  Picea  rubra.       'W      ^E'^^^  ^^^     A"     ^^^^^-    ^^^ 

australis.   Small.     P. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  281 

rubens,SaTg.).  Red  S.  Fig.  73.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  short  and  slender 
branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head  and  with  red-brown  bark; 
branchlets  reddish-brown,  pubescent;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  the  terminal 
bud  at  base  with  subulate  pubescent  scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  acute  or 
mucronate,  dark  or  bright  green,  shining,  about  }4  inch  long:  flowers 
purple:  cones  oblong,  1^-2  inches  long,  green  while  young,  later  light 
reddish-brown,  glossy;  scales  obovate,  rounded  and  entire  or  slightly  erose 
at  the  margin.  From  Canada  to  the  high  mountain  peaks  of  North 
Carolina. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  1755.  Hardy  probably  as  far  north 
as  Saskatchewan.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  of  narrow-pyramidal  habit,  but 
it  requires  a  cool  and  moist  situation  and  is  less  drought-enduring  than 
most  other  species. 

Var.  virgata,  Rehd.,  is  a  sparingly  branched  form  with  long  and  slender 
branches  destitute  of  branchlets,  very  similar  to  P.  Abies  var.  virgata. 

18.  P.  mariana,  BSP.  (P.  nigra.  Link.  P.  brevifolia.  Peck).  The  native 
Black  S.  Tree  usually  to  20-30  or  occasionally  to  100  feet  tall,  with  slender 
often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  head;  bark  gray-brown; 
branclalets  brown  or  yellowish-brown,  pubescent:  leaves  quadrangular,  often 
slightly  compressed  from  above,  obtusish,  dull  dark  or  bluish-green,  bloomy 
especially  on  the  upper  side,  M~M  inch  long,  stomatic  bands  above  usually 
somewhat  broader  than  those  beneath:  flowers  purple:  cones  oval-oblong, 
globose-ovoid  when  open,  dark  purple  while  young,  later  dull  grayish-brown, 
3^2-1  H  inches  long;  scales  rounded  and  finely  denticulate  at  the  margin. 
From  Labrador  to  Alaska  and  south  to  Wisconsin  and  Michigan  and  in  the 
mountains  to  West  Virginia. — Introduced  about  1700  to  Europe.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Labrador  and  Saskatchewan.  Very  variable  in  habit;  when 
growing  in  swamps,  plants  only  a  few  feet  high  may  bear  cones;  usually  of 
rather  thin  and  irregular  habit. 

The  most  ornamental  garden  form  is  var.  Doumetii,  Sudw.  (P.  nigra 
Doumetii,  Carr.).  Doumet  S.  With  ascending  crowded  branches  forming  a 
dense  conical  pwamid.  A  similar  form,  somewhat  broader  at  the  base  with 
more  light  bluish-green  foliage,  is  var.  Beissneriana,  Rehd.  (P.  nigra  mariana, 
Beiss.). 

Var.  ericoides,  Rehd.  (P.  ericoides.  Mast.).  A  pyramidal,  loosely  branched 
bush  of  slow  growth  with  short,  finely  pointed,  bluish-green  leaves;  the  leading 
shoots  glabrescent  towards  the  apex. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Rehd.  (P.  nigra  fastigiaia,  Carr.  Abies  nigra  pumila. 
Knight).  Pi-RAJiiDAL  Black  S.  A  columnar  form  with  ascending  branches 
and  short,  acute  leaves. 

19.  P.  glauca,  Voss  (P.  canadensis,  BSP.,  not  Link.  P.  alba.  Link.  P. 
laxa,  Sarg.).  White  S.  Plate  XXXVI.  Tree  to  60  or  70,  rarely  to  120  feet 
tall,  with  ascending  branches  and  usually  pendent  branchlets;  bark  grayish, 


282  THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

scaly;  branchlets  glabrous,  grayish- or  pale-brown;  winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse, 
with  glabrous,  usually  loosely  imbricated  scales,  rounded  and  bifid  at  the 
apex:  leaves  quadrangular,  acute  or  acutish,  slightly  curved,  }/i-'^i  inch 
long,  more  or  less  bluish-green,  of  strong  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised: 
cones  cylindric-oblong,  13^-2  inches  long,  pale  brown  and  lustrous,  green 
before  maturity;  scales  suborbicular,  with  rounded  entire  margin.  Labrador 
to  Alaska,  south  to  Montana,  Minnesota,  and  New  York. — Introduced 
about  1700  to  Europe.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Labrador  and  Saskatchewan. 
An  ornamental  species  of  dense  habit  when  young  and  with  rather  light 
bluish-green  foliage;  it  endures  heat  and  drought  much  better  than  the  two 
preceding  species. 

Var.  caerulea,  Rehd.  (P.  canadensis  coerulea,  Schneid.  P.  alba  coerulea, 
Carr.  P.  alba  argentea  and  var.  glauca,  Hort.  Abies  rubra  violacea.  Loud.). 
Silver  White  S.  Of  dense  habit,  with  light  bluish-green  or  almost  silvery- 
white  leaves.  Var.  aurea,  Rehd.  (P.  alba  aurea,  Beiss.).  Golden  White  S. 
With  golden-yellow  foliage. 

An  important  geographical  variety  is  var.  albertiana,  Sarg.  (P.  canadensis 
var.  albertiana,  Rehd.  P.  albertiana,  S.  Br.  P.  alba  albertiana,  Beiss.). 
Alberta  S.  Tree  to  100  or  occasionally  150  feet,  of  narrow-pyramidal  habit; 
branchlets  sometimes  minutely  pubescent;  winter-buds  slightly  resinous, 
with  entire  scales,  the  basal  ones  acuminate:  leaves  more  crowded;  leaf- 
cushions  longer:  cones  shorter,  with  more  rigid,  rounded,  slightly  denticulate 
scales.  British  Columbia  to  Wyoming  and  Montana.— Introduced  in  1906 
by  J.  M.  Macoun.  The  "Black  Hills"  spruce  belongs  here;  it  is  said  to  be  a 
very  compact  pyramidal  tree  of  slow  growth.  Var.  conica,  Rehd.  (P.  alberti- 
ana, Hort.,  not  S.  Br.).  A  dwarf  form  of  the  preceding  variety  of  dense,  narrow- 
conical  habit,  with  radially  spreading,  thin,  slender  leaves  M-H  "ich  long. 
Introduced  in  1904  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  J.  G.  Jack. 

Section  II.    Casicta,  Mayr. 

Leaves  quadrangular  or  compressed  and  with  few  rows  of  stomata  on  the 
lower  side  or  none:  cone-scales  loosely  appressed  before  maturity,  at  maturity 
thin  and  flexible,  usually  rhombic,  with  erose  and  more  or  less  wavy  margin. 

20.  P.  Engelmanni,  Engelm.  (P.  columbiana,  Lemmon.  P.  pseudopungens, 
Dieck.  Abies  covimidata,  Murr.).  Engelmann  S.  Fig.  74  and  Plate 
XXXVII.  Tree  to  150  feet  tall,  with  slender  spreading  branches  in  closely 
arranged  whorls,  forming  a  dense  and  narrow  pyramid  in  young  trees;  winter- 
buds  with  brownish-yellow,  usually  appressed  or  little  spreading  scales; 
branchlets  pale  brownish-yellow,  pubescent:  leaves  more  or  less  directed 
forward,  slender,  straight  or  slightly  incurved,  acute,  bluish-green  to  steel- 
blue,  J^-1   inch  long,  without  resin- canals,  of  a  strong  aromatic  odor  when 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


283 


Engclmanni. 


bruised:  flowers  purple:  cones  oval-  to  cylindric-oblong,  light  brown,  lJ^-3 
inches  long;  scales  thin  and  flexible,  rhomboidal,  narrowed  and  truncate  or 
rarely  acute  at  the  erose-denticulate  apex.    British  Columbia  and  Alberta  to 
Oregon,  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. — Introduced   in 
1862  to  the  eastern  States 
and    in    1864    to    Europe. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  Sas- 
katchewan.    A   very  orna- 
mental tree  varying  in  the 
color  of  its  foliage. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.,  has 
bluish  or  steel-blue,  and 
var.   argentea,   Beiss.,  74.  Pkc 

silvery-gray  foliage. 

Var.  Fendleri,  Henry,  has  pendulous  branchlets  and  longer  and  slenderer 
leaves  often  slightly  exceeding  1  inch  in  length,  with  4  rows  of  stomata  on 
each  side  above  and  half  as  many  beneath.  Supposed  to  have  come  from  New 
Mexico. 

21.  P.  pungens,  Engelm.  (P.  Parnjana,  Sarg.  Abies  Menziesii,  Engelm., 
not  Lindl.).  Colorado  S.  Fig.  75  and  Plate  XXXVIII.  Tree  80-100,  or 
occasionally  to  150  feet,  with  horizontal  stout  branches  in  rather  remote 
whorls,  forming  a  broad  regular  pyramid;  winter-buds  with  brownish-yellow 
usually  reflexed  scales;  branclilets  glabrous,  bright  yellowish-brown:  "leaves 

more   or    less    radially 
spreading,   quadrangu- 
lar,    rigid,      incurved, 
spiny-acuminate,     blu- 
ish-green    to     silvery- 
white     or    rarely    dull 
green,    %-l  }i    inches 
long,    with     2     resin- 
ducts:  cones  cylindric- 
oblong,  light  brown  and 
glossy,     23^-4     inches 
long;    scales    rhomboidal,    narrowed 
and  erose  at  the  apex.    Wj'oming  to 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico. — 
Introduced  to  the  eastern  States  in 
1862  and  to  Europe  in  1877.    Hardy 
far    north  as   Saskatchewan.     A 
very  handsome  tree  of  symmetrical 


75.  Picea  pungens. 


284  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

habit,  with  light  colored,  sometimes  almost  silvery-white  foliage.  Very 
popular  as  a  lawn  tree  and  for  dry  climates  one  of  the  best  of  all  spruces. 

Var.  viridis,  Regel  (P.  commutata,  Hort.,  not  Murr.).  The  typical  form 
with  green  leaves. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.  Blue  Colorado  S.  With  bluish  foliage.  Var.  caerulea, 
Beiss.  With  bluish-white  foliage.  Var.  argentea,  Beiss.  (var.  pungens  Kosteri, 
Beiss.  var.  Kosteriana,  Hort.).   With  bluish-white  foliage. 

Var.  Kosteriana,  Mast.  (P.  pungens  glauca  pendula,  Beiss.).  With  bluish- 
white  foliage  and  pendulous  branches. 

Var.  compacta,  Rehd.  A  dwarf  compact  form;  originated  at  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  about  1877. 

22.  P.  montigena,  Mast.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  rather  long  horizon- 
tally spreading  branches  ascending  at  the  ends;  branchlets  yellow  or  pale 
brown,  hairy;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  resinous,  the  lower  scales  of  the  ter- 
minal bud  acuminate  and  keeled:  leaves  quadrangular,  slightly  compressed, 
rhombic  in  section,  obtuse  or  acutish,  curved,  obtusely  keeled  above,  M~H 
inch  long,  with  2  white  bands  above,  each  with  about  5  rows  of  stomata,  those 
beneath  inconspicuous,  with  2-3  rows  each:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  3-4  inches 
long,  cinnamon-brown,  with  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  arose  scales.  Western 
China. — Introduced  by  E.  H.  Wilson  in  1908  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where 
it  has  proved  hardy. 

23.  P.  Balfouriana,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  120  feet  tall,  with  short  hori- 
zontal branches;  bark  gray,  deeply  furrowed  into  thick  irregular  plates; 
branchlets  densely  villous,  yellowish  or  yellowish-gray,  with  spreading 
villous  petioles  -^V  inch  long;  winter-buds  broadly  ovoid  or  conical,  brown, 
slightly  resinous,  with  appressed  scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  compressed, 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  acutish  or  obtuse,  -§— f  inch  long,  with  2  white 
bands  above,  those  beneath  inconspicuous  and  with  only  1-4  rows  of  stomata: 
cones  ovoid-oblong,  2j^-33^  inches  long,  violet-purpl-e;  scales  brownish  on 
back,  striate  toward  the  apex,  flexible,  rhombic-ovate,  often  contracted 
below  the  apex  and  produced  into  a  point,  erose  above  the  middle  and  usually 
laciniate  and  wavy.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy  and  seems  promising. 

24.  P.  purpurea,  Mast.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  wide-spreading  branches; 
bark  dark  gray,  fissured  and  separating  in  thin  scales;  branchlets  orange- 
yellow,  densely  pubescent,  with  short  spreading  petioks;  winter-buds  broadly 
ovoid,  resinous,  with  appressed  scales:  leaves  quadrangular,  more  or  less 
compressed,  curved,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  2  white  bands  above,  green 
beneath,  usually  with  2  incomplete  rows  of  stomata,  ]/s~}/2  inch  long:  cones 
cylindric-oblong,  2-23^^  inches  long,  purple,  more  or  less  so  even  at  maturity; 
scales  rhombic-oblong,  contracted,  narrowed  from  about  the  middle,  erose- 
denticulate,  acutish  or  truncate  at  the  apex.    Western  China. — Introduced 


Plate  XXXVIII.    Colorado  spruce  {Picea  pungens) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  285 

in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy. 
The  fruiting  tree  will  prove  certainly  very  ornamental  with  its  numerous 
purple  cones. 

A  closely  related  species  is  P.  likiangensis,  Pritz.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall; 
branchlets  pale  yellow,  pubescent,  with  spreading  petioles  about  -^  inch  long: 
leaves  acute  or  mucronate,  beneath  with  1  or  2  often  incomplete  rows  of 
stomata  on  each  side:  cone  cylindric-oblong,  about  3I2  inches  long,  with 
rhombic-ovate  thin  scales  denticulate  and  nearly  rounded  at  apex.  Western 
China. — Introduced  to  Europe  between  1900  and  1910.  The  related  P. 
hirtella,  Rehd.  &  Wils.,  is  not  in  cultivation. 

25.  P.  jezoensis,  Maxim.  (P.  ajanensis,  Fisch.  Abies  jezoensis,  Sieb.  & 
Zucc.  Abies  Alcockiana,  Veitch,  partly).  Yeddo  S.  Tree  100-150  feet  tall 
or  occasionally  higher,  with  horizontally  spreading  slender  branches;  bark 
dark  gray,  scaly,  deeply  fissured  in  old  trees;  branchlets  glabrous,  shining, 
yellowish-brown  or  yellowish-green,  the  leaf-cushions  slightly  swollen,  with 
usually  recurved  petioles;  winter-buds  conical,  resinous,  lustrous:  leaves 
compressed,  slightly  curved,  acute,  slender,  slightly  ridged  on  both  sides, 
dark  green  and  shining  below,  silvery-white  above,  J^-^  inch  long :  flowers 
carmine:  cones  oblong,  light  brown,  \}/2-^Y2  inches  long;  scales  thin  and 
flexible,  oval-oblong,  erose.  Northeastern  Asia  to  northern  Japan. — Intro- 
duced in  1878  by  Charles  Maries. 

Var.  hondoensis,  Rehd.  (P.  hondoensis,  Mayr.  P.  ajanensis  var.  viicro- 
sperma,  Beiss.,  not  Mast.).  Hondo  S.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall;  branchlets  light 
reddish-brown  with  much  swollen  leaf -cushions :  leaves  shorter,  more  obtuse, 
dull  green  below.  Central  Japan. — Introduced  to  England  by  Veitch  in 
1860.  It  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  is  a  handsome  orna- 
mental tree  of  broad-pyramidal  habit  and  bright  green  dense  foliage.  The 
typical  form  is  rarely  cultivated  and  is  not  doing  well  in  the  eastern  States; 
it  is  of  thinner  habit  and  is  liable  to  suffer  from  late  frosts  on  account  of  its 
early  leafing. 

A  hybrid  between  P.  jezoensis  and  P.  mariana  is  P.  Moseri,  Mast. 
Branchlets  smooth,  olive-brown:  leaves  quadrangular,  acute,  H-^  inch 
long,  slightly  compressed,  glaucous  above,  green  beneath.  Originated  in 
France  sometime  before  1900. 

26.  P.  sitchensis,  Carr.  (P.  sitkaensis,  Mayr.  Abies  Menziesii,  Lindl.). 
Sitka  S.  (Tideland  S.).  Tree  usually  100,  occasionally  200  feet  high,  with, 
slender  horizontal  branches,  forming  a  broad  pyramid  in  young  trees;  in 
old  trees  the  upper  branches  short  and  ascending,  the  lower  ones  slender  and 
spreading,  clothed  with  slender  branchlets;  bark  bright  or  dark  red-brown; 
branchlets  rigid,  light  brownish-yellow,  glabrous;  winter-buds  conical, 
acutish,  light  brown,  resinous,  the  terminal  bud  at  base  with  a  few  acuminate 
scales:  leaves  bright  green,  shining  and  rounded  on  the  lower  side,  flat. 


286  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

slightly  ridged  and  silvery-white  on  the  upper  side,  sharply  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 3^-1  inch  long:  staminate  flowers  red:  cones  cylindric-oval,  pale  yel- 
lowish- or  reddish-brown,  23'2~4  inches  long;  scales  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
erose;  bracts  visible  between  the  scales.  Alaska  to  California. — Introduced 
to  Europe  in  1831.  In  the  eastern  States  it  is  not  tliriving,  as  it  cannot  stand 
the  hot  and  dry  summer;  it  is  probably  not  hardy  north  of  New  York.  Where 
it  grows  well,  it  is  a  higlily  ornamental  tree,  especially  attractive  on  account 
of  the  contrasting  colors  of  its  leaves. 

Var.  speciosa,  Beiss.,  is  of  slower  growth  and  more  compact  habit,  with 
more  ascending  branches  and  shorter,  more  rigid  leaves. 

Section  III.    Omorica,  Wilk, 

Leaves  more  or  less  compressed,  with  glaucous  lines  above,  green  below: 
scales  of  cone  closely  appressed  before  maturity,  broad  and  entire  or  nearly 
so  on  the  margin. 

27.  P.  complanata,  Mast.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  horizontal  branches 
and  short  pendulous  branchlets;  bark  pale  gray,  comparatively  smooth, 
on  older  trees  darker  and  fissured;  branchlets  orange-brown,  pubescent  or 
the  leading  shoots  glabrescent,  with  swollen  pulvini  and  very  short  petioles; 
winter-buds  dark  brown,  ovoid,  acutish:  leaves  compressed,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate and  often  pungent,  ^-"^  inch  long,  with  broad  white  bands  above, 
green  and  keeled  beneath:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  5-63^  inches  long,  with 
broad,  rounded  or  truncate  scales;  bracts  long-acuminate.  Western  China. — 
Introduced  in  1903  to  England  by  E.  H.  Wilson  and  in  1908  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy  only  in  sheltered  positions. 

28.  P.  Sargentiana,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Sargent  S.  Tree  to  75  feet  tall,  with 
spreading,  slightly  pendent  branches;  bark  grayish-brown,  fissured  into 
irregular  plates;  branclilets  at  maturity  orange  to  pale  yellow,  the  weaker 
ones  more  or  less  stipitate-glandular,  the  stronger  shoot  usually  glabrous, 
with  short  slightly  recurved  petioles;  winter-buds  conspicuous,  dark  brown, 
conic-ovoid,  acutish  to  obtusish:  leaves  compressed,  curved,  acutish  or 
obtuse,  f-l  inch  long  and  about  iV  inch  broad,  with  2  broad  white  bands 
above,  green  and  lustrous  beneath,  keeled  on  both  sides:  cones  oblong- 
cylindric,  23/2~5  inches  long,  often  persisting  one  year  after  maturity;  scales 
firm,  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  apex,  spreading  at 
maturity;  bracts  minute,  rounded  at  apex.  Western  China. — Introduced  in 
1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy 
only  in  sheltered  positions. 

29.  P,  ascendens,  Patschke.  Pyramidal  tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  hori- 
zontally spreading  branches  upturned  at  the  ends  and  with  slender  pendent, 
branchlets;  branchlets  pale  brown,  setosely  hairy  or  the  stronger  shoots 


ENUMERATION   OF    CONIFERS 


287 


glabrous  or  glabrescent;  winter-buds  dark  brown,  ovoid  or  obtusish:  leaves 
compressed,  acutish  or  obtusely  mucronulate,  3^-^  inch  long,  with  2  broad 
white  bands  above,  green  and  keeled  beneatli:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  3-4 
inches  long;  scales  rhombic,  narrowed  toward  the  truncate  or  emarginate 
erose  apex;  bracts  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  4-5  times  shorter  than  scale.  Western 
China. — Introduced  in  1910  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where 
it  has,  like  the  two  preceding  species,  proved  hardy  only  in  sheltered  positions. 
All  three  species  will  probably  be  very  ornamental  in  suitable  localities,  but 
the  plants  have  not  yet  attained  sufficient  size  to  allow  a  definite  opinion. 

A  closelj'  related  species  is  P.  brachytyla,  Fritz.  {P.  pachyclada,  Patsclike). 
Tree  to  80  feet  tall;  bark  dark  brown,  deeply  fissured;  branchlets  nearly 
glabrous,  with  prominent  pulvini:  leaves  about  3  o  inch  long:  cones  3-4  inches 
long,  with  obovate  scales  entire  at  the  margin.  Central  China. — Introduced 
by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  England  in  1901. 

30.  P.  Omorika,    Bolle    (Pinus   Omorika, 
Pancic).     Servian  S.     Fig.  76.    Tree  to  100 
feet  tall  or  higher,  with  rather  short  spread- 
ing and  ascending  branches  and  short  pendent 
branchlets    forming   a 
narrow  pyramidal  head; 
bark   brown,  separating 
into  thin  plates;  branch- 
lets    brown,    pubescent; 
winter-buds  dark  brown, 

not  resinous:  leaves  compressed,  obtuse  and 
mucronulate,  dark  green  and  shining  below, 
with  whitish  bands  above,  Yz~Y2  inch  long, 
keeled  on  both  sides:  flowers  purple:  cones 
ovoid-oblong,  cinnamon-brown,  glossy, 
1/^-23^  inches  long;  scales  almost  orbicular,  very  convex,  with  finely 
denticulate  margin.  Southeastern  Europe. — Discovered  in  Serbia  in  1872 
and  introduced  into  cultivation  about  1880.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern 
Ontario  and  New  England  and  possibly  farther  north.  A  desirable  orna- 
mental tree  of  dense  narrow-pyramidal  habit  when  young;  one  of  the  best 
spruces  for  the  northeastern  States. 

31.  P.  Breweriana,  Wats.  Tree  80-120  feet  high,  with  the  branches  at 
the  top  slightly  ascending,  the  lower  ones  horizontal  or  pendulous,  with 
whip-like  pendulous  branchlets  often  7  to  8  feet  long,  furnished  with  similar 
slender  lateral  branchlets;  branchlets  reddish-brown,  pubescent;  winter-buds 
conical,  chestnut-brown:  leaves  radially  spreading,  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
obtuse,  rounded  and  dark  green  at  the  lower  surface,  almost  flat  and  with 
white  bands  above,  ^4-1  inch  long:  staminate  flowers  purple:  cones  oblong, 


7G.  Picea  Omorika. 


Ss88  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2}/^-5  inches  long,  light  orange-brown;  scales  obovate,  with  entire  margin. 
Siskiyou  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. — First 
introduced  into  cultivation  in  1893.  Hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north 
as  Massachusetts;  it  does  not  seem  to  take  kindly  to  cultivation  and  only  a 
few  rather  small  trees  are  known  to  exist  in  Europe  and  in  the  eastern  States. 
In  its  native  habitat  it  is  a  handsome  tree  remarkable  for  its  pendulous  whip- 
like branches. 

32.  P.  spiniilosa,  Henry  (P.  morindoides ,  Rehd.).  Tree  to  150  feet  tall, 
with  spreading  branches  and  slender  pendulous  branchlets;  branchlets  gla- 
brous, yellowish-gray;  winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  scarcely  resinous:  leaves 
imperfectly  radially  arranged,  slightly  compressed,  slender,  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  acute  and  pungent,  Y^-^Yl  inches  long,  with  2  glaucous  bands 
above,  green  beneath,  keeled  on  both  sides:  cones  cylindric-oblong,  23^-4 
inches  long,  with  suborbicular  scales,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate  and  un- 
dulate at  the  margin.  Himalayas:  Bhutan  and  Sikkim. — Introduced  about 
1878  to  Europe.  Little  known  .in  this  country  and  probably  not  hardy  north 
of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States;  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  young  plants  did  not 
survive  the  first  winter.  A  distinct  and  graceful  spruce  somewhat  similar  in 
habit  to  P.  Smithiana,  but  slenderer  and  thinner. 

25.  PSEUDOLARIX,  Gord.     GOLDEN-LARCH 

Deciduous  resinous  tree  with  horizontally  spreading  whorled  branches: 
leaves  linear,  in  dense  clusters  on  short  spurs,  those  of  the  young  shoots 
spirally  arranged:  flowers  monoecious,  staminate  flowers  catkin-like,  slender- 
stalked  and  clustered  at  the  end  of  short  spurs:  cone  short-stalked,  pendent, 
with  ovate-lanceolate  deciduous  scales  and  with  bracts  about  half  as  long 
as  the  scales;  each  scale  with  2  seeds  with  the  wings  nearly  as  long  as  the 
scale;  cotyledons  5-6.  (Name  derived  from  Greek -pseudos,  false,  and  lariv; 
the  tree  being  similar  to,  but  not  a  true  larch.) — The  only  species  is  known 
wild  only  from  a  restricted  region  in  eastern  China,  where  it  grows  in  the 
mountains  at  an  altitude  of  about  3,000-4,000  feet.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
Larix,  but  differs  in  the  stalked,  pendulous,  clustered,  staminate  flowers  and 
in  the  deciduous  cone-scales,  which  separate  from  the  axis  at  maturity,  as 
in  the  fir. 

P.  amabilis,  Rehd.  {P.  Kaempferi,  Gord.  P.  Fortunei,  Mayr.  Pinus 
Kaempferi,  Pari.,  not  Lamb.  Larix  Kaempferi,  Fort.,  not  Sarg.  Laricopsis 
Kaempferi,  Kent).  Fig.  77  and  Plate  XXXIX.  Tree  attaining  130  feet  in 
height;  bark  reddish-brown,  fissured  into  small  narrow  scales:  leaves  linear, 
acuminate,  soft,  light  green,  bluish-green  beneath,  13^-3  inches  long  and 
1-13^  lines  broad:  staminate  flowers  yellow,  about  34  inch  long,  slender- 
stalked;  fertile  flowers  about   ^    inch   long:    cone   ovate,    reddish-brown. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


289 


2^-3  inches  long,  1^-2  inches  broad;  scales  triangular,  ovate-lanceolate, 
cordate  at  the  base,  emarginate  at  the  apex,  woody;  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late, much  smaller  than  the  scales;  seeds  about  3^3  inch  long.  Eastern 
China. — Introduced  to  England  in  1854  and  from  there  to  America  in 
1859.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts.  A  handsome  tree 
of  broad-pyramidal  habit  clothed 
with  light  green  feathery  foliage 
turning  to  golden-yellow  in 
autumn.  It  is  not  doing  well  on 
limestone  soil. 


26.   LARIX,  MUl.    LAKCH 

Deciduous  resinous  trees  with  IMf  {\\\\^^^''-^^'^-^/Jk 

irregularly      whorled      spreading  ^  \  \l  (\^\^^ 

branches     and     thick     furrowed  ^\  V^- 

and  scaly  bark:  leaves  linear, 
in  crowded  clusters  on  short  spurs 
except  on  the  leading  shoots  where 

they  are  spirally  arranged:  flow-  77.  Pseudolarix  amabUis. 

ers  monoecious;  staminate  flowers 

small,  globose  to  oblong,  solitary,  consisting  of  numerous  short-stalked, 
spirally  arranged  anthers;  fertile  flowers  larger,  consisting  of  several  or 
numerous  scales,  each  scale  with  2  ovules  at  the  base  and  borne  in  the  axil 
of  a  much  longer  bract:  cone  with  woody,  2-seeded  scales,  persistent  on  the 
axis;  seeds  with  large,  thin  wings,  ripening  the  first  year;  cotyledons  6-8, 
usually  6.  (Larix  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  larch-tree.) — About  10 
species  in  the  colder  regions  and  on  the  high  mountains  of  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

A.  Leaves  keeled  on  both  sides:  bracts  of  the  cones  exceeding  the 

scales \.  L.  Potanini 

AA.  Leaves  flat  or  rounded  above. 

B.  Bracts  exceeding  the  scales 2.  L.  occidentalis 

BB.  Bracts  shorter  than  the  scales. 

c.  Under  surface  of  leaves  with  2  wliile  bands:  cone-scales  re- 
flexed  at  apex 3.  Z,.  Kaempferi 

CO.  Under  surface  of  leaves  without  conspicuous  white  bands, 
shape  very  narrow:  cone-scales  not  reflexed  at  apex. 
D.  Cone-scales  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  back,  40-50  in 
each  cone:  branchlets  usually  glabrous. 
E.  Scales  of  cone  not  incurved  at  apex,  straight;  bracts 
about  half  as  long  as  scale:  leaves  up  to  Ij/^  inches 
long 4.  L.  dendua 

T 


290  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

EE.  Scales  of  cone  slightly  incurved  at  apex,  longitudinally 
convex;  bracts  about  J^  as  long  as  scale:  leaves  up  to 

2  inches  long 5.  L.  sihirica 

DD.  Cone-scales  glabrous,  striate,  lustrous. 

E.  Branchlets  usually  pubescent :  leaves  exceeding  IJ^  inches 

in  length:  cone  with  20-40  scales 6.  L.  dahurica 

EE.  Branchlets  glabrous,  brown:  leaves  Ij^  inches  long  or 

less:  cone  with  12-15  scales 7.  L.  laricina 

1.  L.  Potanini,  Batal.  (L.  chinensis,  Beiss.  L.  thibetica,  Franch.).  China 
L.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  rather  short  horizontal  branches  and  gray  or 
grayish-brown  bark;  branchlets  pendulous,  glabrous,  lustrous,  orange-brown 
to  reddish-brown,  the  winter-buds  of  the  same  color  but  darker:  leaves  linear, 
slender,  acute,  ^-13^  inches  long,  grayish-green,  with  bands  of  stomata  on 
both  sides  each  consisting  of  1  or  2  rows:  cones  ovoid-oblong,  1/^-1/^  inches 
long,  at  maturity  violet-purple  changing  to  grayish-brown;  scales  sub- 
orbicular,  with  rounded,  entire,  slightly  incurved  margin;  bracts  long- 
acuminate,  exceeding  the  scales,  upright,  purple.  Western  China. — Intro- 
duced by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  Great  Britain  in  1904  and  in  1908  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy,  but  is  not  thriving. 

A  closely  related  species  is  L.  Mastersiana,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  Tree  to  60  feet 
tall;  branchlets  pale  yellowish-brown,  slightly  pubescent  when  young: 
leaves  compressed:  cone  brown,  with  long-acuminate  purple  bracts  exceeding 
the  scales  and  reflexed.  Western  China. — Introduced  in  1908  by  E.  H.  Wilson 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  but  the  young  plant  did  not  do  well. 

Another  related  species  is  L.  Lyallii,  Pari.  Lyall  L.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall, 
with  remote  long  branches;  branchlets  stout,  brown-tomentose :  leaves  4- 
angled,  rigid,  acute,  1-13^  inches  long:  cones  13^-2  inches  long,  with  pubes- 
cent scales  spreading  at  maturity  and  finally  reflexed;  bracts  long-acuminate, 
exserted,  upright.  High  mountains  of  British  Columbia  and  Alberta  to 
Washington  and  Montana.^Introduced  several  times  into  cultivation  but 
it  never  succeeded. 

2.  L.  occidentalis,  Nutt.  Western  L.  Tall  tree  to  150  feet  high,  with 
dark-colored  bark,  becoming  bright  cinnamon-red  on  older  trunks,  and  with 
short  horizontal  branches,  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head;  branclilets 
orange-brown,  pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrous;  winter-buds  dark 
chestnut-brown:  leaves  rigid,  sharply  pointed,  triangular,  keeled  beneath, 
1-1^  inches  long,  pale  green:  cone  oblong,  1-1}^  inches  long;  scales  orbicular, 
almost  entire,  tomentose  beneath.  British  Columbia  to  Montana  and 
Oregon. — Introduced  in  1881  through  the  Arnold  Arboretum  to  the  eastern 
States  and  Europe.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  perhaps  farther 
north. 

A  related  species  is  L.  Griffithiana,  Carr.  (L.  Griffithii,  Hook.  f.  &  Thorns.). 
Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  pendulous  branches;  branchlets  dull  reddish-brown: 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


291 


leaves  obtuse:  cones  oblong,  3-4  inches  long;  scales  truncate  or  slightly 
emarginate  at  apex;  bracts  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Southwestern  China  and 
Himalaya. — Introduced  first  in  1848  and  later  repeatedly,  but  it  never 
succeeded  in  cultivation. 

3.  L.  Kaempferi,  Sarg.,  not  Carr.  (Z.  leptolepis,  Murr.  L.  japonica,  Carr.). 
Japanese  L.  Tree  to  90  feet  tall,  with  short  horizontal  branches;  bark  gray 
peeling  off  in  narrow  strips  leaving  red  scars;  brand  Jets  yellowish-  or  reddish- 
brown,  glabrous,  usually  bloomy  the  first  year;  spurs  sliort  and  globular: 
leaves  rather  broad,  obtuse,  soft,  K-lH  inches  long,  light  or  bluish-green: 
cones  ovoid-oblong,  K-lK  inches  long,  w^ith  emarginate  roundish  ovate 
scales.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1861  by  J.  G.  Veitch  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  and  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  rapidly 
growing  larches.  The  dwarf  form  of  the  high  mountains  of  Japan,  var.  minor, 
Sarg.  (L.  leptolepis  var.  viinor,  Murr.),  reverts  under  cultivation  to  the 
normal   form. 

A  hybrid  of  this  species  and  L.  decidua  is  L.  eiirolepis, 
Henry  {L.  Henryana,  Rehd.  L.  hyhrida,  Farquhar,  not 
Schroed.).  Dunkeld  L.  Tree  of  vigorous  growth,  in- 
termediate between  the  parents.    From  L.  Kaempferi 

differs  chiefly  in  the  less  bloomy  young  branchlets,  yellow 

or    grayish-yellow   the    second    year,  in    the 

shorter  and  narrower  leaves  with  fewer  rows 

of  stomata;  from   L.  decidua  in  the  slightly 

bloomy  branchlets  and  in  the  larger  leaves, 

those  of  the  shoots  with  the  stomatic  bands 

above  composed  of  2-4  and  the  bands  beneath 

composed  of  5-7  rows  o/  stomata,  those  of  the 

spurs  with  1  or  2  rows  on  each  side  above  and 

with  3-5  rows  on  each  side  beneath.    It  origi- 
nated about  1900  at  Dunkeld,  Scotland,  and 

was    introduced    to    the   Arnold   Arboretum 

in  1910. 

4.  L.  decidua,  Mill.  (Z.  europoea,  DC.  L. 

Larix,  Karst.).     European  L.   Fig.  78.   Tree 

to  100  feet  tall,  with  pyramidal,  later  often 

irregular,    head;    bark   dark    grayish-brown;    /\ ^ 

branchlets  slender,  glabrous,  yellowish:  leaves    ''//J. .,, 

compressed,  triangular,  soft  and  obtuse,  bright  ^<//M\\ 

green,    %-ll^    inches    long:     fertile     flowers  '/"Ia 

purplish:  cones  ^-13^  inches  long,  with  40-50  Ai^ 

almost  orbicular  scales,  usually  puberulous  or  ///jmj 

glabrous  on  the  back,  loosely  appressed    at      '  ** 


292  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

maturity;  seed-wings  extending  to  the  upper  margin  of  the  scale.  Mountains 
of  northern  and  central  Europe. — Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario 
and  New  England. 

Var.  pendula,  Kuntze  (var.  pendulina,  Regel.  L.  europoea  var.  pendula. 
Laws.).    Weeping  European  L.   A  form  with  pendulous  branches. 

5.  L.  sibirica,  Ledeb.  {L.  europasa  var.  sibirica,  Regel,  and  var.  rossica, 
Regel).  Siberian  L.  Tree  to  120  feet,  with  straight  slender  stem  and  rather 
short  ascending  branches;  branclilets  yellow;  winter-buds  grayish-brown 
and  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  at  the  base:  leaves  linear,  1-2  inches  long: 
fertile  flowers  usually  green,  sometimes  whitish  or  brownish:  cones  ovate- 
oblong,  usually  IH  inches  long;  scales  about  30,  larger  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  finely  tomentose  on  the  back,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  margin, 
half-spreading  at  maturity;  seed-wings  not  extending  to  the  upper  margin 
of  the  scales.  Northeastern  Russia  to  Siberia.— Introduced  in  1806  to 
England.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  Saskatchewan. 

6.  L.  dahnrica,  Turcz.  {L.  Cajanderi,  Mayr).  Dahxjrian  L.  Tree  to  70 
feet,  of  fairly  regular  habit  while  young,  old  trees  usually  irregular  with 
wide-spreading  branches;  branchlets  bloomy;  winter-buds  yellowish-brown, 
darker  or  nearly  black  at  the  base:  leaves  bright  green,  linear,  about  Ij/^  inches 
long:  cones  small,  %-l  inch  long;  scales  orbicular  or  ovate,  rounded  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  lustrous,  about  20  or  more.  Northeastern  Asia. — 
Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1827.  Hardy  probably  as  far  north  as 
Saskatchewan,  but  rare  in  cultivation  and  scarcely  of  value  as  an  orna- 
mental tree. 

Var.  japonica,  Regel  {L.  kamtchatica,  Carr,  L.  kurilensis,  Mayr.).  Kurile 
L.  Young  branchlets  reddish  and  often  bloomy,  pubescent.  Saghalin, 
Kurile  Islands. — Introduced  in  1888  to  Europe  by  Dr.  H.  Mayr  and  in 
1894  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  and  is 
growing  well. 

Var.  Principis  Rupprechtii,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  {L.  Prlncipis  Rupprechtii, 
Mayr).  Cones  larger,  to  13^  inches  long;  scales  30-40,  truncate  at  the  apex; 
bracts  at  least  on  the  lower  part  of  the  cone  more  than  half  as  long  as  the 
scales.  Northern  China. — Introduced  to  Europe  by  Dr.  H.  Mayr  in  1903 
and  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1909  by  Wm.  Purdom.  It  is  perfectly  hardy 
in  Massachusetts  and  is  growing  well. 

7.  L.  laricina,  K.  Koch  {L.  americana,  Michx.  L.  microcarpa,  Desf.). 
American  L.  (Tamarack.  Hackmatack).  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  hori- 
zontal branches,  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  sometimes  broad  and 
open  on  older  trees;  bark  reddish-brown;  branchlets  slender,  glabrous, 
reddish-yellow,  often  bloomy;  winter-buds  reddish-brown:  leaves  linear, 
obtuse,  1-1 H  inches  long,  of  light  bluish-green  color:  cones  small,  oval  or 
almost  globular. 


Plate  XXXIX.    (iolileii-larch  (Psfudolarix  amabilis) 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  293 

glabrous.  From  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Min- 
nesota, and  British  Columbia. — Introduced  to  Europe  before  1737.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Saskatchewan. 

A  supposed  hybrid  between  this  species  and  L.  decidua  is  L.  pendula, 
Salisb.  (L.  americana  var.  pendula.  Loud.).  Differing  from  L.  laricina  chiefly 
in  its  larger  cones,  with  20-30  scales  pubescent  below  the  middle;  from  L. 
decidua  in  its  smaller  cones  with  the  scales  glabrous  above  the  middle  and  in 
its  shorter  bracts.    Originated  in  England  before  1800. 

27.  CEDRUS,  Loud.    CEDAR 

Large  evergreen  trees  with  horizontally  spreading,  irregularly  disposed 
branches;  bark  dark  gray,  smooth  on  young  stems,  thick  and  fissured  on  old 
trees:  leaves  alternate  on  leading  shoots  or  fascicled  on  spurs,  quadrangular, 
stiff:  flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate  ones  terminal  on  spurs,  cylindric, 
upright,  about  2  inches  long;  female  flowers  ovoid,  purplish,  about  3^  inch 
long,  consisting  of  numerous  suborbicular  2-ovuled  scales  subtended  by 
small  bracts :  cones  ovoid  to  ovoid-oblong,  3-5  inches  long,  with  broad  closely 
imbricate  scales,  attaining  maturity  the  second  or  third  year;  seeds  angular, 
with  large  membranous  wings;  cotyledons  8-10.  (Name  derived  from  kedros, 
used  by  the  ancient  Greek  for  resinous  trees,  chiefly  Juniper.) — Three  closely 
related  species  in  North  Africa,  Cyprus,  Asia  Minor,  and  on  the  Himalayas; 
sometimes  considered  races  of  one  species. 

A.  Leading  shoot  stout,  upright  or  nodding;  branchlets  only  exception- 
ally pendulous:  cones  truncate  and  often  concave  at  apex. 
B.  Branchlets  densely  short-pubescent:  leaves  as  high  or  higher  than 

broad,  usually  less  than  1  inch  long 1.  C.  atlantica 

BB.  Branchlets  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  leaves  broader  than 

high,  usually  1-1 K  inches  long 2.  C.  libani 

AA.  Leading  shoot  and  branchlets  pendulous,  densely  pubescent:  leaves 

to  2  inches  long:  cones  rounded  at  apex 3.  C.  Deodara 

1.  C.  atlantica,  Manetti  (C.  libani  var.  atlantica.  Hook.  f.).  Atlas  C. 
Large  pyramidal  tree  to  120  feet  tall,  with  upright  leading  shoots:  leaves 
mostly  less  than  1  inch  long,  usually  higher  than  broad,  rigid,  pale  or  bluish- 
green:  cones  2-3  inches  long,  light  brown;  scales  about  \}/2  inches  wide. 
Atlas  Mountains  of  Algeria. — Introduced  some  time  before  1840.  Hardy  as 
far  north  as  New  York. 

Var.  glauca,  Carr.  Blue  Atlas  C.  Foliage  glaucous,  with  silvery  hue; 
a  very  desirable  and  vigorous  form.  This  form  is  hardier  than  the  type  and 
will  survive  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  Var. 
argentea,  Murr.  Silver  Atlas  C,  with  more  decidedly  silvery-white  foliage, 
is  scarcely  different. 


294 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


79.  Cedrus 
libani. 


^^ 


1.  C.  libani,  Loud.  (C.  Cedrus,  Huth.  C.  patula,  K.  Koch.  C.  effusa,  Voss). 
Cedar  of  Lebanon.  Fig.  79  and  Plate  XL.  Large  tree,  with  wide-spreading 
horizontal  branches,  forming  a  broad  head  when  older,  leading  shoot  nodding: 
leaves  1  inch  or  longer,  broader  than  thick,  dark  or  bright  green,  sometimes 
bluish  or  silvery:  cones  3-4  inches  long,  brown.  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Taurus 
and  Antitaurus  and  the  Lebanon  Moun- 
tains of  Syria. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain 
probably  about  1638.  Hardy  as  far  north 
as  southern  New  York,  but  a  hardier  race 
was  introduced  in  1904  through  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  from  high  altitudes  of  the 
Cilician  Taurus.  This  race  has 
proved  hardy  at  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  only  in  unusually 
severe  winters  the  trees  have 
been  slightly  injured,  but  they 
'f^W^^^^^  have  always  fully  recovered 
''-p'^-^/^^^-'^  the  following  summer.  The 
"         V"  cedar  of  Lebanon  usually  grows 

well  under  cultivation  and 
thrives  in  any  fairly  good  soil. 
It  is  a  beautiful  tree  of  distinct 
and  characteristic  appearance 
which  even  in  cultivation  attains  considerable  dimensions,  as  many  stately 
old  trees  in  European  gardens  bear  witness.  Aside  from  its  ornamental 
value  it  is  of  peculiar  interest  for  its  scriptural  and  historical  associations 
and  is  well  worth  planting  wherever  it  will  thrive. 

Var.  glauca,  Carr.  (var.  argentea,  Veitch).  Foliage  of  blue  or  nearly 
silvery-white  hue. 

A  geographical  variety  is  var.  brevifolia,  Hook.  f.  (C.  brevifolia,  Henry), 
from  Cyprus,  with  shorter  leaves  and  smaller  cones. — Introduced  to  Great 
Britain  in  1881,  but  has  proved  tenderer  than  the  type. 

3.  C.  Deodara,  Loud.  (C.  libani  var.  Deodara,  Hook.  f.).  Deodar  C. 
Plate  XLI.  Tall  tree,  of  pyramidal  habit,  to  150  feet:  leaves  1-2  inches  long, 
dark  bluish-green,  rigid,  as  thick  as  broad:  cones  33^-5  inches  long,  reddish- 
brown;  scales  2-23/3  inches  wide.  Northwest  Himalaya  from  Kumaon  to 
Afghanistan. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1831.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
the  Middle  Atlantic  States.  A  very  handsome  tree  of  more  regular  pyramidal 
outline  than  the  two  preceding  species  and  more  graceful  on  account  of  the 
pendulous  branchlets. 

Var.  viridis,  Carr.,  Green  Deodar  C,  is  a  form  with  the  foliage  of  deeper 
green. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  295 

Var.  argentea,  Nels.    Foliage  silvery-white. 
Var.  aurea,  Nels.    Golden  Deodar  C.   Foliage  yellow. 
Var.  robusta,  Carr.    Longleaf  Deodar  C.    With  stouter  branches  and 
more  rigid  leaves  about  2  inches  long. 

28.  PINUS,  L.    PINE 

Evergreen  trees  with  usually  whorled  branches,  rarely  shrubby;  winter- 
buds  covered  with  imbricate  scales:  leaves  of  2  kinds;  the  primary  leaves  are 
spirally  arranged  and  as  they  appear  on  young  seedling  plants  and  occasion- 
ally on  shoots  from  the  old  wood,  are  green  and  subulate,  but  commonly  they 
are  reduced  to  small  scarious  bracts  bearing  in  their  axils  the  acicular,  semi- 
terete  or  triangular  secondary  leaves  borne  on  an  undeveloped  branchlet 
in  clusters  from  2-5,  or  occasionally  more,  rarely  reduced  to  1,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  a  sheath  of  8-12  bud-scales:  flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate 
ones  axillary,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  young  shoots,  catkin-like,  yellow, 
orange,  or  scarlet,  composed  of  numerous  spirally  arranged  2-celled  anthers 
with  the  connective  enlarged  and  scale-like  at  the  apex;  the  fertile  flowers 
lateral  or  subtcrminal,  greenish  or  purplish,  consisting  of  numerous  spirally 
arranged  scales  each  in  the  axil  of  a  small  bract  and  bearing  2  ovules  inside 
near  the  base:  cone  subglobose  to  cylindric,  with  woody  scales  closely  ap- 
pressed  before  maturity  and  tightly  inclosing  the  seeds,  which  are  usually 
furnished  with  a  long  thin  wing,  but  in  some  species  are  wingless  or  short- 
winged;  the  apex  of  the  scales  is  usually  more  or  less  thickened  and  the  ex- 
posed part,  which  is  usually  rhombic  in  outline  and  termed  apophysis,  is 
often  protracted  into  prominent  bosses  or  knobs;  the  apophysis  is  terminated 
by  the  umbo,  usually  differing  in  color  and  ending  mostly  in  a  spine  or  prickle. 
In  P.  Strobus  and  the  allied  species  the  apophysis  is  flat  and  thin,  and  bears 
the  spineless  umbo  at  the  upper  end,  while  in  most  other  pines  the  apophysis 
is  thickened  and  transversally  keeled  and  bears  the  umbo  in  the  middle. 
These  differences  belong  to  the  most  important  characters  in  the  grouping 
of  the  species:  other  valuable  characters  are  furnished  by  the  structure  of 
the  leaves,  which  contain  either  one  or  two  fibro- vascular  bundles  and  usually 
two  or  more  resin-ducts,  which  are  either  marginal  (external  or  peripheral), 
i.  e.,  situated  beneath  the  epidermis,  or  medial  (parenchymatous),  i.  e., 
inclosed  by  the  tissue  of  the  leaf;  or  internal,  i.  e.,  close  to  the  fibro- vascular 
bundles;  some  species,  as  P.  Armandi,  P.  resinosa,  P.  sinensis,  also  P. 
excelsa,  P.  Lambert iana,  P.  virginiana,  have  resin-ducts  in  2  positions,  either 
marginal  and  medial  or  internal  and  medial,  but  such  combinations  are  not 
found  in  all  the  leaves  of  these  species.  Strengthening  cells,  i.e.,  cells  with 
thickened  walls,  are  mostly  present  beneath  the  epidermis  and  often  sur- 
round   the    resin-ducts,  sometimes   also   along    the  fibro-vascular  bundles. 


296  THE    CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

The  number  of  the  fibro- vascular  bundles  and  the  position  of  the  resin-ducts 
can  be  readily  seen  with  a  common  magnifying  glass  in  thin  cross-sections 
made  with  a  sharp  razor  from  the  middle  of  the  leaf  and  placed  on  a  glass 
plate.  The  shoot  which  develops  in  spring  from  the  terminal  winter-bud 
(spring-shoot)  produces  in  most  species  only  one  internode  with  one  whorl 
of  branchlets  and  is  therefore  called  uninodal  and  bears  the  cones  at  the  end 
of  the  shoot  (subterminal),  while  in  other  species  the  spring-shoot  produces 
two  or  more  often  incomplete  whorls  of  branchlets  (multinodal  shoots) 
and  bears  the  cones  partly  in  the  middle  of  the  shoot  (lateral);  occasionally 
summer-shoots  appear  on  uninodal  shoots  and  change  it  thus  to  an  incom- 
pletely multinodal  branchlet.  (Pinus  is  the  old  Latin  name  of  the  pine-tree.) — 
The  genus  contains  about  70  species  distributed  throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere  from  the  arctic  circle  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies,  North 
Africa,  and  the  Malayan  Archipelago;  in  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions 
they  are  confined  to  the  mountains. 

Pinus  is  the  largest  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  important  of  all 
the  coniferous  genera.  In  the  colder  and  temperate  regions  it  furnishes  not 
only  the  most  important  timber  trees,  but  also  the  most  valuable  evergreen 
plant  material  for  permanent  and  larger  plantations,  as  the  more  valuable 
pines,  unlike  most  spruces  and  firs,  do  not  lose  their  beauty  with  age,  but  gain 
in  character  and  picturesque  appearance. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  BASED  CHIEFLY  ON  CONE-CHARACTERS 

A.  Bracts  subtending  the  leaf -fascicle  not  decurrent;  sheath  of  fas- 
cicle deciduous;  leaf  with  one  fibro- vascular  bundle  (Hap- 
loxylon). 
B.  Scales  with  terminal  umbo. 

c.  Seeds  wingless  or  with  rudimentary  wing. 
D.  Margin  of  leaves  serrulate. 

E.  Branchlets  pubescent  or  tomentose :  cones  indehiscent. 

F.  Cones  cylindric-conical :  branchlets  pubescent.  ...    1.  P.  koraiensis 

FF.  Cones  ovoid :  branchlets  brownish-tomentose 2.  P.  Cembra 

EE.  Branchlets    glabrous:    cones    dehiscent,    cylindric- 
conical  5.  P.  Armandi 

DD.  Margin  of  leaves  entire. 

E.  Cones  indehiscent 3.  P.  alhicaulis 

EE.  Cones  dehiscent 4.  P.  flexilis 

CO.  Seeds  winged,  with  long  wing  (rather  short  in  No.  8). 
D.  Length  of  cones  10-18  inches:  branchlets  pubescent. 
E.  Cone-scales    with    elongated    and    recurved    apex: 

leaves  slender 6.  P.  Ayacahuite 

EE.  Cone-scales  rounded :  leaves  stout 7.  P.  Lambertiana 

DD.  Length  of  cones  less  than  10  inches. 
E.  Cone-scales  with  convex  thickening. 

F.  Cone  about  2  inches  long,  ovoid:  branchlets  pu- 
bescent     8.  P.  parviflora 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  297 

FF.  Cone  3J^-10  inches  long,  cylindric:  branchlets 
glabrous. 

G.  Leaves  3-4  inches  long,  stiff 9.  P.  Pence 

GG.  Leaves  6-8  inches  long,  drooping 10.  P.  excelsa 

EE.  Cone-scales   uniformly   thin. 

F.  Branchlets  pubescent  at  first:  leaves  stiff 11.  P.  monticola 

FF.  Branchlets  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous:  leaves 

thin,  soft ' 12.  P.  Strobus 

BB.  Scales  with  dorsal  umbo. 

c.  Seeds  wingless  or  with  very  short  wing:  cones  green  at 
maturity. 

D.  Leaves  entire,  ?4-l '  j  inches  long,  1— i  in  a  fascicle 13.  P.  cembroides 

DD.  Leaves  .serrulate,  2-4  inches  long,  3  in  a  fascicle 14.  P.  Bungeana 

cc.  Seeds  with  long  wing;  cones  purple  at  maturity. 

D.  Cones  with  minute  incurved  prickles 15.  P.  Balfouriana 

DD.  Cones  with  long  and  slentler  prickles 16.  P.  aristata 

AA.  Bracts  subtending  the  leaf-fascicle  dccurrent;  sheath  persis- 
tent; leaves  with  two  fil>ro-vascular  bundles:  umbo  of  cone- 
scales  dorsal  (Diploxylox). 
B.  Seed-wing  very  short  or  long  and  adnate. 

c.  Wing  long,  adnate:  leaves  8-12  inches  long,  in  clusters  of  3. 
D.  Apophysis  elongated  and  recurved;  seed  ^-l^  inch 

long:  stem  and  branches  without  small  branchlets.  .  .  17.  P.  longifolia 
DD.  Apophysis  broad-pyramidal;  seed  }  2  inch  long:  stem 

and  branches  with  small  branchlets 18.  P.  canariensis 

cc.  Wing  very  short,  deciduous:  leaves  5-8  inches  long,  2 19.  P.  Pinea 

BB.  Seed-wing  articulate  (detachable  as  a  whole). 
c.  Wing  of  seed  membranous,  long. 

D.  Cones  deciduous,   dehiscent  at  maturity   (in  No.  26 
persistent  and  leaves  sometimes  3). 
E.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  2:  spring-shoots  uninodal  and 
cones  subterminal. 
F.  Bark  of  2-4-year-old  branchlets  without  sharply 
defined  conspicuous  oblong  scales,  peeling  off  ir- 
regularly: leaves  with  marginal  resin-ducts. 
G.  Branchlets  bloomy:  leaves  2^^-5  inches  long.  .  .20.  P.  densiflora 
GG.  Branchlets  not  bloomy. 

H.  Length  of  leaves  4-8  inches 21.  P.  Massoniana 

HH.  Length  of  leaves  ^4-3  inches. 

I.  Cone  short-stalked,  with  an  obtuse  gray 
imibo:  leaves  more  or  less  bluish-green: 

usually  a  tree 23.  P.  sylvestris 

n.  Cone  subsessile,  with  prickly  umbo:  leaves 

bright  green:  usually  a  shrub 24.  P,  Mugo 

FF.  Bark  of  2-4-year-old  branchlets  covered  with 
conspicuous  sharply  defined  scales  (the  decur- 
rent  base  of  the  bract),  each  peeling  off  as  a 
whole:  leaves  23^7  inches  long. 

G.  Branchlets  grayish-white 25.  P.  leucodermis 

GG.  Branchlets  grayish-yellow  or  orange  to  brown. 
H.  Resin-ducts  of  leaves  medial  or  medial  and 
marginal. 


298 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


1.  Winter-buds  brown. 

J.  Cones  deciduous:  winter-buds  resinous: 
leaves  2,  their  sheath  about  %  inch 

long ._ 

Jj.  Cones    tenaciously    persistent:    winter- 
buds  not  resinous:  leaves  sometimes  3, 

sheath  up  to  1  inch  long 28. 

II.  Winter-buds  grayish-white,  cylindric,  not 

resinous 27. 

HH.  Resin-ducts    marginal:    leaves    light    green: 

branchlets  orange 22. 

EE.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  or  2  and  3  (2  in  No.  32  and 
shoots  multinodal) :  spring-shoots  often  multinodal. 
F.  Resin-ducts  of  leaves  medial. 

G.  Young  cones  subterminal:  shoots  uninodal. 
H.  Branchlets  orange:  cones  3-6  inches  long. . .  .29. 
HH.  Branchlets  glaucous:  cones  5-15  inches  long. 30. 
GG.  Young  cones  lateral:  shoots  multinodal. 
H.  Length  of  leaves  3-5  inches. 

I.  Bark  of  branches  and  trunk  rough:  leaves 

2  or  3  in  a  cluster 31. 

n.  Bark  of  branches  and  of  upper  part  of 

trunk  smooth:  leaves  always  2 32. 

HH.  Length  of  leaves  6-9  inches 33. 

FF.  Resin-ducts  internal,  leaves  8-18  inches  long. 
G.  Winter-buds  whitish:   cone  dull  brown,   6-10 
inches  long:  spring-shoots  usually  uninodal.  .34. 
GG.  Winter-buds  light  brown:  cone  lustrous  brown, 

3-63^2  inches  long:  spring-shoots  multinodal  .35. 
DD.  Cones  tenaciously  persistent,  often  serotinous  (opening 
one  or  several  years  after  maturity):  leaves  with 
medial  resin-ducts  (marginal  in  No.  36):  spring- 
shoot  multinodal  and  cones  lateral  (in  Nos.  36  and 
37  sometimes  uninodal). 
E.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  2. 

F.  Resin-ducts  of  leaves  marginal:  cone  with  obtuse 

umbo 36. 

FF.  Resin-ducts  medial. 

G.  Strobiles  (cones)  symmetrical. 

H.  Length  of  leaves  5-8  inches 37. 

HH.  Length  of  leaves  1-33^2  inches. 

I.  Prickles  of  cone  stout 38. 

II.  Prickles  of  cone  slender. 

J.  Cones  remaining  closed  for  many  years  .  39. 

JJ.  Cones  opening  at  maturity 40 

GG.  Strobiles  (cones)  unsymmetrical. 
H.  Length  of  leaves  less  than  4  inches. 

I.  Cone  not  prickly,  curved 41 

n.  Cone    prickly,   straight    and    sometimes 

symmetrical 42 

HH.  Length  of  leaves  4-6  inches:  cone  with  stout 

and  large  prickles 43, 


26.  P.  nigra 


P.  sinensis 
P.  Thunhergii 
P.  resinosa 


P.  ponderosa 
P.  Jeffreyi 


P.  echinata 

P.  glabra 
P.  TcBda 


P.  palustris 
P.  caribcea 


P.  halepensis 


.  P.  Pinaster 

P.  pungens 

P.  clausa 
P.  virginiana 


P.  Banksiana 
P.  contorta 
P.  muricata 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  299 

EE.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  3:  cone  prickly. 

F.  Cone  symmetrical 44.  P.  rigida 

FF.  Cone  unsymmetrical. 

G.  Prickles  of  cone  minute:  upper  part  of  trunk 

rough 45.  P.  radiata 

GG.  Prickles  of  cone  stout:  upper  part  of  trimk 

smooth 46.  P.  attenuata 

CC.  Wing  of  seed  thick:  leaves  3-5,  6-13  inches  long:  cones 
large. 
D.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  6-12  inches  long. 

E.  Cone  conic-oblong;  wing  of  seeds  about  1  inch  long: 

leaves  stout 47.  P.  Coulteri 

EE.  Cone  broad-ovoid;  wing  about  half  as  long  as  seed: 

leaves  slender 48.  P.  Sabiniana 

DD.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  5,  rigid,  8-13  inches  long:  cone 

broad-ovoid;  seed  short- winged 49.  P.  Torreyana 

KEY  FOR  THE  DETERMINATION  OF  PINES  WITHOUT  CONES 

Bracts  subtending  the  leaf-clusters  not  decurrent;  sheaths  of 

leaf-clusters  deciduous,  sometimes  tardily  so. 
B.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  5,  only  occasionally  3  or  4. 
c.  Margin  of  leaves  serrulate. 

D.  Young  branchlets  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulous  at 
first. 
E.  Length  of  leaves  6-8  inches,  slender  and  pendulous: 

young  branchlets  glaucous 10.  P.  excelsa 

EE.  Length  of  leaves  3-5  inches:  branchlets  not  glaucous. 
F.  Branchlets  glabrous  even  when  young. 

G.  Winter-buds  ovoid:  leaves  more  or  less  ap- 
pressed  to  the  branch,  with  marginal  resin- 
ducts  9.  P.  Pence 

GG.  Winter-buds  cylindric,  chestnut-brown:  leaves 

spreading;   resin-ducts   marginal   or  medial.  5.  P.  Armandi 
FF.  Branchlets   puberulous    at   first,   soon    glabrous: 

spreading 12.  P.  Strobus 

DD.  Young  branchlets  tomentose  or  pubescent  (sometimes 
nearly  glabrous  in  No.  6). 
E.  Stomata  lacking  on  back  of  leaves. 

F.  Branchlets  pubescent  (sometimes  nearly  glabrous 
in  No.  6). 

G.  Length  of  leaves  4-6  inches,  slender 6.  P.  Ayacahuite 

GG.  Length  of  leaves  shorter. 

H.  Barkof  trunk  fissured:  leaves  2-4  incheslong.il.  P.  monticola 
HH.  Bark  of  trunk  smooth:  leaves  5-^-2,  rarely 
3  inches  long,  usually  twisted  and  forming 

brush-tufts  at  end  of  branchlets 8.  P.  parmflora 

FF.  Branchlets   tomentose. 

G.  Habit  loose,  with  spreading  branches:  leaves 

3-6  inches  long 1.  P.  koraiensis 

GG.  Habit    compact;    branches    ascending:    leaves 

2-4  inches  long 2.  P.  Cembra 


300  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

EE.  Stomata  on  back  of  leaves:  leaves  3-4  inches  long: 

branchlets  pubescent 7.  P.  Lambertiana 

cc.  Margin  of  leaves  entire  (remotely  serrulate  in  a  var.  of 
No.  4). 
D.  Sheaths  deciduous  the  first  year:  leaves  lJ^-3  inches 
long,  with  stomatic  lines  on  back. 
E.  Young  shoots  glabrous  or  puberulous:  leaves  stout  . .   3.  P.  albicaulis 
EE.  Young  shoots  puberulous:  leaves  slender,  not  more 

than  2*5  inch  thick 4.  P.  flexilis 

DD.  Sheaths  deciduous  during  the  second  or  third  year: 

leaves  1-1%  inches  long,  without  stomata  on  back. 

E.  Branchlets  dark  orange-brown,  puberulous  at  first: 

leaves  without  resinous  exudations 15.  P.  Balfouriana 

EE.  Branchlets    light    orange,    glabrous    or    nearly    so: 

leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  exudations 16.  P.  aristata 

BB.  Leaves  1-4,  only  occasionally  5 :  branchlets  glabrous. 

c.  Margin  of  leaves  serrulate;  leaves  3:  bark  of  trunk  exfolia- 
ting in  large  thin  plates 14.  P.  Bungcana 

cc.  Margin  of  leaves  entire:  leaves  1-4:  bark  fissured 13.  P.  cembroides 

AA.  Bracts  subtending  the  leaf-clusters  decurrent;  sheaths  of  leaf- 
clusters   persistent. 
B.  Number  of  leaves  3-5,  only  occasionally  2. 

c.  Leaves  5,  8-12  inches  long  (see  also  var.  of  No.  29) 49.  P.  Torreyana 

cc.  Leaves  3. 

D.  Leaf  slender,  drooping,  8-18  inches  long. 
E.  Branchlets  not  bloomy. 

F.  Winter-buds   white,    with   conspicuously  fringed 
scales:  leaves  8-18  inches  long,  with  internal 

resin-ducts 34.  P.  palustris 

FF.  Winter-buds  brown:  leaves  8-12  inches  long,  with 

marginal  resin-ducts 17.  P.  longifolia 

EE.  Branchlets  bloomy. 

F.  Winter-buds  with  conspicuously  long-fimbriate  re- 
curved scales,  not  resinous :  leaves  with  marginal 

resin-ducts:  spring-shoots  uninodal 18.  P.  canariensis 

FF.  Winter-buds  not  conspicuously  fringed,  resinous: 
leaves   with   medial    resin-ducts:  spring-shoots 

multinodal 48.  P.  Sabiniana 

DD.  Leaf  stiff  and  straight. 

E.  Branchlets  glaucous:  leaves  bluish-  or  grayish-green. 
F.  Winter-buds  not  or  slightly  resinous:  leaves  4-8 
inches  long. 
G.  Bloom  on  branchlets  slight:  leaves  often  2,  dark 
or  bluish-green. 
H.  Bark  of  older  branchlets  peeling  off  in  well- 
defined  plates :  leaves  4-7  inches  long,  with 
marginal    or    with  marginal  and  medial 

resin-ducts 28.  P.  sinensis 

HH.  Bark  of  older  branchlets  peeling  off  in  ir- 
regular scales:  leaves  3-5  inches  long, 
with  medial  or  with  medial  and  internal 
resin-ducts 31.  P.  echinafa 


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ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  301 

GG.  Bloom  of  branchlets  copious:  leaves  5-8  inches 

long,  pale  bluish-green,  rarely  2 30.  P.  Jeffrey i 

FF.  Winter-buds  resinous:  leaves  6-12  inches  long.  . .  .47.  P.  Coulteri 
EE.  Branchlets  not  glaucous  (sometimes  slightly  so  in 
No.    33). 
F.  Length  of  leaves  6-12  inches. 

G.  Resin-ducts  internal;  leaves  in  clusters  of  2  and 

3 35.  P.  caribaea 

GG.  Resin-ducts  medial;  leaves  in  clusters  of  3. 

H.  Color  of  leaves  light  bluish-green 33.  P.  Tceda 

HH.  Color  of  leaves  dark  yellow-green 44.  P.  rigida  var. 

FF.  Length  of  leaves  3-7  inches. 

G.  All  leaves  slender,  about  ^^-^  inch  thick:  bud- 
scales  with  appressed  tips. 
H.  Bark  on  trunk  and  branches  rough:  leaves 

grass-green,  soft 45.  P.  radiata 

HH.  Bark  on  upper  part  of  trunk  and  on  branches 
smooth:    leaves    yellow    or    bluish-green, 

firm 46.  P.  attenuata 

GG.  All  leaves  stout. 

H.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute  or  acuminate,  with 

appressed  scales:  leaves  rounded  on  back. 29.  P.  ponderosa  var 
HH.  Winter-buds   oblong-ovoid,   with  spreading 

scales:  leaves  flat  on  back 44.  P.  rigida 

Number  of  leaves  2. 

c.  Spring-shoots  uninodal,  with  only  one  whorl  of  branchlets. 
D.  Bark    of   2-4-year-old    branchlets    divided   into  con- 
spicuous and  sharply  defined  plates  (the  decurrent 
base  of  the  bracts),  each  peeling  off  as  a  whole. 
E.  Branchlets  grayish- white:  winter-buds  not  resinous, 

ovoid-oblong 25.  P.  leucodermis 

EE.  Branchlets  orange  to  bro^\^l  or  grayish-yellow. 
F.  Winter-buds  brown. 

G.  Young    branchlets    not    bloomy:    winter-buds 
resinous. 
H.  Leaves  with  medial  resin-ducts,  their  sheath 

about  }i  inch  long 26.  P.  nigra 

HH.  Leaves    with    marginal    resin-ducts,    their 

sheath  about  ^  inch  long. 22.  P.  resinosa 

GG.  Young    branchlets    bloomy:    winter-buds    not 

resinous :  leaves  sometimes  3 28.  P.  sinensis 

FF.  Winter-buds  grayish-white,  cylindric-oblong,  with 

conspicuously  fimbriate  scales 11.  P.  Thunbergii 

DD.  Bark    of   2-4-year-old    branchlets    not    conspicuously 
divided  into  plates,  peeling  off  irregularly. 
E.  Length  of  leaves  1-3 J/^  inches. 

F.  Leaves  bluish-green  or  grayish-green:  usually  a 

tree 23.  P.  sylvestris 

FF.  Leaves  bright  green:  usually  shrub 24.  P.  Mugo 

EE.  Length  of  leaves  3-9  inches. 

F.  Young  branchlets  bloomy:  leaves  slender,  bright 

green 20.  P.  densiflora 


302  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

FF.  Young  branchlets  not  bloomy  (sometimes  slightly 
so  in  Nos.  36  and  37). 
G.  Leaf  with  marginal  resin-ducts. 
H.  Leaves  5-8  inches  long. 

I.  All  leaves  stiff  and  rigid 19.  P.  Pinea 

II.  All  leaves  very  thin  and  slender 21.  P.  Massoniana 

HH.  Leaves  3-6  inches  long 36.  P.  halepensis 

GG.  Leaf  with  medial  or  internal  resin-ducts,  lus- 
trous green,  5-9  inches  long 37.  P.  Pinaster 

cc.  Spring-shoots  multinodal,  with  more  than  one  whorl  of 
branchlets. 
D.  Young  branchlets  glaucous. 

E.  Winter-buds  not  or  little  resinous:  leaves  3-5  inches 

long,  sometimes  3 31.  P.  echinata 

EE.  Winter-buds  resinous,  with  appressed  scales:  leaves 

l}/2~3  inches  long 40.  P.  virginiana 

DD.  Young  branchlets  not  glaucous  (sometimes  slightly  so 
in  No.  36).      . 
E.  Length  of  leaves  J^-3j^  inches. 

F.  Branchlets  brown  to  orange:  leaves  with  medial 
resin-ducts. 

G.  All  leaves  slender:  branchlets  brown 39.  P.  clausa 

GG.  All  leaves  stout:  branchlets  orange  to  orange- 
brown. 
H.  Leaves  %~13^  inches  long,  twisted  and  flat- 
tened, in  remote  clusters 41.  P.  Banksiana 

HH.  Leaves  1-33^  inches  long. 

I.  Leaf  sUghtly  twisted,  with  2-5  resin-ducts.  38.  P.  puiigens 
II.  Leaf  strongly  twisted,  mth  1  or  2  resin- 
ducts  42.  P.  contorta 

FF.  Branchlets      dull      greenish-yellow,      sometimes 
bloomy:  leaves  often  longer  than  33^  inches, 

with  marginal  resin-ducts 36.  P.  halepensis 

EE.  Length  of  leaves  3-9  inches. 

F.  Resin-ducts  marginal:  leaves  3-6  inches  long 36.  P.  halepensis 

FF.  Resin-ducts  medial  or  internal. 

G.  Leaves  5-9  inches  long,  lustrous  green:  winter- 
buds  not  resinous 37.  P.  Pinaster 

GG.  Leaves  4-6  inches  long,  dark  green. 

H.  Winter-buds  not  or  little  resinous:  bark  of 

branches  and  upper  part  of  trunk  smooth  .  32.  P.  glabra 
HH.  Winter-buds  resinous:  bark  of  branches  and 

trunk  scaly 43.  P.  muricata 


Subgenus  I.    HAPLOXYLON.     SOFT  PINES. 

Leaves  with  one  fibro- vascular  bundle,  entire  or  serrulate;  base  of  bract 
subtending  the  leaf-fascicle  not  decurrent;  sheath  of  leaf -cluster  deciduous 
(except  in  the  Mexican  P.  Nelsonii,  Shaw):  wood  soft,  with  little  resin, 
light-colored. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  303 

Section  I.    Cembra 

Umbo  of  cone-scales  terminal;  scales  of  the  young  cone  unarmed:  leaves 
in  fascicles  of  5,  with  deciduous  sheaths. 

Group  1.    Cembra 
Seeds  wingless;  cone  indehiscent,  deciduous  at  maturity. 

1.  P.  koraiensis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (P.  viandshurica,  Rupr.).  Korean  P. 
Pyramidal  tree  to  100  feet  tall;  bark  gray  or  gray-brown,  thin,  peeling  off 
in  irregular  flakes,  red-brown  beneath;  branchlets  with  yellowish-brown 
pubescence;  winter-buds  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  dark  chestnut-brown: 
leaves  straight,  dark  green  and  glossy  on  the  back,  bluish-white  on  the  inner 
sides,  23^-4  inches  long:  cones  short-peduncled,  conic-oblong,  yellowish- 
brown,  4-6  inches  long;  scales  rhombic-obovate,  with  recurved  obtuse  apex; 
seed  over  3^  inch  long,  brown,  sharply  edged.  Japan,  Korea. — Introduced 
1861  to  Great  Britain  and  some  years  later  to  this  country.  Hardy  as  far 
north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New  England.  A  handsome  tree  of  pyramidal 
habit  and  rather  slow  growth;  one  of  the  best  hardy  pines  for  smaller  gardens. 

2.  P.  Cembra,  L.  Swiss  Stone  P.  Tree  to  70  or  sometimes  120  feet  tall, 
with  spreading  usually  short  branches  forming  a  narrow  dense  pyramid,  in 
old  age  often  with  very  picturesque,  broad,  open,  round-topped  head;  bark 
greenish-gray  and  smooth  on  young  trees,  on  old  trunks  reddish-gray  and 
divided  into  thin  scaly  plates;  branchlets  coated  with  dense  yellowish-brown 
tomentum;  winter-buds  globose-ovoid,  long-acuminate:  leaves  straight,  dark 
green  on  back,  bluish-white  inside,  2-5  inches  long,  with  medial  resin-ducts: 
cones  short-peduncled,  ovate,  obtuse,  light  brown,  23^^-33^  inches  long;  scales 
broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  apophysis  much  broader  than  high;  seed 
}/2  inch  long.  Alps  of  central  Europe  and  from  northeastern  Russia  to  Mon- 
golia.— Hardy  as  far  north  as  Saskatchewan.  Handsome  hardy  pine  of 
symmetrical  dense  habit  when  young  and  of  slow  growth.  The  large  seeds 
are  edible. 

Var.  columnaris,  Beiss.   A  form  of  narrow  columnar  habit. 

Var.  sibirica,  Loud.  (P.  sibirica,  Mayr).  Siberian  Stone  P.  A  form  with 
shorter  leaves  and  larger  cones;  of  narrower  habit  and  more  vigorous  growth. 

A  closely  related  species  is  P.  pumila,  Regel  (P.  Cembra  var.  piwiila.  Pall.). 
Dwarf  Stone  P.  Shrub  to  10  feet  high,  with  the  main  branches  usually  pros- 
trate: leaves  1^-3  inches  long,  obscurely  serrulate,  with  the  resin-ducts 
usually  marginal:  cone  ovoid,  Ij^^-l^  inches  long.  Northeastern  Siberia 
and  high  mountains  of  Korea  and  Japan. — Introduced  to  Europe  before  1817, 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1915  by  E.  H.  Wilson.  It  is  probably  as  hardy 
as  the  preceding  species,  but  does  not  seem  to  do  well  under  cultivation. 

3.  P.  albicaulis,  Engelm.    Whitebark  P.   Tree  tt)  30  or  rarely  to  60  feet 


304  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

high  or  sometimes  shrubby,  with  wide-spreading  branches;  bark  fissured  into 
thin  brown  to  creamy-white  scales;  branchlets  glabrous  or  puberulous  with 
scattered,  minute,  short  hairs,  brown  to  orange,  tough  and  pliable:  leaves 
rigid,  entire,  lH~23^  inches  long,  dark  green,  with  stomatic  lines  on  the  back, 
persistent  for  five  to  eight  years:  cone  subsessile,  ovoid  or  globose-ovoid, 
2-3  inches  long,  dull  purple,  finally  brown;  scales  much  thickened,  often  with 
stout  pointed  umbo;  seeds  H~H  inch  long.  High  mountains  of  British 
Columbia  to  California  and  Wyoming.- — Introduced  by  Jeffrey  to  Great 
Britain  in  1852.  Probably  hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada,  but  difficult  in 
cultivation;  it  will  perhaps  do  best  on  rocky  slopes  of  northern  exposure. 


80.  Pinus  flexilis. 

Group  2.   Flexiles. 
Cone  dehiscent;  seed  wingless  or  nearly  so. 

4.  P.  flexilis,  James.  Limber  P.  Fig.  80.  Tree  to  50,  occasionally  to  80 
feet  tall,  with  stout  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  pyramid,  in 
old  age  with  low,  broad,  round-topped  head;  bark  dark  brown  or  nearly  black 
and  deeply  fissured  on  old  trunks,  on  young  stems  and  on  the  branches  thin 
and  smooth,  gray  to  silvery- white;  branchlets  glabrous  or  minutely  brown- 
tomentulose;  winter-buds  broadly  ovoid,  slender-pointed:  leaves  rigid,  acute, 
dark  green,  1^-3  inches  long,  with  stomata  on  the  back:  cones  short-stalked, 
ovoid  to  cylindric-ovoid,  light  brown,  3-6,  rarely  10  inches  long;  scales 
rounded  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  an  obtuse  dark  umbo,  the  lower  ones  elon- 
gated and  reflexed;  seeds  dark  brown,  mottled  with  black,  3^-3^  inch  long, 
with  narrow  wing.  Alberta  to  California,  west  to  Montana  and  western 
Texas. — Introduced  in  1861  to  the  eastern  States  and  to  Europe  by  Dr.  Parry. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  305 

Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada.  A  low  pine,  tlie  spreading  branches  densely 
clothed  with  dark  green  leaves.  It  seems  best  adapted  for  planting  on  rocky 
slopes. 

Var.  reflexa,  Engelm.  (P.  reflexa,  Engelm.  P.  strobiformis,  Sarg.,  not 
Engelm.).  Tree  to  100  feet  tall:  leaves  slender,  to  4  inches  long,  entire  or 
remotely  serrulate:  cones  5-9  inches  long,  on  longer  stalks,  with  often  thin 
reflexed  scales.  Arizona.— Doubtful  whether  in  cultivation  and  probably  not 
hardy  north. 

5.  P.  Armandi,  Franch.  (P.  scipioniformis.  Mast.  P.  Masiersiana,  Hay- 
ata).  Armand  P.  Tree  to  CO  feet  tall,  with  wide-spreading  horizontal 
branches;  bark  smooth,  pale  gray;  branclilets  glabrous;  winter-buds  cylindric, 
chestnut-brown:  leaves  slender  and  thin,  3-6  inches  long,  serrulate,  bright 
green,  without  stomata  on  the  back:  cones  pedunded,  oblong-conical,  4-6 
or  sometimes  8  inches  long,  yellowish-brown;  scales  obovate,  appressed,  much 
thickened  in  the  middle,  with  large  broadly  rhombic  apophysis  and  small 
obtuse  thickened  umbo  often  slightly  recurved;  seeds  pale  reddish-brown, 
ovoid,  compressed.  J4  inch  long,  with  a  sharp  edge  all  around.  Central  and 
western  China,  Formosa  and  Korea. — Introduced  to  France  in  1895  and 
a  few  years  later  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  perfectly 
hardy.  A  handsome  pine  of  rather  loose  habit  with  wide-spreading  branches. 

Group  3.   Strobi. 
Seed  with  a  long  wing  adnate  to  the  nut. 

6.  P.  Ayacahuite,  Ehrenb.  (P.  Bonapartea,  Roezl.  P.  Don-Pedrii,  Roezl. 
P.  Loudoniana,  Gord.).  Mexican  White  P.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with 
spreading  slender  branches;  bark  rough  and  scaly  on  old  trees;  brancldets 
yellowish-brown,  finely  pubescent:  leaves  slender  and  somewhat  pendulous, 
bluish-green,  4-6  inches  long:  cones  short-stalked,  cylindric-conical,  gradually 
narrowed  toward  the  apex,  often  slightly  curved,  brownish-yellow,  9-15 
inches  long;  seeds  about  H  int^'li  long,  gray-brown,  mottled  dark  brown. 
Northern  Mexico  to  Guatemala.— Introduced  about  1840  to  Great  Britain  by 
Hartweg  from  Guatemala  and  hardy  only  in  the  milder  parts  of  Great 
Britain,  but  a  plant  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  probably  a  hardier  northern 
form,  has  proved  hardy  in  a  sheltered  position. 

Var.  Veitchii,  Shaw  (P.  Veitchii,  Roezl).  Cones  to  18  inches  long; 
seed  dark  brown  with  a  short  and  broad  wing  about  H  inch  long.  Central 
Mexico. 

Var.  brachyptera,  Shaw.   Seeds  larger;  wing  very  short.  Northern  Mexico. 

7.  P.  Lambertiana,  Dougl.  Sugar  P.  Tree  to  200  or  220  feet  tall,  with 
spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  pyramid; 
old  trees  usually  with  flat-topped,  wide-spreading,  open  head;  bark  on  young 


306  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

stems  and  branches  smooth  and  thin,  dark  green,  on  old  trunks  thick  and 
deeply  divided  into  plate-like  ridges  covered  with  large  purple-brown  or 
cinnamon-red  scales;  branchlets  brown,  pubescent;  winter-buds  oblong- 
obovate,  apiculate:  leaves  stout,  sharply  pointed,  dark  bluish-green,  3-4 
inches  long,  with  conspicuous  white  lines  on  the  back:  cones  on  peduncles 
2-3H  inches  long,  cylindric,  often  slightly  curved,  light  brown,  lustrous, 
10-20  inches  long;  seed  about  Yi  inch  long,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black. 
Oregon  to  Lower  California. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1827  by  David 
Douglas.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts  in  sheltered  positions,  but 
growing  slowly.  A  handsome  tree  of  pyramidal  habit  and  with  dark  green 
foliage.    On  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  one  of  the  tallest  trees. 

8.  P.  parvifiora,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Japanese  White  P.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall, 
of  dense  pyramidal  habit,  with  slender  horizontal  branches;  bark  of  young 
trees  smooth,  on  older  trees  fissured  into  thin  flaky  scales,  red-brown  beneath; 
branchlets  light  greenish-brown,  puberulous:  leaves  crowded,  rather  stiff, 
usually  twisted,  forming  brush-like  tufts  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  bluish- 
green,  M~lM  inches  long:  cones  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  almost  sessile,  red- 
dish-brown, 2-3  inches  long;  seeds  dark  brown,  hardly  Yl  inch  long,  with 
short  wing.  Japan.^ — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1861  by  J.  G.  Veitch 
and  its  var.  pentaphylla  in  1879  by  Maries.  A  handsome,  picturesque  pine 
with  wide-spreading  branches  and  dark  green  foliage.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.  A  form  with  glaucous  foliage. 

Var.  pentaphylla,  Henry  {P.  pentaphylla,  Mayr),  is  the  wild  form  and 
differs  in  its  longer  leaves,  larger  cones,  and  longer  seed-wing  from  the  form 
originally  described  which  is  much  cultivated  in  Japan  as  a  grafted  tree  and 
has  shorter  usually  twisted  leaves  2-4  inches  long  forming  brush-like 
tufts  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets  and  is  usually  a  lower  tree  of  more  irregular 
habit,  bearing  numerous  decorative  small  cones  when  older. 

9.  P.  Peuce,  Griseb.  (P.  excelsa  var.  Pence,  Beiss.).  Macedonian  P. 
Attains  50  feet  in  height,  with  ascending  short  branches  forming  a  narrow 
dense  pyramid;  bark  smooth  on  young  trees,  grayish-brown,  ultimately 
fissured  into  small  plates;  branchlets  greenish,  glabrous,  not  glaucous;  winter- 
buds  ovoid:  leaves  straight,  bluish-green,  3-4  inches  long,  without  stomata 
on  back:  cones  short-stalked,  cylindric,  33^-6  inches  long,  with  obovate 
scales;  seed  4  lines  long.  Mountains  of  the  Balkan  peninsula. — Introduced 
in  1864  to  Germany.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  England  and  southern 
Ontario.  Ornamental  pine  of  dense  narrow-pyramidal  habit  and  slow  growth; 
a  desirable  pine  for  smaller  gardens. 

10.  P.  excelsa,  Wall.  (P.  Griffithii,  McClelland.  P.  nepalensis,  Chambr.). 
Himalayan  P.  Attains  150  feet  in  height,  with  spreading  and  slightly 
ascending  branches  forming  a  broad   open   pyramid;   bark  grayish-brown, 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


307 


fissured  into  small  plates;  branchlets  greenish,  glabrous,  glaucous;  winter- 
buds  cylindric-obovoid,  acute,  pale  brown:  leaves  slender,  flaccid,  drooping, 
grayish-  or  bluish-green,  6-8  inches  long:  cones  cylindric,  on  1-2  inch  long 
stalks,  6-10  inches  long;  seeds  brown,  4  lines  long.  Himalayas,  from  Bhutan 
to  Afghanistan. — Introduced  in  1827  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy  m  sheltered 
positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts,  but  it  occasionally  suffers  in  a  very 
severe  winter.  Handsome  tree  of  rather  loose  habit,  with  wide-spreading 
branches  and  graceful  pendulous  foliage. 

11.  P.  monticola,  Don.  Western  White  P.  Tree  to  100  or  occasionally 
1.50  feet  tall,  with  slender,  spreading,  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming 
a  narrow  open  pyramid;  bark  of  young  stems  smooth  and  thin,  light  gray, 
on  old  trees  deeply  divided  into  nearly  square  plates  covered  by  small  purple 
appressed  scales;  branclilets  puberulous,  yellowish-  or  reddish-brown;  win- 
ter-buds ovoid,  acute:  leaves  stiff,  bluish-green  and  glaucous,  l3/2~4  inches 
long,  with  few  inconspicuous  or  no  lines  on  the  back:  cones  short-ped uncled, 


308  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

cylindric,  slender,  slightly  curved,  5-11  inches  long,  yellowish-brown;  scales 
pointed  by  the  slightly  thickened,  sometimes  recurved  umbo;  seed  red-brown, 
mottled  with  black,  ]/i  inch  long.  British  Columbia  to  Idaho  and  California. 
— Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1851.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 
Very  similar  in  its  general  appearance  to  the  white  pine  but  of  narrower  and 
denser  habit. 

12.  P.  Strobus,  L.  {Strobus  Strobus,  Small).  White  P.  Fig.  81  and  Plate 
IV.  Attains  100,  occasionally  150  feet  in  height,  with  horizontal  branches 
in  regular  whorls  forming  a  symmetrical  open  pyramid;  in  old  age  the  head 
is  usually  broad  and  open  and  often  very  picturesque;  bark  on  young  stems 
thin  and  smooth,  green  tinged  with  red,  on  old  trunks  thick  and  deeply 
divided  into  broad  connected  ridges  covered  with  small,  appressed,  purplish 
scales;  branchlets  greenish  or  light  greenish-brown,  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulous;  winter-buds  ovoid,  acuminate:  leaves  soft,  bluish-green,  2-4 
inches  long  (or  33^-5) :  cones  on  stalks  3^-1  inch  long,  cylindric,  slender, 
often  curved,  2-4  inches  long,  with  oblong-obovate  scales;  seed  red-brown, 
mottled  with  black,  3  lines  long.  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Georgia,  Illinois,  and  Iowa. — Introduced  to  France  before  1553  and  to 
England  about  1705.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Canada  and  one  of  the  most 
valuable  ornamental  pines  for  the  eastern  States;  it  is  of  rapid  growth, 
symmetrical  when  young,  picturesque  in  old  age:  no  tree  is  better  adapted 
to  break  up  the  monotonous  sky-line  of  plantations  in  northern  parks. 
There  are  a  number  of  garden  forms  of  which  the  following  are  occasionally 
seen  in  gardens. 

Var.  glauca,  Beiss.    A  form  with  light  bluish-green  foliage. 

Var.  nana,  Knight  (var.  pygrrujea,  Hort.).  Dwaef  White  P.  A  dwarf, 
compact,  round  bush  with  short  leaves.   A  neat  and  handsome  form. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Beiss.  (var.  pyramidalis,  Hort.).  A  form  with  ascending 
branches  forming  a  narrow-pyramidal  or  nearly  columnar  head. 

Var.  prostrata,  Mast.  A  dwarf  procumbent  form  with  diffuse  branches 
trailing  on  the  ground. 

Section  11.   Parcembra 

Cone-scales  with  dorsal  umbo;  scales  of  the  young  cone  mucronate  or 
aristate:  leaves  with  marginal  resin-ducts. 

Group  4.    Cembroides 
Seeds  wingless;  cones  ochre-yellow  to  deep  red-orange:  leaf -sheath  gradu- 
ally deciduous  (persistent  in  the  Mexican  P.  Nelsonii,  Shaw.). 

13.  P.  cembroides,  Zucc.  (P.  osteosperma,  Engelm.).  Mexican  Stone  P. 
Small  tree,  usually  not  over  20  feet  tall,  with  stout  spreading  branches  forming 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  309 

a  round-topped  head;  bark  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  numer- 
ous large,  thin,  red-brown  scales;  branchlets  dark  orange,  pubescent  at  first: 
leaves  usually  3,  sometimes  2,  slender,  dark  green,  with  stomata  on  all  3 
faces,  much  incurved,  1-2  inches  long:  cone  subglobose,  1-2  inches  broad; 
apophysis  pyramidal,  strongly  keeled,  lustrous  brown,  with  broad  obtuse 
umbo;  seeds  oblong-obovate,  ^-^4  inch  long,  dark  brown,  with  very  narrow 
wing.  Southern  Wyoming  to  California,  western  Texas  and  northern  Mexico. 
— Introduced  before  1830  to  Germany.  Like  the  following  varieties  little 
known  in  the  eastern  States  and  probably  not  hardy  north  of  New  York. 
A  small,  round-headed,  often  shrubby  tree  of  slow  growth.  The  following 
varieties  are  often  considered  distinct  species,  but  they  are  connected  with 
the  type  and  each  other  by  intermediate  forms. 

Var.  monophylla,  Voss  (P.  monophylla,  Torr.  &  Frem.  P.  Fremontiana, 
Endl.).  SiNGLELEAF  P.  Tree  occasionally  to  40  or  50  feet  tall;  branchlets 
light  orange,  glabrous:  leaves  usually  solitary,  sometimes  2,  rigid,  spinescent, 
^/i-\}/2  inches  long,  glaucous-green:  cone  broadly  ovoid,  the  apophysis  de- 
pressed-pyramidal, ridged,  the  flattened  umbo  with  a  minute  incurved  tip. 
California  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. — Introduced  in  1848  to  Europe.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

Var.  edulis,  Voss  {P.  edulis,  Engelm,  Caryopitys  edvlis.  Small).  Nut  P. 
Tree  often  to  50  feet  tall;  branchlets  light  yellowish-brown,  puberulous  at 
first:  leaves  2-3,  rigid,  dark  green,  '^/i-V/i  inches  long:  cone  broad-ovoid,  the 
apophyses  pyramidal,  umbo  with  minute  recurved  tip.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico. — Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

Var,  Parryana,  Voss  {P.  Parryana,  Engelm.  P.  quadrifolia,  Sudw.). 
Parry  P.  Tree  of  pyramidal  habit,  to  40  feet  tall,  round-topped  in  old  age; 
branchlets  puberulous,  light  grayish-brown:  leaves  3-5,  usually  4,  rigid, 
incurved,  l3^2~l/<t  inches  long,  pale  glaucous-green:  cone  subglobose;  the 
apophyses  pyramidal,  umbo  with  minute  recurved  prickle.  California. — 
Probably  not  hardy  north  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

To  this  group  also  belong  two  Mexican  species:  P.  Pmceana,  Gord,,  with 
the  leaves  in  clusters  of  3  and  with  cylindric  cone,  and  P.  Nelsonii,  Shaw, 
fascicles  with  3  partly  connate  serrulate  leaves  and  a  persistent  sheath; 
cone  cylindric.  They  are  probably  not  now  in  cultivation  and  could  be  ex- 
pected to  be  hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States  and  southern  California. 

Group  5.   Gerardian^ 
Seed  with  a  very  short  articulate  wing:  leaves  3,  serrulate. 

14.  P.  Bungeana,  Zucc.  Lace-Bark  P,  Tree  to  80  or  100  feet  tall,  with 
long  and  slender  branches;  bark  exfoliating  in  large,  thin,  irregular  plates, 
leaving  particolored  areas,  light  gray,  on  old  trees  chalky- white;    young 


310  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

branches  grayish-green,  glabrous:  leaves  rigid,  acute,  light  green,  2-4  inches 
long,  with  stomata  on  the  back:  cones  almost  sessile,  conic-ovate,  light  yel- 
lowish-brown, 2-3  inches  long;  apophysis  much  broader  than  high,  ridged, 
with  a  triangular  pointed  and  recurved  umbo;  seed  dark  brown,  with  narrow 
wing,  }/i-}/2  inch  long.  Northwestern  China. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in 
1846  from  the  neighborhood  of  Peking,  where  it  had  been  cultivated  since 
ancient  times.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  A  slow-growing  tree 
usually  of  bushy  habit  in  cultivation  and  with  rather  sparse  light  green 
foliage;  remarkable  for  its  exfoliating  bark  resembling  that  of  the  plane- 
tree,  but  of  grayish  color. 

The  closely  related  Himalayan  P.  Gerardiana,  Wall.,  has  larger  cones  and 
longer  oblong-cylindric  seeds.  It  has  been  repeatedly  introduced  to  Great 
Britain,  but  is  at  present  very  rare  and  probably  not  known  in  this  country 
where  it  would  be  hardy  in  the  Southern  States. 

Group  6.    Balfourian^ 
Seeds  with  long  wing:  leaves  in  fascicles  of  5,  entire,  without  stomata  on 
the  back  and  with  marginal  resin-ducts;  sheath  gradually  deciduous. 

15.  P.  Balfouriana,  Jeffrey.  Foxtail  P.  Tree  to  40,  occasionally  90  feet 
tall,  narrow-pyramidal  when  young,  irregular  and  open  in  old  age;  bark  on 
stems  and  branches  of  young  trees  thin  and  smooth,  milky-white,  on  old 
trees  thick,  dark  red-brown,  deeply  divided  into  broad,  flat  ridges  covered 
with  small  appressed  scales;  branclilets  dark  brown,  puberulous  at  first: 
leaves  crowded,  incurved  and  pressed  against  the  branches,  rigid,  acute,  dark 
green  on  the  back,  with  conspicuous  white  lines  on  the  ventral  sides,  1-1)^ 
inches  long,  remaining  for  ten  to  twelve  years  on  the  branches :  cones  pendu- 
lous, subcylindric,  dark  purplish-brown,  33^-5  inches  long;  apophysis  flat- 
tened, the  concave  oblong  umbo  with  minute  incurved  prickle;  seed  ]/^  inch 
long,  with  adnate  wing.  California. — Introduced  in  1852  to  Great  Britain. 
Hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

16.  P.  aristata,  Engelm.  {P.  Balfouriana  var.  aristata,  Engelm.).  Bristle- 
cone  P.  (Foxtail  P.).  Bushy  tree  occasionally  to  50  feet  tall,  sometimes  a 
semi-prostrate  shrub;  similar  to  the  preceding  species;  branchlets  light  orange 
and  almost  glabrous:  leaves  stout  or  slender,  dark  green,  1-1 H  inches  long, 
with  white  lines  on  the  ventral  sides,  usually  with  conspicuous  scattered 
exudations  of  resin:  cones  cylindric-ovoid,  3-33^2  inches  long;  apophysis 
elevated;  umbo  with  a  slender  incurved  spine  to  34  inch  long;  seed  34  inch 
long.  California  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. — Introduced  in  1861  by  Dr. 
Parry  to  the  eastern  States  and  Europe.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massa- 
chusetts. In  cultivation  usually  a  handsome  low  shrub  with  ascending 
branches   densely  clothed   with  appressed   leaves   sprinkled  with  resinous 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


311 


exudation,  a  character  by  which  this  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  other 
shrubby  pines. 

Subgenus  II.   DIPLOXYLON.    PITCH  PINES 

Bracts  of  leaf-fascicles  dccurrent:  sheaths  persistent,  rarely  deciduous: 
leaves  serrulate,  with  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  with  dorsal  and  ventral 
stomata:  cones  with  dorsal  umbo:  wood  hard,  with  dark  resinous  bands  and 
clearly  defined  annual  rings:  spring-shoots  often  multinodal  (producing 
more  than  one  whorl  of  branclilets) . 

Section  III.   Parapinaster 

Sheaths  of  leaf-fascicles  persistent  or  deciduous:  seed-wing  adnata  or 
articulate  and  short.  (The  two  Mexican  species  with  deciduous  sheaths 
forming  the  group  Leiophyllae  are  not  in  cultivation.) 


Group  7.    LONGIFOLI^ 


<jrrOUp   /.     LrONGIFOLI^ 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  3,  very  long;  sheaths  persistent:  seed -wing  adnate 
the  nut. 


to  the 

17,  P.  longifolia,  Roxbg.  (P.  Roxburghii,  Sarg.). 
Tree  to  100  feet  tall  or  more,  with  round-topped 
symmetrical  head;  bark  thick,  deeply  fissured  into 
large  plates;  branclilets  light  yellow-brown;  winter- 
buds  oblong,  light  chestnut-brown,  not  resinous, 
with  fringed  not  recurved  scales:  leaves  3,  slender, 
pendulous,  light  green,  8-12  inches  long:  cones  short- 
stalked,  conic-ovoid,  4-7  inches  long;  apophysis  elon- 
gated-pyramidal, compressed,  more  or  less  recurved; 
umbo  obtuse;  seed  ^-1  inch  long.  Himalayas  from 
Bhutan  to  Afghanistan  on  the  outer  slopes  and  foot- 
hills.— Introduced  in  1801  to  Great  Britain.  Culti- 
vated in  California  and  not  hardy  north  of  the 
Southern  States.  As  a  young  plant  it  is  very  orna- 
mental with  its  long,  drooping,  light  green  leaves.  In 
its  native  country  it  is  an  important  forest  tree. 

18.  P.  canariensis,  C.  Smith.  Canary  P.  Fig.  82. 
Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  slender  branches  forming 
a  broad  round-topped  head;  stem  and  branches 
usually  with  scattered,  short,  leaf y  branclilets ;  bark 
reddish,  slightlj'  fissured  into  irregular  scales; 
branclilets  yellowish,  pruinose  when  young;  winter- 
buds  oblong,  not    resinous,  with  reflexed  conspicu- 


Pinus  canariensis. 


312  THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 

ously  white-fringed  scales  brown  in  the  middle:  leaves  slender,  spreading 
and  pendulous,  light  green  and  lustrous,  9-12  inches  long:  cones  cylindric- 
ovoid,  4-8  inches  long;  apophysis  low-pyramidal,  irregularly  4-sided,  light 
brown  and  glossy,  with  obtuse  umbo;  seed  Y2  inch  long.  Canary  Islands. — 
Early  introduced  into  southern  Europe.  Cultivated  in  California  where  it 
grows  faster  than  the  native  P.  radiata,  even  in  dry  and  rocky  situations. 
Not  hardy  north  of  the  Southern  States,  but  in  the  North  sometimes  grown 
in  greenhouses  for  its  decorative,  long,  and  drooping  foliage. 

Group  8.    P1NE.E 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  2,  with  persistent  sheaths :  seed-wing  articulate,  short, 
deciduous. 

19.  P.  Pinea,  L.  Italian  Stone  P.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  long  hori- 
zontally spreading  branches  forming  in  older  trees  a  broad  flat- topped  head; 
bark  brown,  smooth  at  first,  ultimately  deeply  furrowed  and  scaly;  branchlets 
pale  brown;  winter-buds  with  revolute  scales,  oblong-ovoid,  not  resinous: 
leaves  rigid,  acute,  bright  green,  5-8  inches  long:  cones  broadly-ovoid, 
chestnut-brown,  4-5J/2  inches  long,  maturing  the  third  year;  apophysis 
depressed-pyramidal,  radiately  ridged;  umbo  flat,  obtuse;  seed  reddish- 
brown,  ^  inch  long,  edible.  Mediterranean  region,  from  Portugal  to  Syria, 
also  in  North  Africa. — Much  planted  in  southern  Europe  from  a  very  early 
period  for  ornament  and  for  its  edible  seeds  and  cultivated  in  Great  Britain 
since  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Hardy  only  in  California  and  the 
Southern  States.  Older  trees  are  of  picturesque  habit,  with  a  trunk  usually 
destitute  of  branches  for  a  considerable  height  and  with  a  wide-spreading 
parasol-like  head. 

Section  IV.    Pinaster 

Fascicles  of  leaves  with  persistent  sheaths :  seed-wings  long  and  articulate : 
spring-shoots  uninodal  or  multinodal. 

Group  9.    Lariciones 

Cones  dehiscent  at  maturity:  spring-shoots  uninodal:  hypoderm-cells  of 
leaves  uniform :  ray-cells  of  wood  with  large  pits. 

20.  P.  densiflora,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (P.  Massojiiana,  Hort.,  not  Lamb.). 
Japanese  Red  P.  Fig.  83.  Tree  to  100  feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches 
forming  an  irregular,  rather  broad  head;  bark  orange-red,  thin  and  scaly, 
at  the  base  of  old  trunks  thicker,  grayish  and  fissured  into  oblong  plates; 
branchlets  orange-yellow,  bloomy;  winter-buds  oblong-ovoid,  chestnut- 
brown:  leaves  slender,  acute,  bright  bluish-green,  3-5  inches  long:  cones 
short-stalked,  conspicuously  mucronate  when  young,  conic-ovoid  to  oblong, 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


313 


dull  tawny  yellow,  somewhat  oblique  at  the  base,  about  5   inches  long; 

apophysis   flattened   and   slightly   ridged,   those   near   the  base  sometimes 

elongated;  umbo  small,  with  a  short  prickle,  or  obtuse;  seed  grayish-yellow, 

34  inch  long.   Japan. — Introduced  in  18o4  by  Siebold  to  Holland  and  in  1862 

to  North  America  by  Dr.  Hall. 

Hardy  north  to  southern  Ontario 

and    New    England.     Handsome 

ornamental  pine  of  rapid  growth 

when     young,   often    very  pictu- 

rescjue  when  older.   Several  garden 

forms    are    cultivated     in    Japan 

and   have  been   introduced 

into  this  country. 

Var.  aurea,  Mayr.  Goi^ 
DEN  Japanese  P.  Foliage 
yellow. 

Var.  oculus-draconis,  Mayr. 
Each  leaf  marked  with  two  yel- 
low bands,  and  therefore  the 
tufts  of  leaves,  if  seen  from  above, 
show  alternate  yellow  and  green 
rings,  hence  the  name,  meaning 
dragon-eye. 

Var.  umbraculif era,  Mayr  (var. 
tabuliformis,  Hort.).  Japanese 
Umbrell.\  p.,  the  Tanyosho  of 
the  Japanese.  Dwarf  dense  form, 
growing  ultimately  to  12  feet  tall, 
with  spreading  branches  forming 
an  umbrella-like  head. 

Var.  globosa,  Mayr.  Japanese  Globe  P.,  the  Bandaisho  of  the  Japanese. 
A  dwarf  form  of  globose  habit. 

Var.  pendula,  Mayr.  Weeping  Japanese  P.  A  form  with  pendulous  or 
prostrate  branches. 

21.  P.  Massoniana,  Lamb.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  slender  spreading 
branches;  bark  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  tree  red  and  peeling  off  in  thin 
strips,  near  the  base  of  trunk  dark  gray  and  deeply  fissured  into  irregular 
oblong  plates;  branchlets  yellowish-brown:  leaves  very  slender  and  thin, 
light  green,  5-8  inches  long:  conelet  with  partly  tuberculate  or  mucronate 
and  partly  with  obtuse  scales;  cones  oblong-ovoid  or  ovoid,  nut-brown,  2-3 
inches  long;  apophysis  flattened,  slightly  keeled,  with  a  small,  flat,  unarmed 
umbo;  seed  i  inch  long.    Southeastern  to  western  China. — Rarely  cultivated 


83.  Pinus  densiflora. 


314 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


and  usually  confused  with  the  preceding  species  and  with  P.  sinensis.   Hardy 
probably  only  in  the  Southern  States  and  California. 

22.  P.  resinosa,  Ait.  Red  P.  (Norway  P.).  Tree  to  70,  occasionally  to 
150  feet  tall,  with  stout,  spreading  and  sometimes  pendulous  branches  forming 
a  broad  pyramidal  head  when  young  and  an  open  round-topped  one  in  old 
age;  bark  of  trunk  divided  by  shallow  fissures;  branchlets  orange-color; 
winter-buds  ovoid,  acuminate,  light  brown,  resinous:  leaves  slender  and 
flexible,  acute,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  4-6  inches  long:  conelet  with  obtuse 
scales;  cones  subsessile,  conic-ovoid,  light  brown,  1^-23^  inches  long; 
apophysis  flattened,  conspicuously  keeled,  obtuse,  with  small,  dark,  unarmed 
umbo;  seeds  dark  brown,  %  inch  long.  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  to  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. — 
Introduced  to  Great  Britain  about  1756.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Saskatchewan. 
Ornamental  pine  of  vigorous  growth,  one  of  the  best  for  northern  gardens; 

also  a  valuable  timber-tree. 

Var.  globosa,  Rehd.  A  dwarf 
dense  form  of  globose  habit.  Dis- 
covered about  1910  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

23.  P.  sylvestris,  L.  Scotch  P. 
(Scots  P.).  Fig.  84.  Tree  to  70  or 
occasionally  120  feet  tall,  with 
spreading,  often  somewhat  pendulous 
branches,  pyramidal  when  young, 
with  broad  and  round-topped,  often 
picturesque  head  in  old  age;  bark 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem 
bright  red,  thin  and  smooth,  peeling 
off  in  papery  flakes,  thick  toward  the 
base,  grayish  or  reddish-brown  and 
fissured  into  irregular,  longitudinal, 
scaly  plates;  branchlets  dull  grayish- 
yellow;  winter-buds  oblong-ovoid, 
brown,  resinous,  the  scales  free  at 
the  apex:  leaves  rigid,  acute,  twisted, 
bluish-green,  1^-3  inches  long: 
conelet  reflexed  with  minutely  muc- 
ronate  scales;  cones  short-stalked, 
conic-oblong,  grayish-  or  reddish- 
brown,  13^-23/2  inches  long;  apo- 
physis little  thickened,  slightly 
84.  Pinus  sylvestris.  keeled,    only    those    near    the    base 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  315 

elongated;  umbo  small,  obtuse;  seed  dark  gray,  }/^  inch  long.  Europe  to 
western  Asia  and  northeastern  Siberia. — Early  introduced  into  this  country 
and  naturalized  in  some  places  on  the  New  England  coast.  Hardy  as  far 
north  as  Quebec  and  precariously  so  to  Saskatchewan.  Several  garden 
forms  of  comparativelj^  little  importance  are  in  cultivation. 

Var.  argentea,  Stev.  Leaves  light  bluish-green  of  silvery  hue.  Var.  aurea, 
Beiss.  Golden  Scotch  P.  The  young  leaves  golden-yellow,  changing  the 
second  year  to  green;  of  slow  growth  and  rather  dense  habit. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Carr.  (var.  pyramidalis,  Hort.).  With  ascending  branches 
forming  a  narrow  pj-ramidal  head.  Var.  Watereri,  Rehd.  (P.  Wateriana, 
Hort.).  Waterer  p.  Dense  columnar  form  with  short  steel-blue  leaves, 
f.  pendula,  Casp.  With  pendulous  branches.  Var.  piunila,  Beiss.  Dwarf 
globose  bush. 

Of  the  geographical  forms  the  best  known  and  silviculturally  of  the  most 
importance  is  var.  rigensis,  Loud.  A  form  with  very  red  bark  and  straight 
tall  stem.  Var.  scotica,  Beiss.,  is  similar,  but  the  bark  is  redder  and  the  leaves 
more  glaucous  and  shorter,  about  13^^  inches  long.  Var.  lapponica,  Fries  {P. 
lapponica,  MajT),  is  a  form  of  northern  Europe.  Of  more  narrow-pyramidal 
habit:  leaves  broader  and  shorter,  remaining  green  on  the  branches  for  four 
to  seven  years:  cones  more  yellowish.  Var.  engadinensis,  Heer,  is  a  form  of 
the  higher  mountains  of  Tyrol.  Slow-growing  pjTamidal  tree  with  grayish- 
green,  thick  and  rigid  leaves  1-1 H  inches  long. 

24.  P.  Mugo,  Turra  (P.  montana.  Mill.).  Swiss  Mountain  P.  Very 
variable  in  habit,  usually  low,  often  prostrate  shrub,  sometimes  pyramidal 
tree  to  40  feet  tall,  similar  to  the  preceding;  scales  of  winter-buds  appressed; 
branchlets  usually  of  darker  brownish  color:  leaves  bright  green,  acutish, 
stout,  crowded,  ^-2  inches  long:  conelet  nearly  sessile  with  mucronate  scales; 
cones  tawny-yellow  to  brown,  ovoid  or  conic-ovoid,  %-^l4  inches  long; 
apophysis  often  pyramidal;  umbo  light  gray,  surrounded  by  a  blackish  ring. 
An  anatomical  character  in  the  leaves  to  distinguish  this  species  from  the 
preceding  is  found  in  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  which  are  of  nearly  equal 
diameter,  with  a  dot-like  central  space  in  P.  sylvestris,  but  in  this  species 
are  much  higher  than  broad  with  a  dash-like  central  space.  Mountains  of 
central  and  southern  Europe,  from  central  Spain  to  the  Balkan  mountains. — 
Introduced  into  cultivation  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  eastern  Canada  and  precariously  so  to  Saskatchewan.  Hand- 
some low  shrub  with  ascending  branches  densely  clothed  with  bright  green 
foliage;  well  adapted  to  be  planted  as  single  specimens  on  the  lawn  or  on 
rocky  slopes  and  as  undergrowth  in  open  woods.  A  very  variable  species, 
usually  divided  according  to  the  cones  into  the  following  four  varieties  or 
subspecies. 

Var.  Mughus,  Zenari    (P.  montana   var.  Mughus,  Willk.  var.  prostrata, 


316 


THE     CULTIVATED     EVERGREENS 


Tubeuf,  P.  Mughus,  Scop.)-  Mugho  P.  Cone  symmetrical,  1-1 H  inches  long, 
conical  or  conic-oval,  with  much-flattened  apophyses  and  usually  prickly 
umbo,  not  bloomy,  yellowish-brown  before  ripening,  cinnamon-brown  when 
ripe.   Usually  shrubby  and  prostrate.    Eastern  Alps  to  Bosnia. 

Var.  pumilio,  Zenari  (P.  montana  var. 
pumilio,  Wil\k.\aT.  frutescens  erecta,TuheuL 
P.  pumilio,  Haenke.  P.  carpatica,  Hort.). 
Bush  P.  Fig.  85.  Cone  symmetrical,  sub- 
globose  to  ovoid,  before  maturity  glau- 
cous and  usually  violet-purple,  ripe  yel- 
lowish- or  dark  brown.  Usually  shrubby 
and  upright.  Mountains  of  Germany  to 
the  Alps  and  Balkan  Peninsula. 

Var.  rotundata,  Hoopes  (P.  montana 
var.  rotundata,  Willk.  P.  rotundata,  Link). 
Cone  oblique  and  asymmetrical,  conical  or 
ovoid,  13^-2  inches  long,  spreading  or  bent 
downward,  with  the  lower  and  occasionally 
the  middle  scales  on  the  outer  side  ending 
in  a  short  and  blunt  slightly  reflexed  pyra- 
midal apophysis.  Usually  a  tree  to  30  feet 
tall,  with  several  stems.  Mountains  of 
Germany,  Carpathian  Mountains,  and  Alps. 
Var.  rostrata,  Hoopes  (P.  montana  var. 
uncinata,  Willk.  var.  arborea,  Tubeuf.  var. 
rostrata,  VJiWk.  P.  uncinata.  Ram.).  Cones 
asymmetrical  and  very  oblique,  conic-ovoid,  2-23/2  inches  long,  directed 
downward;  the  scales  on  the  outer  side  strongly  developed,  their  much- 
elongated  pyramidal  apophyses  ending  in  hook-like  processes  directed  to- 
ward the  base  of  the  cone.  Usually  a  tree  with  a  single  stem,  some- 
times to  80  feet  tall.    Pyrenees  to  western  Alps. 

A  few  garden  forms  belonging  to  the  first  two  varieties  are  in  cultivation. 
Var.  compacta,  D.  Hill,  is  a  handsome  form  of  dense  almost  subglobose  habit 
with  slender  bright  green  leaves. 

25.  P.  leucodermis,  Ant.  (P.  Laricio  var.  leucodermis,  Christ.  P.  nigra 
var.  leucodermis,  Rehd.).  Graybark  P.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  of  regular 
pyramidal  habit;  bark  light  gray,  broken  into  angular  plates;  branchlets 
bloomy  when  young,  grayish- white  the  second  and  third  year;  winter-buds 
oblong-ovoid,  not  resinous,  the  scales  brown  with  white  tips  or  almost  grayish- 
white:  leaves  more  or  less  appressed  and  incurved  toward  the  branch,  stiff, 
13^-23^2  inches  long,  pungent  or  obtusish,  bright  green:  cone  ovoid,  about  3 
inches  long,  similar  to  that  of  P.  nigra,  but  yellowish  or  light  brown,  scarcely 


85.  Pinus  Mugo  var.  pumili 


I'l-viK  XUI.    A  good  specimen  of  Ati^trnii  puu'  k/'iku 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


317 


8G.    Pinus  nigra 
var.  austriaca. 


lustrous.    Balkan  Peninsula. — Rare  in  cultivation  and  often  confused  with 
the  following  species  and  of  about  the  same  hardiness. 

20.  P.  nigra,  Arnold  (P.  Laricio,  Poir.).  Austrian  P.  Plate  XLII.  Tree 
to  100  or  occasionally  150  feet  tall,  with  stout  spreading  branches  in  regular 
whorls  forming  a  symmetrical 
pyramid,  in  old  age  sometimes 
broad  and  flat- topped;  bark  on 
old  trees  deeply 
fissured  into  irreg- 
ular longitudinal 
scaly  plates,  pale 
brown  beneath  the 
deciduous  scales; 
branchlets  usually 
light  brown;  win- 
ter-buds ovoid  or 
oblong-ovoid,  light 
brown,  resinous:  leaves  stiff, 
acute,  dark  green,  3-6 3^^  inches 
long:  conelet  with  mucronate 
scales;  cones  sessile,  ovate, 
yellowish-brown,  glossy, 
usually  2-3  J/^  inches  long; 
apophysis  depressed,  conspicuously  keeled;  umbo  flattened,  obtuse  or  with  a 
very  short  prickle;  seeds  gray,  3^  inch.  From  Austria,  Sicily,  and  Corsica 
to  western  Asia. — Introduced  about  1759  to  Great  Britain.  The  typical  form 
(var.  austriaca)  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New  England. 
A  handsome  vigorous  pine  of  regular  habit  with  stout  spreading  branches 
and  long  dark  green  leaves.  A  variable  species  of  which  several  geogra- 
phical varieties  have  been  distinguished. 

Var.  austriaca,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Laricio  var.  aiistriaca,  Endl.  P. 
austriaca,  Hoss.  P.  nigricans,  Hort.).  Fig.  86.  Tall  tree,  with  dark  gray 
bark,  broadly  ovate  head  and  very  dark  green  rigid  leaves  3-4  inches  long: 
branchlets  grayish-  or  yellowish-brown.  Southeastern  Europe,  from  Austria 
to  Dalmatia  and  Rumania. 

Var.  Pallasiana,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Pallasiana,  Lamb.).  Crimean  P. 
Tall  tree,  with  long  and  stout  branches:  leaves  dark  green  and  glossy:  cones 
light  brown,  about  4  inches  long,  with  the  upper  and  middle  apophyses 
obtusely  keeled.    Western  Asia. 

Var.  Poiretiana,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  (P.  Laricio,  Poir.  P.  Laricio  var. 
Poiretiana,  Ant.  P.  nigra  var.  calabrica,  Schneid.  P.  Laricio  corsicana,  Hort.). 
CoRSiCAN  P.    Tall  tree  to  150  feet  high,  with  shorter  ascending  branches 


318  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


87.  Pinus  nigra  var.  cebennensis. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


319 


forming  a  narrower  head;  bark  gray;  branclilets  reddish-brown:  leaves 
Hghter  green,  4-6  inches  long,  less  crowded  and  variously  curved:  cone  with 
the  upper  and  middle  apophyses  obtusely  keeled.    Southern  Europe. 

Var.  cebennensis,  Rehd.  (var.  leptophylla,  Asch.  &  Graebn.  var.  tenuifolia, 
Asch.  &  Graebn.  P.  Laricio  tejmifolia.  Pari.  P.  Salzinamiii,  Dun.  P.  mon- 
speliensis,  Salzmann,  P.  cebennensis,  Hort.  P.  horizontalis,  Hort.).  Fig.  87. 
Tree  to  60  feet  tall;  branclilets 
orange-colored :  leaves  slender, 
to  6J/^  inches  long:  cones  small, 
about  2  inches  long.  Southwest- 
ern France,  Pyrenees. — This  is  the 
most  distinct  variety;  of  looser 
and  thinner  habit  and  with  very 
long  and  slender  leaves. 

There  are  a  few  horticultural 
varieties  of  little  importance,  as 
var.  pendula,  Rehd.  {P.  Laricio 
pendula,  Beiss.),  with  pendulous 
branches;  var.  pygmaea,  Rehd. 
(P.  Laricio  pygmcea.  Ranch);  and 
var.  prostrata,  Rehd.  {P.  Laricio-^ 
prostrata,  Beiss.),  with  prostrate 
branches. 

27.  P.  Thunbergu,  Pari.  {P. 
Massoniana,  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  not 
Lamb.).  Japanese  Black  P. 
Fig.  88.  Tree  to  100  or  occasion- 
ally 120  feet  tall,  with  spread- 
ing, often  somewhat  pendulous 
branches,  forming  a  broad  pyram- 
idal, often  irregular  head;  bark 
blackish-gray,  fissured  into  elon- 
gated irregular  plates;  branchlets 
orange -yellow;  winter-buds 
oblong,  grayish-  or  silvery-white, 
with  fimbriate  scales,  free  at  the 
tips:  leaves  stiff,  sharply  pointed, 
bright  green,  3-43^  inches  long: 
cones  short-stalked,  conic-ovate, 
grayish-brown,  2-3  inches  long; 
apophysis  flattened,  with  small 
depressed  umbo,  obtuse  or  with  88.  Pinus  Thunhergii. 


320  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

a  minute  prickle;  seed  grayish-brown,  34  inch  long.  Japan. — Introduced  to 
Holland  in  1855.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  England  and  southern 
Ontario.  A  handsome,  picturesque  tree  with  wide-spreading  branches  forming 
a  broad  irregular  head. 

Of  the  several  garden  forms  cultivated  in  Japan,  one  of  the  best  is  var. 
oculus-draconis,  Mayr,  with  the  leaves  marked  with  two  broad  yellow  bands 
similar  to  the  variety  of  the  same  name  of  P.  densifiora. 

28.  P.  sinensis,  Lamb.  (P.  leucosperma,  Maxim.  P.  funehris,  Komar. 
P.  Henryi,  Mast.  P.  Wilsonii,  Shaw.  P.  tabuliformis,  Carr.).  China  P.  Tree 
to  70  feet  tall;  bark  of  trunk  dark  gray,  fissured,  red  on  the  limbs;  branchlets 
pale  orange-yellow  or  pale  grayish-yellow,  slightly  bloomy  while  young; 
winter-buds  oblong,  light  brown,  lustrous,  slightly  or  not  resinous:  leaves 
2-3,  oftener  2,  stiff,  glaucescent,  with  rough  margins,  2-4  inches  long:  cones 
subsessile,  ovoid,  1H~23^  inches  long,  persistent  for  several  years,  pale 
yellow-brown;  apophysis  rhombic,  prominently  keeled,  with  an  obtuse  or 
mucronate  umbo;  seeds  brown,  mottled  or  whitish,  over  34  inch  long,  with 
the  wing  ^  inch  long.  Northern  to  central  and  western  China. — Introduced 
in  1919  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy 
in  sheltered  positions. 

Var.  densata,  Shaw  (P.  densata.  Mast.  P.  prominens.  Mast.).  Leaves 
usually  2,  3-5  inches  long,  stiff:  cones  ovoid,  2-23^  inches  long,  oblique, 
with  their  posterior  apophysis  tumid  and  prominent. 

Var.  yunnanensis,  Shaw  (P.  yunnanensis,  Franch.).  Yunnan  P.  Leaves 
oftener  3,  slender,  4-8  inches  long:  cones  23^-33^  inches  long;  apophysis 
flat;  umbo  small;  seed  with  wing  nearly  1  inch  long.   Southwestern  China. 

Group  10.    AUSTRALES 

Cones  dehiscent  at  maturity:  spring-shoots  uninodal  or  multinodal: 
hj'poderm-cells  of  the  leaf  biform  or  variable:  ray-cells  of  the  wood  with 
small  pits. 

29.  P.  ponderosa,  Dougl.  (P.  Benthamiana,  Hartw.).  Western  Yellow 
P.  (Bull  P.).  Fig.  89.  Tree  to  150,  occasionally  to  230  feet  tall,  with  stout, 
spreading  and  often  pendidous  branches  usually  ascending  at  the  ends  and 
forming  a  narrow  spire-like  head;  bark  very  variable,  dark  brown  or  nearly 
black  to  cinnamon-red,  fissured  into  rounded  ridges  or  on  old  trees  into 
large  plates,  separating  into  thick  cinnamon-red  scales;  branchlets  orange- 
brown,  fragrant  when  broken;  winter-buds  oblong-ovoid  or  ovoid,  resinous: 
leaves  acute,  dark  green,  5-11  inches  long:  cones  almost  sessile,  often  in 
clusters,  ovoid-oblong,  light  reddish  or  yellowish-brown  and  lustrous,  3-6 
inches  long;  apophysis  depressed-pyramidal  or  flattened,  with  a  broadly 
triangular  umbo  terminated  by  a  stout,  usually  recurved  prickle;  lower  scales 


Pl.\te  XLIII.    The  Torrey  pine  (Pinus  Torreyami)  at  home,  near  San  Diego 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


321 


with  more  elongated  apex;  seed  }/i  inch  long.  British  Columbia  to  Mexico, 
east  to  South  Dakota. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1827.  Hardy  in 
sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  One  of  the  tallest  pines 
and  most  important  timber  trees  of  the  Western  States. 

Var.  pendula,  H.  \V.  Sarg. 
A  form  with  drooping  branches. 

Var.   scopulorum,  Engelm. 
(P.    scopulorum,    Lemm.), 
Rocky  Mountain  Yellow  P., 
is  a  geographical  variety,  smal- 
ler in  every  part;  usually  to  75 
feet   tall,    with 
nearly    black 
furrowed  bark: 
leaves   3-6    in- 
ches long,  some- 
times   in     2's: 
cones     smaller, 
ovoid.    South 
Dakota     to 
Mexico    and 
Texas. —  Some- 
what hardier 
than  the  type. 

Var.  arizon- 
ica,  Shaw  (P.  arizonica,  En- 
gelm.). Arizona  P.  Tree  to 
100  feet  tall :  leaves  3-5,  rigid, 
5-7  inches  long,  dark  green: 
cones  2-23^  inches  long,  with 
recurved  prickles.  Southern 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. — ■ 
Doubtful  whether  in  cultiva- 
tion and  probably  hardy  only 
in  the  Southern  States. 

Related  species  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  P.  Montezumae,  Lamb. 
(P.  Gordoniana,  Hartw.  P. 
Grenvilleoe,  Gord.  P.  macro- 
phylla,  Lindl.).  Tree  to  100 
feet  tall  or  more:  leaves  usually 
in  fascicles  of  5,  but  varying 


32^  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

from  3-8,  bluish-green  or  green,  5-12  inches  long:  cone  conic-ovoid  to  long- 
conic,  2-12  inches  long;  apophyses  depressed -pyramidal  to  nearly  flat,  with 
a  short  deciduous  prickle.  Mexico  to  Guatemala. — Introduced  in  1809  to 
Great  Britain;  not  known  to  be  in  cultivation  in  this  country  and  prob- 
ably hardy  only  south.  Var.  Hartwegii,  Engelm.  (P.  Hartwegii,  Lindl.), 
a  form  of  the  higher  mountains  of  central  Mexico  with  short  leaves  and 
small  nearly  black  cones,  is  probably  the  hardiest  of  the  varieties. 

P.  Teocote,  Sclilecht.  Tree  to  90  feet  tall;  branchlets  bloomy;  winter- 
buds  cylindric-ovoid,  resinous,  with  the  scales  free  at  the  tips:  leaves  rigid, 
3,  4-8  inches  long:  cones  cylindric-ovoid,  about  2J/2  inches  long,  dull  brown 
or  slightly  shining,  soon  falling;  apophyses  slightly  raised,  transversely 
ridged  with  ashy-gray  usually  depressed  umbo  with  a  minute  often  obsolete 
prickle.    Mexico. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1839  by  Hartweg. 

30.  P.  Jeffrey!,  Balfour  (P.  ponderosa  var.  Jeffreyi,  Vasey).  Jeffrey  P. 
Tree  to  120  or  occasionally  to  180  feet  tall,  with  short,  spreading,  or  often 
pendulous  branches,  the  uppermost  ascending,  forming  an  open  pyramidal 
and  sometimes  narrow  spire-like  head;  bark  cinnamon-red,  broken  into  large 
irregular  plates;  young  branchlets  glaucous,  fragrant  when  broken;  winter- 
buds  oblong-ovoid,  not  resinous:  leaves  stout,  acute,  pale  bluish-green, 
5-8  inches  long:  cones  conic-ovoid,  light  brown,  6-12  inches  long;  apophysis 
depressed,  keeled;  umbo  elongated  into  a  slender  recurved  spine;  seed  about 
}/2  inch  long.  Oregon  to  California. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1853 
by  Jeffrey.  Hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  A 
distinct  and  ornamental  pine  of  symmetrical  habit  when  young,  remarkable 
for  its  long  leaves,  longer  than  in  any  other  of  the  hardier  species. 

31.  P.  echinata,  Mill.  (P.  mitis,  Miclrx.).  Shortleaf  P.  (Spruce  P. 
Yellow  P.).  Tree  to  100  or  120  feet  tall,  with  slender,  often  pendulous 
branches  in  regular  whorls;  bark  broken  into  large  irregular  plates  covered 
with  small,  appressed,  light  cinnamon-red  scales;  winter-buds  oblong-ovoid, 
brown:  leaves  2,  slender,  acute,  dark  bluish-green,  sometimes  in  3's,  3-5 
inches  long:  cones  short-stalked  or  almost  sessile,  conic-oblong,  dull  brown, 
13^-2  inches  long;  apophysis  flattened;  umbo  little  elevated,  with  short, 
straight  or  curved,  slender  prickle;  seeds  ^-^  inch  long.  Long  Island  to 
Florida,  Illinois,  and  Texas. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1739.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.   A  handsome  tree  with  broad  ovoid  head. 

32.  P.  glabra,  Walt.  Cedar  P.  Pyramidal  tree  to  100  feet  tall;  bark  of 
young  trees  and  the  upper  part  of  old  trunks  smooth,  pale  gray,  the  lower 
part  shallowly  fissured;  branchlets  slender,  light  red  tinged  purplish,  finally 
dark  reddish-brown;  winter-buds  conic-cylindric,  brown,  resinous  scales, 
with  pale,  fimbriate,  interlaced  margin:  leaves  2,  soft  and  slender,  13^-3  inches 
long,  marked  with  numerous  rows  of  stomata:  cone  reflexed,  on  short  stout 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  323 

with  slightly  thickened  or  flat  apophyses  armed  with  minute,  usually  decidu- 
ous prickles.  South  Carolina  to  middle  Florida  and  Louisiana. — Apparently 
not  in  cultivation  in  Europe  and  hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States. 

33.  P.  Taeda,  L.  Loblolly  P.  (Old  Field  Pine.  Frankincense  Pine). 
Tree  to  100,  occasionally  to  170  feet  tall,  with  spreading  branches,  the  upper 
ascending,  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head;  bark  bright  red-brown, 
fissured  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with  large,  thin,  appressed  scales; 
branchlets  yellowish-brown,  sometimes  slightly  bloomy;  winter-buds  oblong, 
resinous:  leaves  slender  but  stiff,  acute,  bright  green,  G-9  inches  long:  cones 
sessile,  spreading,  conic-oblong,  light  reddish-brown,  3-5  inches  long; 
apophysis  flattened  or  depressed-pyramidal;  umbo  small,  with  stout  and 
short,  triangular,  recurved  spine,  lower  scales  not  elongated ;  seed  }-i  inch 
long.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain 
before  1713.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  New  York.  Rarely  cultivated 
for  ornament,  but  an  important  timber-tree,  particularly  in  the  region  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River. 

34.  P.  palustris,  Mill.  (P.  australis,  Michx.).  Longleaf  P.  (Southern 
P.).  Tree  to  100  or  120  feet  tall,  with  ascending  branches  forming  an  oblong 
open  head;  bark  light  orange-brown,  separating  into  large,  appressed,  papery 
scales;  branchlets  orange-brown;  winter-buds  white,  oblong:  leaves  crowded, 
forming  tufts  at  the  end  of  branclilets,  dark  green,  8-18  inches  long,  with 
internal  resin-ducts:  cones  almost  sessile,  cylindric,  dull  brown,  6-10  inches 
long;  apophysis  flattened;  umbo  dark  brown,  with  triangular,  reflexed,  short 
spines;  seed  almost  3^  inch  long.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Mississippi, 
along  the  coast. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  about  1730.  Hardy  onlj'  in 
the  Southern  States.  Branches  are  imported  in  great  quantities  into  the 
northern  cities  and  used  for  decoration  on  account  of  their  long  handsome 
foliage.  It  is  the  most  important  timber-tree  of  the  southeastern  States  and 
yields  excellent  resin  in  great  quantities,  the  source  of  a  large  part  of  the 
world  supply  of  the  naval  stores. 

35.  P.  caribaea,  Morelet  (P.  cubensis,  Griseb.  P.  hetcrophylla,  Sudw.  P. 
FJliottii,  Engelm.).  Slash  P.  (Sw^amp  P.).  Tree  to  100  or  UO  feet  tall, 
with  horizontally  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped,  broad  and 
compact  head;  bark  separating  freely  into  large  thin  scales;  branchlets 
orange-brown;  winter-buds  cylindric,  light  brown:  leaves  dark  green  and 
lustrous,  acute,  in  3's  and  2's,  8-1'?  inches  long,  with  internal  resin-ducts: 
cones  short-peduncled,  conic-oblong,  dark  brown  and  glossy,  3-6j^  inches 
long;  apophysis  flattened,  keeled;  umbo  small,  with  minute  recurved 
prickles;  seed  K~/^  inch  long.  Georgia  to  Florida,  and  eastern  Louisiana 
near  the  coast,  also  on  the  Isle  of  Pines  near  Cuba,  and  in  Honduras  and 
eastern  Guatemala. — Apparently  not  in  cultivation  in  Europe.  Hardy  only 
in  the  Southern  States. 


324 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


Group  11.   Insignes 

Cones  tenaciously  persistent,  often  serotinous  (remaining  closed  after 
maturity  for  years) :  ray-cells  of  wood  with  small  pits. 

36.  P.  halepensis,  Mill.  (P.  alepensis,  Poir.  P.  pityusa,  Stev.).  Aleppo  P. 
Fig.  90.  Tree  to  60  feet  tall,  with  short  branches  forming  an  open  round- 
topped  head;  bark  gray,  smooth  for  a  long  time,  finally  fissured  and  exposing 
the  reddish-brown  inner  bark;  branchlets  slender,  yellowish-  or  light  green- 
ish-brown; winter-buds  small,  cylindric,  not  resinous: 
leaves  sometimes  in  3's,  slender,  light  green,  23/^-4 
inches  long:  cones  short-stalked,  spreading  or  deflexed, 
usually  1-3,  conic-ovate  or  conic-oblong,  yellowish- 
brown,  unarmed,  23^^-3 J/^  inches  long;  apophysis 
flattened,  with  a  transverse  line  and  slightly  or  not 
elevated  obtuse  umbo;  seed  ^  inch  long.  Mediter- 
ranean region,  from  Portugal  and  Algeria  to  Afgha- 
nistan.— Recommended  for  seaside  planting  and 
much  planted  in  Europe.  Cultivated  in  California;  in 
the  East  probably  not  hardy  north  of  the  Southern 
States.  Of  little  ornamental  value;  the  trunk  usually 
slender  and  destitute  of  branches  for  a  considerable 
height  and  the  foliage  thin  and  sparse,  in  tufts  at  the 
end  of  the  branchlets. 

Var.  brutia,  Henry  (P,  hrutia.  Ten.  P.  eldarica, 
Medw.    P.  pyrenaica,  Lapeyr.).    Leaves  4-7,  rarely 
8  inches  long,  more  rigid,  bright  or  dark  green:  cones 
sessile,  not  deflexed,  usually  in  whorls  of    2-6,  2-4 
inches  long,  with  rugose  depressed  knobs. 

37.  P.  Pinaster,  Ait.  (P.  maritima,  Poir.).  Clusteb  P.  Tree  to  100  feet 
tall,  with  spreading  or  sometimes  pendulous  branches  forming  a  pyramidal 
head;  bark  deeply  fissured  into  narrow  longitudinal  ridges  covered  with  small 
scales;  branchlets  bright  reddish-brown;  winter-buds  oblong-oval,  brown, 
not  resinous:  leaves  stiff,  acute,  usually  twisted,  glossy  green,  5-9  inches 
long:  cones  short-peduncled,  clustered,  conic-oblong,  light  brown  and  glossy, 
4-7  inches  long;  apophysis  pyramidal,  conspicuously  keeled  with  prominent 
triangular  acute  umbo;  seed  grayish-brown,  }/^  inch  long.  Southern  Europe 
and  Algeria  near  the  coast. — Much  used  in  southern  Europe,  particularly  in 
southern  France,  and  also  in  South  Africa  and  Australia  for  the  reforestation 
of  sand-dunes;  in  Europe  it  is  chiefly  exploited  for  resin  and  turpentine. 
Probably  not  hardy  north  of  the  Southern  States  and  California.  A  handsome 
pine  of  regular  pyramidal  habit  and  of  rapid  growth. 

38.  P.  pungens,  Lamb.  Table  Mountain  P.    (Poverty  P.).   Tree  to  30, 


90.  Pinus  halepensis. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


325 


occasionally  to  60  feet  tall,  with  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad, 
open,  often  flat-topped  head;  bark  dark  brown,  thick,  broken  into  irregular 
plates  covered  with  thin  scales,  on  the  upper  part  of  trunk  and  on  the  branches 
separating  into  thin  loose  scales;  branchlets  light  orange;  winter-buds  oblong, 
obtuse,  dark  chestnut-brown:  leaves  stout,  twisted,  sharply  pointed,  dark 
green,  lM~23^  inches  long:  cones  conic-ovoid,  oblique  at  the  base,  light 
brown,  2^-3 J^  inches  long;  apophysis  pyramidal  and  conspicuously  keeled, 
the  conical  elongated  umbo  ending  in  a  stout  curved  spine;  seed  light  brown, 
y^  inch  long.   From  New  Jersey  and  eastern  Tennessee  to  northern  Georgia. — 


v<4  V*  \  \l. 


91.  Pinus  virginiana. 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


Introduced  to  Great  Britain  about  1804.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massa- 
chusetts, but  of  httle  ornamental  value. 

39.  P.  clausa,  Vasey  (P.  inops  var.  clausa,  Engelm.).  Sand  P.  (Spruce 
P.).  Tree  to  20,  occasionally  to  70  feet  tall,  with  slender  spreading  branches; 
bark  on  the  branches  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  trunk  smooth  and  ashy- 
gray,  on  the  lower  part  deeply  fissured  mto  oblong  plates  covered  with  red- 
brown  scales;  branchlets  red-brown;  winter-buds  oblong,  obtuse,  not  or 
little  resinous:  leaves  slender  and  flexible,  acute,  dark  green,  2-3  inches  long: 
cones  short-stalked,  often  oblique  at  the  base,  conic-ovoid,  dark  reddish- 
brown,  2-33^  inches  long,  remaining  closed  for  three  or  four  years  after 
ripening  and  occasionally  becoming  enveloped  by  the  growing  wood  of  the 
stem;  apophysis  depressed-pyramidal,  conspicuously  keeled;  umbo  with  a 
short  stout  spine.  Florida  and  Alabama,  near  the  coast. — Little  known  in 
cultivation;  hardy  only  south. 

40.  P.  virginiana,  Mill.  (P.  inops,  Ait.).  Scrxjb  P.  (Jersey  P.).  Fig.  91. 
Tree  to  40  or  sometimes  to  100  feet  tall,  with  slender  horizontal  or  pendulous 
branches  in  remote  and  irregular  whorls,  forming  a  broad  open  pyramid  or 
sometimes  flat-topped;  bark  of  trunk  shaUowly  fissured  into  plate-like  scales 

covered  with  thin,  appressed,  dark  brown  scales, 
smooth  on  the  branches;  branclilets  usually  pale 
green  at  first,  becoming  purple,  bloomy;  winter- 
buds  oblong,  dark  brown:  leaves  stiff,  twisted, 
spreading,  acutish,  13^-3  inches  long:  cones 
conic -oblong,  reddish  -  brown, 
1^-23/2  inches  long;  apophysis 
little  elevated,  with  a  broad 
depressed -pyramidal  umbo 
ending  in  a  short  recurved 
prickle;  seed  pale  brown, 
y^  inch  long.  New  York  to 
Georgia,  west  to  Ohio,  Indiana, 
northeastern  Mississippi  and 
Alabama.  —  Introduced  to 
Great  Britain  before  1739. 
Hardy  as  far  north  as  Mas- 
sachusetts. A  tree  with  slender 
wide-spreading  branches,  of 
little  ornamental  merit,  but 
valuable  for  covering  dry  and 
barren  soil. 

41.  P.   Banksiana,   Lamb. 
(P.   divaricata,  Dum.-Cours.). 


92.  Pinus  Banksiana. 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS  327 

Jack  P.  Fig.  92.  Tree  to  70  feet  tall,  usually  lower,  sometimes  shrubby,  with 
slender  spreading  branehes,  forming  a  broad  open  head;  bark  dark  brown, 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  divided  into  irregular  narrow  ridges  covered  with 
thick  appressed  scales;  branchlets  yellowish-  to  purplish-brown;  winter-buds 
oblong-ovoid,  light  brown,  very  resinous:  leaves  stiff,  twisted,  spreading,  flat 
or  slightly  concave  on  inner  face,  about  -^  inch  broad,  acute  or  obtusish, 
dark  or  bright  green,  about  1  inch  long:  cones  conic-oblong,  usually  curved, 
pale  yellow-brown  and  lustrous,  unarmed,  l3l2-2  inches  long,  remaining  on 
the  tree  for  twelve  to  fifteen  years;  apophysis  flattened,  with  a  transverse 
line  and  a  small  dark  obtuse  umbo;  seed  black,  ^/g  inch  long.  From  Nova 
Scotia  to  Mackenzie,  south  to  northern  New  York,  northern  Illinois,  and 
Minnesota. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  before  1873.  The  hardiest  of  the 
American  pines  and  valuable  for  colder  regions,  particularly  for  planting 
on  dry  and  sandy  soil;  of  little  ornamental  value,  but  older  trees  often  pre- 
sent a  picturesque  aspect. 

4'2.  P.  contorta,  Dougl.  (P.  Bolanderi,  Pari.  P.  contorta  var.  Bolanderi, 
Koehne).  Shore  P.  Tree  to  20,  occasionally  to  30  feet  tall,  with  rather  stout 
branches  forming  a  round-topped,  compact,  or  open  head;  bark  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  into  small  oblong  plates  covered  with  appressed  dark  red- 
brown  scales  tinged  with  purple  or  orange;  branchlets  light  orange  or  orange- 
brown;  buds  ovoid,  dark  chestnut-brown,  resinous:  leaves  stiff,  twisted, 
acutish,  dark  green,  1-2  inches  long:  cones  ovoid  or  conic-ovoid,  very  oblique 
at  the  base,  often  remaining  closed  for  several  years  after  maturity,  1-2 
inches  long,  light  yellowish-brown  and  lustrous,  scales  of  the  upper  side  with 
elevated  pyramidal  apex,  the  dark  umbo  ending  in  a  slender  incurved  spine. 
Alaska  to  California,  and  the  variety  east  to  Montana  and  Colorado. — 
Introduced  in  its  typical  form  to  Great  Britain  about  18.55,  and  the  variety 
about  1853.  The  variety  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  Ontario  and  New 
England,  while  the  type  is  tenderer.  This  pine  is  without  particular  orna- 
mental merit. 

Var.  latifolia,  Engelm.  (P.  Murrayana,  Balfour.  P.  contorta  var.  Mur- 
rayana,  Engelm.  P.  Boursieri,  Carr.).  Lodge-Pole  P.,  is  the  form  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  a  taller  tree  of  pyramidal  habit,  to  80,  or  occasionally 
to  150  feet  tall,  with  orange  branchlets,  lighter  green  leaves  13^-3]^  inches 
long,  and  with  less  oblique  cones;  bark  thin,  close,  light  orange-brown, 
covered  with  thin  loosely  appressed  scales. — The  commonest  coniferous  tree 
of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  often  forming  forests  of  great  extent.  It 
plays  an  important  part  in  the  natural  regeneration  of  the  forests  of  that 
region. 

43.  P.  muricata,  Don.  Bishop  P.  (Prickle-cone  P.).  Tree  to  50,  oc- 
casionally to  90  feet  tall,  with  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  regular 
pyramid   in  young  trees,   in  old  age  usually  round-topped  and  compact; 


328 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


bark  on  lower  part  of  trunk  broken  into  irregular  plates  covered  with  thin 
loose  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red,  on  the  upper  part  and  on  the  branches 
broken  into  thin  loose  scales;  branchlets  orange-brown;  winter-buds  cylindric, 
dark  chestnut-brown,  very  resinous:  leaves  stiff,  usually  twisted,  acute,  dark 
green,  4-7  inches  long:  cones  usually  clustered,  oblong-ovoid,  oblique  at  the 


base,  chestnut-brown,  2-33^2  inches  long;  scales  of  the  upper  side  with  elon- 
gated conical  apex  terminated  by  a  dark,  triangular,  spiny  umbo,  scales  of  the 
lower  side  more  flattened,  with  slender  straight  spines;  the  cones  usually 
remain  closed  for  several  years  after  maturity;  seeds  almost  black,  34  inch 
long.  California. — Introduced  to  Great  Britain  in  1846  by  Hartweg.  Hardy 
only  in  the  Southern  States.  A  handsome  pine  of  regular  pyramidal  habit 
when  young. 

44.  P.  rigida,  Mill.  Pitch  P.  Fig.  93.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall,  with  hori- 
zontally spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  pyramid;  bark  of  old 
trunk  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with 
dark  red-brown  scales,  often  tinged  purple,  on  young  stems  thin  and  broken 
into  plate-like  scales;  branchlets  light  brown;  winter-buds  ovoid  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  chestnut-brown:  leaves  stiff  and  spreading,  acuminate,  dark  green, 
2-5  inches  long:  cones  almost  sessile,  often  in  clusters,  ovoid,  light  brown, 
2-4  inches  long;  apophysis  little  elevated;  umbo  triangular,  ending  in  a 
slender,  recurved  prickle;  seed  dark  brown,  }/i  inch  long,  its  wing  ^  inch 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


329 


Pinus  attenuata. 


long.  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Ohio,  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 
— Introduced  to  Great  Britain  prior  to  1759.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern 
Canada.  Of  rapid  growth  when  young  and  valuable  for  planting  on  dry  and 
rocky  soil;  old  trees  are  often  very  picturesque.  It  sprouts  readily  from 
stumps  when  cut  down  or  partly  destroyed  by  fire,  but  the  sprouts  are  short- 
lived and  never  develop  into  trees. 

Var.  serotina,  Loud.  (P.  serotina,  Michx.).  Pond  P,  (Marsh  P.). 
Usually  a  tree  40-50  feet,  or  occasionally  to  80  feet  tall,  with  stout,  often 
contorted  branches  form- 
ing an  open  round-topped 
head ;  bark  shallowly 
fissured  into  small  plates; 
branchlets  dark  orange, 
later  dark  brown:  leaves 
3,  rarely  4,  slender,  6-8 
inches  long:  cones  ovoid, 
2-23^  inches  long,  with 
slender,  incurved,  mostly 
deciduous  prickles ;  seed 
J^  inch  long.  New  Jersey 
to  Florida  and  central 
Alabama. — Little  known  in  cultivation  and  probably  not  hardy  north  of  the 
Middle  Atlantic  States. 

45.  P.  radiata,  Don  (P.  insignia,  Douglas.  P.  montereyensis,  Hort.). 
Monterey  P.  Tree  to  80  or  100  feet,  or  to  140  feet  under  favorable  conditions 
in  cultivation,  with  stout  spreading  branches  forming  an  irregular,  open, 
round-topped  head;  bark  thick,  deeply  furrowed  into  broad  flat  ridges 
covered  with  thick  appresscd  scales,  dark  red-brown;  branchlets  brown; 
winter-buds  ovoid,  bright  chestnut-brown:  leaves  acute,  bright  green,  4-6 
inches  long:  cones  short-stalked,  conic-ovoid,  3-7  inches  long,  upper  scales 
with  elevated,  rounded,  almost  hemispherical  and  obscurely  keeled  apex; 
umbo  small,  with  minute,  straight,  or  recurved  prickle,  lower  scales  with 
almost  flattened  apex;  seed  black,  H  inch  long.  Southern  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia.— Introduced  to  Great  Britain  about  1833  by  D.  Douglas.  Hardy 
only  in  the  Southern  States.  A  handsome  species  with  bright  green  foliage 
and  of  rapid  growth  when  young;  valuable  for  seaside  planting.  Now  ex- 
tensively planted  for  reforestation  purposes  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
where  it  grows  more  rapidly  and  taller  than  in  California. 

46.  P.  attenuata,  Lemm.  (P.  tuherculata,  Gord.,  not  Don.  P.  californica, 
Hartw.,  not  Loisel.).  Knob-cone  P.  Fig.  94.  Tree  usually  20,  occasionally 
to  100  feet  tall,  with  slender  horizontal  branches  ascending  at  the  ends, 
forming  a  broad  pyramid,  with  open  round-topped  head  in  old  age;  bark  of 


330  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

young  stems  and  branches  thin  and  smooth,  pale  brown,  at  base  of  old  trunks 
dark  brown  and  shallowly  fissured  into  large  loose  scales;  young  branchlets 
slender,  dark  orange-brown;  winter-buds  oblong-ovoid,  dark  brown:  leaves 
slender,  acuminate,  pale  yellowish  or  bluish-green,  3-7,  usually  4-5  inches 
long:  cones  short-stalked,  usually  in  clusters,  elongated -conical,  3  3^-6  inches 
long,  upper  scales  with  pyramidal  apex  and  prominent  sharply  pointed  and 
recurved  umbo,  lower  scales  with  depressed  apex  and  small  prickly  umbo; 
seed  }/i  inch  long.  Oregon  to  California. — Introduced  in  1847  by  Th.  Hartweg 
to  Great  Britain.  Not  hardy  north  of  the  Southern  States.  In  cultivation 
usually  a  bushy  tree  with  sparse  dull  foliage. 

A  related  species  is  P.  patula,  Sclilecht.  &  Cham.  Tree  to  80  feet  tall, 
with  stout  spreading  branches;  bark  grayish-brown,  irregularly  fissured, 
the  upper  part  of  the  trunk  and  the  branches  red,  with  deciduous  scales; 
branchlets  slender,  pruinose,  becoming  light  reddish-brown:  leaves  usually 
3,  sometimes  4-5,  slender  and  drooping,  9-12  inches  long,  grass-green: 
cones  in  clusters,  conic-ovoid,  3-4^^2  inches  long;  apophyses  nut-brown, 
tumid,  keeled,  with  a  flat  or  depressed  unarmed  umbo.  Central  Mexico. — 
Introduced  about  1828  to  Europe.  Doubtful  whether  in  cultivation  in  this 
country;  hardy  only  south.  One  of  the  most  ornamental  pines  resembling 
the  Himalayan  P.  longifolia,  but  hardier. 

Group  12.   Maceocakp^ 

Cones  large,  with  pointed  prominent  apophyses;  seeds  with  a  thick  wing: 
leaves  long  and  stout:  spring-shoots  multinodal  or  uninodal  in  No.  49:  ray- 
cells  of  wood  with  small  pits. 

47.  P.  Coulteri,  D.  Don  (P.  macrocarpa,  Lindl.).  Coulter  P.  Tree  to  80 
feet  tall,  with  stout  branches,  pendulous  below  and  ascending  above,  forming 
a  loose  pyramidal  head;  bark  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into 
broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  thin  appressed  scales;  winter-buds  oblong- 
ovoid,  resinous:  leaves  stout,  acuminate,  dark  bluish-green,  6-12  inches  long: 
cones  short-stalked,  pendent,  cylindric-ovoid,  yellowish-brown,  9-14  inches 
long;  apophysis  elongated-pyramidal,  narrowed  into  the  compressed  spiny- 
tipped  straight  or  incurved  umbo;  seed-wing  broadest  about  the  middle  and 
nearly  1  inch  long.  Southern  and  Lower  California. — Introduced  to  Great 
Britain  in  1847  by  Hartweg.  Hardy  only  in  the  Southern  States.  Tree  of 
loose  habit  and  with  sparse  foliage,  but  often  picturesque  in  old  age  and  the 
large  cones  are  conspicuous  and  ornamental. 

48.  P.  Sabiniana,  Dougl.  Digger  P.  (Bull  P.).  Tree  to  50  or  occasion- 
ally 80  feet  tall,  usually  divided  into  several  stems  with  short  crooked  branches, 
the  lower  ones  pendent,  the  upper  ones  ascending,  forming  a  round-topped 
head;  bark  thick,  dark  brown,  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  into  thick 


ENUMERATION    OF    CONIFERS 


331 


ridges  coveied  with  small  appressed  scales;  branchlets  stout,  glaucous:  leaves 

slender,  flexible,  pale  bluish-green,  8-12  inches  long:  cones  pendent  on  about 

2-inch-long  stalks,  oblong-ovoid,  light  red-brown,  6-10  inches  long;  apophysis 

pyramidal,  sharply  keeled,  narrowed  into  a  stout,  incurved,  spiny  hook,  the 

lower  scales  much  reflexed  and 

armed  with  a  spur-like  incurved 

spine;  seed  ^i  inch  long,  its  wing 

about    half    as    long    as    seed. 

Western  California. — Introduced 

to  Great  Britain  m  1832  by  D. 

Douglas.     Hardy    probably    as 

far  north  as  the  Middle  Atlantic 

States.     Very   distinct    pine    of 

loose  habit  and  with  sparse  and 

long  pale  foliage.    The  seeds  are 

edible. 

49.  P.  Torreyana,  Carr.  Tor- 

REY  P.     (SOLEDAD   P.).      Fig.    95. 

Plate  XLIII.  Tree  to  40  or 
under  favorable  conditions  in 
cultivation  to  90  feet  tall,  with 
spreading  and  sometimes  ascend- 
ing branches;  bark  deeply  and 
irregularly  fissured  into  broad 
flat  ridges  covered  with  ap- 
pressed, light,  red-brown  scales; 
winter-buds  conic-ovoid,  pale 
brown,  scales  with  appressed  tips  and  white,  fimbriate,  interlaced  margins; 
branchlets  greenish  or  purplish,  bloomy,  glabrous:  leaves  rigid,  dark  green, 
8-13  inches  long:  cones  broadly  ovoid,  4-G  inches  long,  chocolate-brown; 
apophysis  low-pyramidal;  umbo  elongated  and  reflexed  with  short  spiny 
tip;  seeds  ^  inch  long,  with  a  short  wing  about  half  as  long  as  the  seed. 
Southern  California. —  A  small  tree  of  irregular  habit,  little  known  in 
cultivation. 


inus  Torreyana. 


PART  III 

CERTAIN  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS 


CHAPTER   VI 
GENERAL  ADVICE  ON  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS 

IN  a  class  by  themselves  are  the  broad-leaved  trees  and 
shrubs  that  hold  their  green  foliage  while  dormant.  The 
numbers  are  many,  particularly  in  mild  climates.  In  the 
North,  the  number  is  limited,  but  these  species  are  of  great 
beauty  and  importance.  Rhododendrons,  kalmias,  and  hollies  at 
once  come  to  mind,  with  all  the  associations  of  winter  greenery. 

In  this  discussion  only  the  most  outstanding  or  significant 
broad-leaved  evergreens  can  be  considered.  As  success  with 
many  of  them  is  largely  a  question  of  the  proper  soil,  we  may 
first  consider  the  most  recent  findings  in  this  interesting  subject. 

It  may  be  said  in  passing  that  as  to  transplanting  there  are 
few  special  difficulties.  The  statements  touching  the  removal 
of  conifers  apply  for  most  of  the  species.  The  range  of  broad- 
leaved  evergreens  is  very  large,  however,  and  there  are  likely 
to  be  special  adaptations  to  consider.  "Rhododendrons  and 
kalmias  I  have  found  easy  to  transplant,"  writes  George  P. 
Brett,  of  experiences  in  Connecticut,  "and  I  have  met  with 
very  few  losses — in  rhododendrons  less  than  one  per  cent  and 
in  kalmias,  transplanted  from  their  native  state,  less  than  two 
per  cent — and  these  trees,  when  once  established,  will  grow 
practically  without  care  and  produce  their  magnificent  yield 
of  flowers.  I  do  not  mean  by  this,  of  course,  that  they  will  not 
do  better  if  they  are  properly  cared  for,  but,  thoroughly  hardy, 
they  can  be  left  without  care  longer  than  most  other  things  of 
the  plant  world  which  I  know  anything  about.  In  transplanting 
these  broad-leaved  evergreens,  the  greatest  danger  lies  in  using 
a  lime-impregnated  soil.    A  leaf -mold  from  the  woods  or  muck 

(335) 


336  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

from  a  peaty  swamp  is  the  best  material  to  use,  with  an  abun- 
dant winter  mulch  of  forest  leaves." 

ACID  SOILS  FOR  CERTAIN  BROAD-LEAVED 
EVERGREENS.— CoviLLE 

In  the  course  of  a  series  of  experiments  with  blueberry- 
seedlings,  1906  to  1910,  it  was  found  that  these  plants  require 
an  acid  soil.*  The  experiments  have  since  been  extended  to 
many  other  plants  and  it  has  been  shown  conclusively  that  a 
very  large  number  of  species  in  ornamental  horticulture  have 
the  same  requirement.  Lack  of  success  with  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  evergreens  is  due  to  failure  to  provide  them  with  the 
acid  soil  they  demand.  This  is  true  especially  of  rhododendrons 
and  nearly  all  other  evergreens  of  the  heather  family,  such  as 
mountain-laurel  {Kalmia  latifolia),  trailing  arbutus  {Epigcea 
repens),  and  heather  {Calluna  vulgaris). 

In  nature,  acid  nourishment  is  provided  by  the  accumula- 
tion, on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  of  a  layer  of  half-rotted 
leaves,  twigs,  and  rootlets.  Such  an  accumulation,  when  it 
occurs  in  a  sphagnum  bog,  is  called  bog  peat,  or  simply  peat; 
on  well-drained  sandy  or  gravelly  soils  it  is  called  upland  peat. 
Under  good  conditions  upland  peat  is  laced  into  a  tenacious 
mat,  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  by  the  roots  of  the  ericaceous 
plants  that  accompany  it,  and  this  mat  persists  year  after  year, 
continually  renewing  itself  through  each  year's  leaf -fall  and  the 
penetration  of  new  roots  into  the  decaying  mass.  Upland  peat 
is  normally  brown,  but  is  often  blackened  by  ground  fires. 

On  limestone  soils  or  on  soils  which  for  any  reason  have  an 
alkaline  chemical  reaction,  upland  peat  does  not  form.  The 
lime  and  other  alkaline  substances  in  the  soil  greatly  hasten 
the  decomposition  of  the  leaves.    Each  year's  leaf -fall  is  de- 

*"Experiments  in  Blueberry  Culture,"  1910,  published  as  Bull.  193,  Bur.  Plant 
Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  100  pages  of  text,  18  plates,  and  31  text  figures. 


Plate  XLIV.    American  holly  (Ilex  opuca) 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  337 

composed,  much  of  it  passing  in  liquid  form  into  the  underlying 
soil,  prior  to  the  leaf-fall  of  the  following  year.  Fully  decom- 
posed leaves  form  a  true  leaf-mold,  black  in  color  and  neutral 
or  alkaline  in  reaction,  in  which  rhododendrons  and  other  acid- 
soil  plants  will  not  grow. 

The  continuation  of  acidity  in  upland  peat  is  due  to  the 
arrest  of  decomposition  before  it  has  progressed  to  the  alkaline 
stage,  and  the  chief  factor  in  the  arrest  is  the  lack  of  lime  in 
the  soil  that  underlies  the  leaves.  When  an  upland  peat  mat  is 
once  established,  its  own  acidity  is  fatal  to  the  life  of  the  organ- 
isms that  as  agents  of  rapid  decay  soon  destroy  its  acidity. 

In  soils  derived  from  granite,  sandstone,  sand,  and  gravel, 
acid  conditions  are  usually  maintained  with  little  difficulty  by 
the  addition  of  upland  peat,  half -rotted  oak  leaves,  or  decayed 
wood  or  bark. 

Sawdust  and  spent  tanbark  are  acid  materials  useful  as 
mulch  for  acid-soil  evergreens.  They  should  be  applied  experi- 
mentally at  first,  however,  to  test  the  safety  and  suitability 
of  the  particular  kind  that  is  available.  Some  kinds  of  sawdust, 
notably  red  cedar  and  pitch  pine,  contain,  when  fresh,  sub- 
stances that  are  directly  injurious.  Other  sorts,  such  as  bass- 
wood,  maple,  and  birch,  are  free  from  them.  In  general,  it  is 
best  to  use  sawdust  that  is  weathered  and  partially  decayed. 

When  an  attempt  is  to  be  made  to  grow  rhododendrons  or 
other  acid-soil  evergreens  in  a  place  in  which  the  soil  is  neutral 
or  alkaline,  such  as  a  limestone  soil,  the  bottomland  of  a  river 
valley,  the  ordinary  fertile  garden,  or  a  prairie  or  arid-region 
soil,  it  is  necessary  to  prepare  holes  or  trenches  and  make  up  a 
special  soil  mixture.  This  should  consist  of  one  part  of  clean 
sand  to  one  or  two,  or  even  four,  parts  of  upland  peat  or  its 
equivalent.  To  keep  earthworms  from  bringing  up  the  under- 
lying soil,  the  bottom  of  the  hole  should  be  lined  with  a  two- 


338 


THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 


inch  layer  of  soft-coal  cinders.  The  depth  of  the  peat  and  sand 
mixture  need  not  be  more  than  eight  to  twelve  inches.  A  per- 
manent mulch  of  oak 
leaves  will  help  main- 
tain a  proper  degree  of 
moisture,  and  by  de- 
composition will  add  to  the 
peat  supply.  If  the  materials 
for  the  mixture  are  available 
in  quantity,  a  bed  may  be 
laid  down  over  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ground. 

A  sharp  distinction  should 
be  made  between  half -rotted 
oak  leaves  and  the  ordinary 
compost  of  leaves  with  ma- 
nure, garden  soil,  and  garden 
trash.  Such  a  compost  is 
neutral  or  alkaline  in  reaction 
and  should  not  be  used  on 
acid-soil  plants.  Sugar  maple, 
elm,  and    linden   leaves    rot 


96.  Injurious  effect  of  ordinary  rich  garden 
soil  on  a  rhododendron. — Half  natural  size 


rapidly  and  so  soon  reach  the  alkaline  stage  that  they  are  not 
desirable  for  acid-soil  planting.  Oak  leaves,  especially  red  oak 
leaves,  rot  slowly,  and  in  two  or  three  years,  if  the  pile  is  turned 
over  several  times,  make  a  good  substitute  for  upland  peat.* 
No  manure,  lime,  or  wood-ashes  should  be  applied  to  ever- 
greens that  require  an  acid  soil,  for  all  these  substances  tend  to 
neutralize  the  necessary  acidity.  Cottonseed  meal,  ground 
soybeans,  and  spent  malt,  all  of  which  contain  a  large  amount 
of  nitrogen  in  organic  and  acid  form,  are  excellent  fertilizers 

*For  a  more  extended  discussion  of  the  decay  of  leaves  and  its  relation  to  acid 
soils,  see  "The  formation  of  leafmold,"  Smithsonian  Rept.  for  1913,  pages  333-343. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS 


339 


for  acid-soil  plants.   In  very  sandy  soils  for  which  so  little  peat 

is  available  that  the  evergreens  suffer  for  nourishment,  the 

following    special    acid 

fertilizer  devised  for  blue-  ^^         ,  . 

berries    and    cranberries  \\     I  ^>  '^^■ 

would  probably  do  well 

for    rhododendrons,    ap-  ..   ^^  .  ,,^ 

plied  at  the  rate  of  an  ' 

eighth  to  a  fourth  of  a 

pound  to   a   square 

y^^^*  Pounds  /^^N«^^-^;>^ 

Nitrate  of  soda 17  (  ^Af-ti^^^^^^^^^i--' 

Dried  blood 23  ^^Zz^^^S-^:;^lllf~--^  '  ^'  '"> 

Steamed  bone 34  I M(| 

Phosphate  rock 34  ^  **  '^ 

Potash 17 

Experiments    in         \  "§     \  ~~"  I 

the    last    two    years        97.  Beneficial  efifect  of  aluminum  sulfate  on  Rhodo- 
have  shown  that  an  ^^"^°°  maximum.-Half  natural  size 

ordinary  garden  or  greenhouse  soil,  well  suited  to  roses,  but 
fatal  to  rhododendrons,  can  be  acidified  by  the  application  of 
crude  aluminum  sulfate,  and  will  then  nourish  rhododendron 
seedlings  almost  as  well  as  peat  and  sand  (see  Figs.  96,  97). f 

*From  page  20  of  "Directions  for  blueberry  culture,  1921,"  Bull.  974,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.,  24  pages  and  29  plates. 

fFor  a  detaUcd  account  of  these  experiments,  see  "The  effect  of  aluminum  sulphate 
on  rhododendron  seedlings,"  1923,  Bull.  1,  Amer.  Hort.  Soc,  6  pages  and  5  plates. 

Fig.  96.  Injurious  Effect  of  Ordinary  Rich  Garden  Soil  on  a  Rhododendron.  In 
early  May,  healthy  seedlings  of  Rhododendron  maximum  were  set  in  2-inch  pots  in  an 
ordinary  greenhouse  or  fertile  garden  soil  composed  of  equal  parts,  by  bulk,  of  loam, 
well-rotted  manure,  and  sand.  Other  exactly  similar  plants  were  potted  in  a  soil  con- 
sisting of  two  parts  of  peat  to  one  of  sand.  In  June  of  the  following  year,  when  the 
photograph  was  made,  the  plant  at  the  left,  in  the  ordinary  fertile  garden  soil,  had 
made  no  growth,  while  the  plant  at  the  right,  in  the  strongly  acid  peat  soil,  had  made 
normal  and  luxuriant  growth. 

Fig.  97.  Rhododendron  maximum  a  Year  after  Treatment  with  Aluminum  Sulfate. 
The  plant  at  the  left  (same  as  in  Fig.  96),  potted  in  a  fertile  garden  mixture  on  May 
3,  1921  which  is  not  suited  to  rhododendron  culture,  had  made  no  growth  when  it  was 
photographed  on  June  3,  1922.  The  plant  at  the  right,  exactly  similar  to  the  other 
in  history  and  treatment  except  that  it  had  received  one-third  gram  of  aluminum  sul- 
fate in  10  cubic  centimeters  of  water  on  May  27,  1921,  made  luxuriant  growth, 
almost  as  good  as  the  plant  in  the  acid  peat-and-sand  soil  illustrated  in  Fig.  96. 


340  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

These  experiments  will  be  extended  during  the  coming 
season  to  larger  rhododendron  and  other  acid-soil  plants  in 
the  deeper  soil  of  outdoor  plantings.  For  such  situations,  it  is 
believed,  amounts  of  aluminum  sulfate  up  to  half  a  pound  to 
a  square  yard  may  be  applied  advantageously  and  safely  if  the 
soil  is  of  the  ordinary  fertile  type,  the  application  being  repeated 
if  the  soil  is  not  made  acid  by  the  first  application.  Outdoor 
experiments  with  aluminum  sulfate  should  not  be  tried  in 
mixed  plantings  unless  it  is  known  that  all  the  plants  are  suited 
to  a  strongly  acid  soil,  because  the  ordinary  plants  of  horti- 
culture, which  thrive  best  in  a  neutral  or  alkaline  situation, 
are  likely  to  be  severely  injured,  or  killed,  by  the  aluminum 
sulfate.  For  the  present,  the  aluminum-sulfate  treatment 
should  be  regarded  as  experimental.  Those  desiring  to  try  it 
on  sickly  rhododendrons  should  apply  it  only  to  a  portion  of  a 
planting,  always  leaving  another  part  untreated  for  comparison. 

Limestone  water,  which  is  alkaline  in  reaction,  will  ulti- 
mately injure  an  acid-soil  planting.  Rainwater  or  some  other 
water  that  is  neutral  or  even  acid  in  reaction  should  be  used  if 
practicable.  If  only  alkaline  water  is  available  for  sprinkling 
purposes,  it  can  be  made  neutral  or  slightly  acid  by  dissolving 
in  it  a  suitable  amount  of  aluminum  sulfate.  The  proper 
quantity  can  be  determined  by  adding  to  a  teaspoonful  of  the 
treated  water  in  a  white  dish  a  fraction  of  a  drop  of  the  dye 
known  as  bromthymol  blue.  If  the  amount  of  aluminum  sulfate 
added  to  the  water  is  just  sufficient  to  make  it  neutral,  its 
color  under  this  test  will  be  green;  if  it  has  become  acid,  yellow; 
if  it  is  still  alkaline,  blue.* 

Evergreen  species,  like  other  plants,  vary  in  the  degree  of 
soil  acidity  or  alkalinity  to  which  they  are  best  adapted.    The 

*For  an  account  of  the  niethod  of  determining  the  degree  of  soil  acidity,  see  Edgar 
T.  Wherry,  1922,  "Soil  acidity — its  nature,  measurement,  and  relation  to  plant  dis- 
tribution," Smithsonian  Rept.  for  1920,  pages  247-268,  with  1  plate  and  1  color  chart. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  341 

preparation  of  authentic  lists  of  species  on  this  basis  will 
necessarily  be  a  slow  procedure,  the  outcome  of  careful  experi- 
mentation, but  fortunately  a  general  though  not  infallible 
guide  to  the  need  of  soil  acidity  for  a  particular  species  is 
already  in  existence  in  such  well-known  works  on  gardening  as 
Nicholson's  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Gardening  and  Bailey's 
Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture.  European  gardeners 
have  learned  from  long  and  cumulative  experience  that  certain 
plants  thrive  best  when  supplied  with  peat,  and  this  knowledge 
has  been  handed  down  to  us  in  garden  literature,  and  in  garden 
practice  when  conducted  intelligently,  but  never  apparently 
with  any  suggestion  that  the  essential  quality  of  the  peat  is 
its  acidity.  The  statement  in  any  reliable  work  on  gardening 
that  a  particular  species  requires  peat  may  be  taken  as  good 
evidence  that  this  is  an  acid-soil  plant.  In  very  many  cases, 
however,  especially  in  American  works,  this  evidence  is  lacking. 

DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  OF  ORNAIVIENTAL  BROAD-LEAVED 
EVERGREENS.— Dickson 

Winter-injury. 

In  cold  winters,  broad-leaved  evergreens  may  be  more  or 
less  severely  injured,  especially  when  growing  in  exposed 
situations.  The  injury  is  very  similar  to  the  winter-killing  of 
conifers  and  takes  the  form  of  a  burning  of  the  foliage  and 
killing-back  of  the  young  branches.  In  severe  cases  the  whole 
plant  may  be  killed.  The  plants  may  appear  normal  until 
early  in  the  spring  when,  under  the  influence  of  the  warm 
winds,  they  turn  brown  within  a  few  days.  The  Japanese  holly 
(Ilex  crenata)  and  rhododendrons,  especially  R.  maximum  and 
R.  catawbiense,  have  shown  themselves  much  less  susceptible 
to  this  type  of  injury.  The  exact  cause  of  the  injury  is  not 
definitely  known,  but  it  is  probable  that  it  is  partly  due  to 


342  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

excessive  transpiration  when  the  roots  are  unable  to  absorb 
water  freely,  and  partly  due  to  direct  killing  of  the  tissues  by 
low  temperature. 

Growth  in  the  late  fall  should  not  be  encouraged,  in  order 
that  the  tissues  may  have  time  to  mature  before  severe  frosts 
appear.  The  protection  of  the  roots  with  a  mulch  when  there 
is  little  snow  would  be  advisable. 

Fungous  diseases  of  rhododendron. 

Bud-rot  is  caused  by  the  fungus  Sporocybe  azalece,  Sacc. 
The  bud-scales  first  become  light  brown  in  color  and  finally  a 
dark  brown,  standing  out  in  contrast  with  the  healthy  buds. 
The  rot  may  also  extend  down  the  stem,  killing  it  back  for  some 
distance.  Later  the  fruit  bodies  of  the  fungus  appear  on  the 
outside  of  the  dead  buds  as  small,  dark-colored,  hair-like  pro- 
jections, the  tips  of  which  are  slightly  swollen  and  consist  of 
a  mass  of  spores.  For  control,  the  removal  of  all  diseased  buds 
is  recommended. 

In  leaf -blotch  irregular  dead  areas  appear  on  the  leaves  and 
sometimes  the  killing  extends  around  the  whole  margin  of  the 
leaves.  It  is  caused  by  the  fungus  Coryneum  rhododendri,  S., 
infection  taking  place  through  injuries  such  as  those  inflicted 
by  aphids.  A  similar  disease,  caused  by  Coryneum  heijerincHi, 
Oud.,  has  also  been  reported  upon  leaves  of  cherry -laurel. 
When  occurring  abundantly,  this  blotch  may  cause  defoliation. 
Several  sprayings  during  the  season  with  a  4-4-50  bordeaux 
mixture  will  probably  hold  the  disease  in  check. 

In  leaf-spot  the  fungus  Pestalozzia  guepini,  Desm.,  causes 
the  death  of  small  areas  of  the  leaves,  these  areas  becoming 
grayish  in  color.  This  fungus  probably  also  follows  the  attack 
of  aphids.  Although  no  control  measures  have  been  recom- 
mended, spraying  with  bordeaux  mixture  might  be  tried. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  343 

In  circular  leaf -spot,  small,  more  or  less  circular  areas  of 
the  leaves  are  killed  and  upon  these  the  fruit  bodies  of  the 
fungus  appear  in  concentric  rings  as  tiny  black  dots.  This 
disease,  caused  by  Cryptostictis  species  is  common  in  some 
regions  on  cultivated  rhododendrons.  Bordeaux  mixture  might 
also  be  tried  in  the  case  of  this  disease. 

Shoe-string  root-rot  is  caused  by  the  fungus  Ar miliaria 
mellea.  Fries,  which  has  already  been  described  in  connection 
with  a  similar  disease  of  coniferous  trees  (see  page  152).  The 
black  strands  of  fungous  material  grow  through  the  soil  and 
attack  the  roots,  causing  them  to  rot.  This  may  result  in  the 
death  of  the  shrubs.  Sooner  or  later  the  typical  fruiting  bodies 
(toadstools)  appear  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  roots.  The  disease  has  also  been  found 
upon  azaleas. 

As  soon  as  this  disease  becomes  evident  in  a  shrubbery, 
the  safest  measures  would  be  to  sacrifice  the  affected  plants. 
These  should  be  dug  up  and  burned  immediately,  taking  care 
to  remove  as  many  of  the  roots  as  possible.  A  liberal  amount  of 
quicklime  should  then  be  applied  to  the  soil  from  which  the 
shrub  was  removed.  No  other  shrub  or  tree  should  be  planted 
in  this  spot  for  about  three  years,  during  which  period  the 
soil  should  be  frequently  turned  over  and  exposed  to  the  sun. 

In  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease  to  other  plants 
in  the  shrubbery,  a  trench  about  two  feet  deep  may  be  dug 
around  the  diseased  area  just  beyond  the  limits  of  the  roots, 
all  soil  removed  being  thrown  inside  the  isolated  zone.  No 
roots  should  be  allowed  to  cross  this  trench. 

Diseases  of  kalmia. 

Leaf -blight  occurs  on  the  mountain  laurel  {Kalmia  latifolia), 
causing  a  blight  or  dry  rot  involving  either  large  areas  of  the 


344  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

leaf -blade  or  the  entire  leaf.  Small,  irregular,  dark  brown  spots 
first,  appear  usually  at  the  tip  or  round  the  margin  of  the  leaf 
and  these,  when  the  air  is  moist  and  warm,  gradually  increase 
in  size  until  the  whole  leaf  is  killed.  Later  the  disease  may 
spread  down  the  petioles  and  into  the  stems,  killing  the  whole 
plant.  Badly  infected  leaves,  petioles  and  stems  become  very 
dry  and  brittle  and  such  leaves  drop  off  rather  easily.  It  is 
probable  that  the  causal  fungus  {Phomopsis  kalmiae)  gains 
entrance  through  wounds. 

All  diseased  portions  of  the  plant  should  be  carefully  re- 
moved and  destroyed.  This  should  include  the  cleaning  up  of 
all  fallen  leaves.  The  young  growth  may  be  protected  by  the 
use  of  bordeaux  mixture. 

Diseases  of  azalea. 

The  leaves  of  azalea  and  certain  closely  related  plants  are 
commonly  attacked  by  species  of  Exobasidium  which  cause 
gall-like  swellings.  From  Europe  the  disease  has  been  reported 
on  the  cultivated  Azalea  indica  and  A.  pontica.  It  has  been 
recommended  that  all  diseased  parts  should  be  cut  out  and 
destroyed  and  the  young  growth  sprayed  with  bordeaux  mix- 
ture or  lime-sulfur. 

Septoria  leaf-spot  also  occurs  upon  Azalea  indica  and  is 
caused  by  the  fungus  Septoria  azaleas.  Small  brown  spots 
appear  on  the  leaves  and  upon  these  the  fruit-bodies  of  the 
fungus  can  be  seen  later  as  small  black  dots.  No  control  has 
been  suggested,  but  cleaning  up  the  old  leaves  and  the  use  of 
bordeaux  mixture  or  lime-sulfur  should  prove  satisfactory. 

Diseases  of  cherry-laurel. 

The  same  fungus  (Sphcerotheca  pannosa.  Lev.)  which  causes 
a  mildew  on  the  rose  and  peach  has  been  found  to  attack  the 
cherry -laurel    {Prunus   Laurocerasus) .     While   not   a   serious 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  345 

disease,  it  reduces  somewhat  the  ornamental  value  of  these 
shrubs  in  that  it  causes  white  patches  upon  the  leaves  and 
young  shoots.  The  older  leaves  are  not  usually  attacked 
and  on  those  which  are  affected  the  spots  generally  disappear 
with  age. 

If  troublesome,  dry  "flowers  of  sulfur"  should  be  well  dusted 
over  the  affected  parts.  This  should  be  done  on  a  still  day, 
preferably  during  sunshine.  The  treatment  should  be  repeated 
about  every  ten  days  until  the  fungus  disappears. 

THE  LEADING  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS  AND 
THEIR  ADAPTATION.— Dunbar 

Broad-leaved  evergreens  do  not  form  an  important  or  con- 
spicuous feature  in  landscape-gardening  throughout  the  north- 
eastern or  New  England  States.  For  broad  distinctive  effects 
coniferous  evergreens  must  be  depended  on.  Many  broad- 
leaved  evergreens  that  succeed  very  well  in  the  Carolinas  and 
adjacent  States  cannot  be  relied  on  in  New  England.  Cold, 
searing,  penetrating  winds  are  very  trying  to  most  broad- 
leaved  evergreens,  and  brown  and  scorch  the  foliage.  The 
limited  number  suggested  in  the  following  notes  mostly  require 
to  be  more  or  less  protected  by  the  lay  of  the  land  or  otherwise. 

Amongst  broad-leaved  evergreens,  rhododendrons  unques- 
tionably take  the  first  place  wherever  conditions  are  at  all 
propitious  for  their  cultivation.  General  experience  shows  that 
rhododendrons  will  not  thrive  in  soil  that  contains  lime.  If 
the  soil  indicates  a  specific  alkalinity  of  three,  and  the  subsoil 
is  porous  and  naturally  well  drained,  it  is  perfectly  safe  to 
remove  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  two  and  one-half  to  three  feet 
and  replace  with  humus  or  peat  enriched  with  cow-manure  on 
the  surface.  This  is  exactly  what  has  been  done  in  the  rhodo- 
dendron valley  in  Highland  Park,  and  it  has  been  under  ob- 


346  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

servatlon  for  twenty-three  years.  However,  if  the  soil  shows  a 
specific  alkaHnity  of  ten,  it  would  be  unwise  to  attempt  to  grow 
rhododendrons  even  by  replacing  the  soil  with  humus  or  peat. 
Under  such  conditions  the  abundant  circulation  of  under- 
ground water,  strongly  impregnated  with  lime,  would  render  it 
unfit  for  rhododendron  growth.  When  rhododendrons  are 
planted  in  humus,  they  must  be  carefully  watered,  as  humus  or 
peat  dries  out  more  rapidly  than  ordinary  soil.  Protection 
from  the  sweep  of  cold  winds  by  the  lay  of  the  land  or  otherwise 
is  absolutely  necessary.  A  partial  protection  from  direct  winter 
sunshine  is  advocated  by  many  growers,  but  this  is  not  neces- 
sary if  they  are  in  vigorous  condition  and  have  sufficient 
moisture  at  the  roots  and  are  heavily  mulched  with  leaves  in 
the  autumn.  In  Durand-Eastman  Park,  Rochester,  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  where  the  soil  is  a  light  sandy  loam  and 
practically  free  from  lime,  the  native  American  rhododendrons 
have  been  planted  in  moist  naturally  well-drained  ravines 
without  any  preparation  of  the  soil,  other  than  digging  and 
trenching,  and  they  are  growing  and  rooting  freely  and  give 
every  promise  of  success.  A  little  mulching  of  rotted  manure  or 
leaves  over  the  roots  is  about  all  the  attention  they  secure. 

The  standard  hardy  Rhododendron  catawbiense  hybrids  are 
the  only  ones  adapted  to  the  northeastern  States,  and  many 
of  them  have  rich  pleasing  colors.  Amongst  the  species,  R. 
arbutifolium,  brachycarpum,  campanulatum,  caucasicum  and 
var.  pictum,  carolinianum,  dahuriciim,  ferrugineum,  hirsutum, 
maximum,  Metternichii,  minus,  mucronulatum,  myrtifolium, 
and  Smirnowii  are  all  hardy  under  protective  conditions 
described  above.  R.  arbutifolium,  myrtifolium,  ferrugineum, 
and  hirsutum  brown  considerably  with  the  late  winter's  sun, 
and  it  is  best  to  lay  some  evergreen  branches  over  them.  It  is 
important  to  remove  the  faded  flower-clusters. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  347 

The  lace-fly  has  become  a  serious  pest  to  rhododendrons 
in  many  parts  of  the  country  in  recent  years.  The  nymphs 
begin  to  feed  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  about  the  time 
they  are  through  blooming,  and  the  foliage  soon  presents  a 
sickly  appearance  as  if  attacked  by  the  mite  known  as  red- 
spider.  Fortunately,  it  is  easily  kept  under  control  by  two  or 
three  sprayings  of  ivory  soap  (any  other  standard  soap,  perhaps, 
is  just  as  good  for  the  purpose),  using  it  in  the  pro])ortion  of  five 
pounds  of  soap  dissolved  in  one  hundred  gallons  of  water. 
Tobacco  dust  does  not  seem  to  destroy  it. 

The  different  species  of  Kalmia,  K.  latijolia,  K.  aiigiistifolia 
and  K.  polifolia,  need  the  same  treatment  as  for  rhododendrons. 
Kalmia  latijolia  is  a  most  excellent  decorative  shrub  and,  when 
planted  in  masses,  the  effect  in  full  bloom  in  the  month  of 
June  is  particularly  pleasing.  Judging  from  conditions  in  the 
wild,  K.  polifolia  is  not  particular  about  the  presence  or  absence 
of  lime. 

Pieris  floribunda  is  a  beautiful,  hardy,  ornamental  shrub.  It 
never  browns  in  severe  winters.  The  panicles  of  white  flowers 
about  May  1  are  quite  showy.  It  is  particularly  pleasing  when 
grouped  in  front  of  rhododendrons.  Pieris  floribunda  is  not  so 
much  averse  to  the  presence  of  lime  as  are  rhododendrons. 
Pieris  japonica  is  quite  tender  and  in  a  severe  winter  is  much 
injured.  It  is  a  beautiful  dainty  evergreen  when  it  stands  the 
winters. 

Leucothoe  Catesboei  is  a  very  characteristic  broad-leaved 
evergreen.  The  deep  green  leaves,  four  to  seven  inches  long, 
are  very  handsome.  It  requires  a  moist  soil  in  partly  shaded 
conditions  to  be  at  its  best.  The  white  flower  racemes  are  very 
attractive  about  the  middle  of  May.  This  is  an  excellent  shrub 
to  use  as  ground-cover  in  moist  situations  under  light  shade, 
where  lime  is  not  present  in  the  soil. 


348  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

The  leather-leaf,  ChamcBdaphne  calyculata,  is  a  common, 
aquatic,  native  shrub.  It  often  grows  spontaneously  with  its 
roots  and  stems  immersed  in  water.  It  does  remarkably  well, 
however,  in  ordinary  soil  of  a  peaty  or  leaf-soil  composition. 
If  given  good  attention  it  will  assume  a  much  better  and  denser 
appearance  than  in  native  conditions.  The  white  blossoms  are 
not  conspicuous. 

Andromeda  glaucophylla  is  a  neat,  dwarf,  low  shrub,  often 
growing  in  sphagnum  swamps.  When  thickly  massed  together 
in  front  of  rhododendrons,  it  makes  a  very  effective  low  mat. 
The  narrow  pale  green  leaves,  with  the  small  clusters  of  pinkish 
flowers  in  June,  are  very  attractive.  This  shrub  will  grow  in 
sandy  soil  containing  lime. 

The  bear-berry,  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  is  a  dense  evergreen 
creeping  shrub  with  small  deep  green  leaves,  native  throughout 
the  northern  hemisphere.  It  often  covers  the  ground  in  large 
areas,  and  forms  a  dense  evergreen  carpet.  Near  Leroy,  New 
York,  the  bear-berry  grows  in  dense  carpets  on  Onondago 
limestone  rocks,  with  only  two  or  three  inches  of  soil,  the  roots 
clinging  to  the  disintegrated  limestone.  Chemical  tests  indi- 
cated that  the  roots  were  growing  in  chert,  in  pockets  over  the 
limestone  rocks,  and  that  there  was  sufficient  acidity  in  this 
for  the  roots  not  to  be  influenced  by  the  near-by  lime.  It  seems 
extraordinary  that  a  supposed  lime-hating  plant  should  select 
such  an  environment  and  be  in  excellent  health. 

The  Scotch  heather,  Calluna  vulgaris,  may  be  grown  in  the 
North  in  a  number  of  varieties.  The  var.  alba  is  very  attractive 
in  bloom  in  July  and  August.  Erica  carnea  and  E.  vagans  are 
the  best  two  enduring  heaths.  The  heather  and  the  heaths 
require  soils  of  a  peaty  nature. 

The  American  holly,  Ilex  opaca,  is  a  most  important  ever- 
green shrub  or  small  tree  for  the  northeastern  States.   It  stands 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  349 

through  the  severest  winters,  and  while  it  occasionally  browns 
and  loses  some  leaves,  it  always  recovers.  It  requires  good,  rich, 
moist,  sandy  loam  and  should  be  planted  in  a  situation  pro- 
tected from  the  sweep  of  the  prevailing  cold  winds.  The  ink- 
berry.  Ilex  glabra,  native  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  is  an 
excellent  evergreen  shrub.  The  deep  leaves  never  appear  to 
brown  in  the  severest  winters.  It  requires  a  very  moist  well- 
drained  soil  to  be  at  its  best.  The  Japanese  holly,  Ilex  crenata, 
in  several  forms,  is  a  very  neat  evergreen  shrub,  with  small 
leaves.  In  a  severe  winter  it  suffers  considerably  in  western 
New  York.  It  should  be  planted  in  a  well-protected  situation, 
and  it  is  wise  to  place  a  few  evergreen  branches  over  it. 

Mahonia  Aquifolium  has  beautiful  lustrous  holly-like  foliage 
and  is  quite  hardy.  The  foliage  browns  in  winter  considerably, 
and  it  should  be  planted  so  that  it  will  be  protected  from  the 
winter's  sun.  Seedlings  of  M.  Aquifolium  vary  considerably 
in  habit  and  hardihood,  some  forms  withstanding  the  burning 
injury  of  the  winter's  sun  remarkably  well.  Mahonia  repens  is 
a  low-growing  species  and  spreads  freely  by  stolons.  It  hardly 
ever  browns,  and  is  quite  hardy.  Mahonia  pinnata  is  fairly 
hardy,  but  needs  protection,  as  it  is  subject  to  considerable 
injury  in  a  severe  winter.  Mahonia  japonica  must  be  planted 
in  a  well-protected  situation,  as  it  is  likely  to  suffer  even  in  an 
ordinary  winter. 

Amongst  the  evergreen  barberries,  some  of  the  recent 
introductions  from  China  are  very  promising.  Berberis  ver- 
ruculosa  is  a  beautiful  compact  form  with  lustrous  deep  green 
leaves  and  conspicuous  long  spines.  It  suffered  considerably 
during  the  winter  of  1917  and  1918.  In  an  ordinary  winter  it 
is  very  satisfactory.  Berberis  Sargentiana  has  thick,  deep  green, 
rather  spiny  leaves  and  has  about  the  same  hardihood  as  B. 
verruculosa.   Another  new  Chinese  species  that  is  proving  very 


350  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

satisfactory  is  Berheris  Gagnepainii.  It  lias  narrow,  tapering, 
wedge-shaped  leaves  and  is  very  distinct  in  its  habit  of  growth. 
Berheris  stenophylla  is  a  beautiful  old  garden  hybrid  with  small 
deep  green  leaves  and  handsome  yellow  flowers,  but  needs  close 
protection  in  winter.  Berheris  huxifolia,  from  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  has  been  long  in  cultivation  and  has  small,  elliptic, 
deep  green  leaves.  It  needs  about  the  same  protection  as 
B.  stenophylla. 

Cotoneaster  horizontalis,  native  of  China,  has  horizontal 
branches  with  roundish  deep  green  leaves.  The  bright  red 
fruits  are  very  attractive  in  September.  This  is  a  most  excellent 
shrub  in  rock-gardening.  Var.  perpusilla  has  smaller  leaves 
than  the  type.  It  is  a  very  pretty  ornamental  form  and,  like 
the  former,  is  well  adapted  to  rock-gardening.  Cotoneaster 
Dammeri,  from  China,  has  a  prostrate  habit  with  the  leaves 
arranged  as  if  in  two  ranks.  It  is  well  adapted  for  clinging  to 
low  slopes  or  creeping  over  edges  of  rocks.  Cotoneaster  adpressa 
is  a  dainty  low  species  which  forms  a  low  dense  mat  and  is 
admirably  suited  to  rock-gardening.  Cotoneaster  microphylla 
has  long  been  known  in  cultivation.  It  has  a  prostrate  habit 
and  the  small,  roundish,  deep  green  leaves  are  very  attractive. 
The  bright  red  fruits  in  the  autumn  are  showy.  Cotoneaster 
rotundifolia^  with  prostrate  branches  and  dark  green  oval 
leaves,  is  very  ornamental.  Cotoneaster  salicifolia  retains  its 
leaves  for  the  greater  part  of  the  winter.  The  habit  is  decum- 
bent. The  leaves  are  lance-shaped  or  ovate  and  densely  woolly 
beneath.  Var.  rugosa  has  a  more  vigorous  habit  and  the 
leaves  are  larger.  The  leaves  are  retained  in  good  condition 
until  March.  It  is  a  wise  precaution  to  lay  evergreen  branches 
over  these  cotoneasters  in  winter,  for  when  fully  exposed  to 
the  winter's  sun  they  are  likely  to  be  more  or  less  browned. 

The  box-tree  is  a  most  important  evergreen  when  it  stands 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  351 

the  winter.  It  needs  protection  from  the  sweep  of  cold  winds. 
In  Highland  Park  several  varieties  have  been  grown  for  many 
years  on  a  south  slope  in  well-drained  light  soil.  The  different 
varieties  of  Buxus  sevipervirens  are  not  well  understood.  The 
var.  Handworthii  has  an  upright  bushy  habit  with  deep  green 
large  leaves  and  is  an  unusually  good  form.  Var.  angusti- 
folia  has  narrow  leaves  with  an  upright  loose  habit,  and  is 
very  distinct.  Var.  navicularis  was  introduced  from  Europe 
thirty  years  ago;  it  has  a  very  upright  habit  with  narrowly 
elliptic  leaves,  yellowish-green  underneath.  The  common  type 
form  is  a  loose  habited  bush  with  roundish-oval  leaves,  convex 
on  the  upper  surface.  The  different  forms  of  the  common  box 
suffered  considerably  in  the  winter  of  1917  and  1918,  but  in 
ordinary  seasons  they  stand  the  cold  very  well.  The  Japanese 
box,  B.  microphyUa  var.  japonica,  is  very  hardy.  It  forms  a 
spreading  bush  with  light  green  lustrous  leaves,  and  is  a  very 
desirable  evergreen. 

Henry's  honeysuckle,  Lonicera  Henryi,  is  a  climbing  vine 
introduced  recently  from  China.  The  lance-shaped  deep  green 
leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  present  a  very  pleasing  effect 
when  spreading  over  the  ground.  When  fully  exposed  to  the 
winter's  sun,  the  foliage  is  only  partially  evergreen.  V^lien 
covered  with  snow  all  winter,  the  leaves  appear  green  and  fresh 
in  March.  This  is  an  excellent  plant  for  slopes  and  banks. 
Lonicera  pileata,  from  western  China,  is  a  low  prostrate  shrub 
with  small  oval  leaves.  It  is  quite  hardy  and  well  adapted 
to  rock-gardening.  It  retains  the  leaves  remarkably  well 
throughout  the  winter. 

Viburnum  rhytidophyllum,  native  of  western  China,  is  a 
very  bold  handsome  shrub.  The  large  oblong  deep  green  leaves, 
markedly  covered  with  a  grayish-green  tomentum  underneath, 
are  very  distinctive.    In  an  ordinary  or  average  winter,  the 


352  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

foliage  is  retained  remarkably  well.  It  is  a  wise  precaution  to 
plant  it  in  a  well-protected  situation  and  partially  protected 
from  the  winter's  sun. 

Amongst  the  euonymuses  there  are  a  number  of  evergreen 
forms,  but  E.  radicans  in  several  varieties  is  the  only  species 
that  is  dependably  evergreen  in  the  Northeast.  The  type  form 
is  most  useful  in  front  of  low  walls  and  will  attain  a  considerable 
height  in  time.  Var.  vegeta,  with  much  larger  oval  leaves,  is 
perhaps  one  of  the  best  evergreen  vines.  It  has  been  called 
the  evergreen  bitter-sweet.  It  is  very  desirable  in  connection 
with  any  building  where  a  low  evergreen  vine  is  desired  with 
good  effect  at  the  base  of  masonry.  The  abundant  fruits 
remain  on  the  branches  a  long  time  and  produce  a  beautiful 
effect  in  contrast  with  the  leaves. 

Daphne  Cneorum,  native  of  the  mountains  of  central  Europe, 
is  a  most  beautiful,  low,  evergreen,  hardy  shrub  and  always  a 
favorite.  The  pink  blossoms  nestling  amongst  the  green  leaves 
in  the  month  of  May  are  very  attractive.  In  some  localities 
it  grows  luxuriantly  and  in  others  it  does  not  show  the  same 
vigor,  even  when  conditions  appear  the  same.  For  rock- 
gardening  and  in  front  of  other  choice  evergreens,  it  is  well 
adapted.  Daphne  Blagayana,  native  of  southeast  Europe,  is  a 
very  rare,  dainty,  evergreen  plant,  and  is  quite  hardy.  The 
yellowish-white  flowers  are  delicately  fragrant. 

The  rock-rose,  Helianthemum  Chamcecistus,  native  of  Europe 
and  western  Asia,  is  a  trailing  subshrub  with  small  ovate  green 
leaves.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  and  is  excellent  for  rock-gardening. 
The  type  has  yellow  fleeting  flowers,  but  there  are  numerous 
varieties  with  blossoms  in  various  colors. 

The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica  cerifera,  native  from  Maryland  to 
Florida,  does  fairly  well  planted  on  a  south  slope  in  warm 
well-drained  soil  in  an  ordinary  winter.    The  tapering  leaves. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  353 

two  to  three  inches  long,  retain  their  green  verdure  remarkably 
well  until  March.  It  suffered  considerable  injury  in  the  winter 
of  1917  and  1918,  but  fully  recovered. 

Pachistima  Ccmhyi,  native  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  is  a 
remarkably  dainty  low  evergreen  shrub,  and  where  it  thrives, 
forms  a  dense  evergreen  carpet.  It  is  an  excellent  plant  in 
rock-gardening.  P.  Myrsinites,  native  from  British  Columbia 
to  New  Mexico,  has  very  dark  green  leaves  and  attains  a  height 
of  one  foot  or  more.  It  appears  to  be  fairly  hardy,  but  is 
capricious  about  exact  soil  conditions, 

Ahehia  quinata,  a  very  hardy  handsome  vine  from  Japan, 
cannot  be  considered  a  dependable  evergreen.  When  trailing  on 
the  ground  and  covered  with  snow,  when  the  snow  disappears, 
in  the  month  of  March,  the  leaves  will  be  perfectly  green. 
When  on  a  trellis  fully  exposed  to  sun  and  wind,  the  leaves 
will  be  browned  and  mostly  dropped  by  February  or  March. 

Yucca  flaccida  and  Y.  filamentosa,  with  long  strap-shaped 
leaves,  retain  a  pleasing  green  color  throughout  the  entire  year. 
Yuccas  are  not  particular  about  soil  conditions.  They  grow 
vigorously  in  light  well-drained  soil.  A  large  group  of  these 
yuccas  planted  thirty  years  ago  are  now  in  excellent  condition. 
Yucca  glauca,  with  narrow  light  gray-green  leaves,  is  quite 
hardy  and  stands  the  winter  well. 

Pachysandra  terminalis  is  an  excellent  subshrubby  plant  for 
ground-cover.  It  forms  a  dense  mat  in  time  and  the  deep  green 
glossy  foliage  is  very  pleasing.  It  seems  to  do  equally  well  in 
sun  or  shade. 

The  common  periwinkle,  Vinca  minor,  is  frequently  used 
as  a  ground-cover  in  deep  shade.  It  has  an  agreeable  green 
color  and  in  time  will  densely  cover  the  ground  to  the  exclusion 
of  all  other  plants.  It  will  form  a  green  carpet  in  the  dense 
shade  of  coniferous  evergreens. 


354  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS  FOR  THE 
MIDDLE  WEST.— Bollinger 

This  distinct  group  of  ornamental  species  is  indispensable, 
not  only  for  their  foliage  and  flower  effect  in  the  summer,  but 
also  for  their  evergreen  character.  None  is  strictly  hardy  in 
the  North  and  Northwest,  yet  with  a  little  care  and  patience 
a  few  can  be  grown  in  well-protected  sections. 

Mahonia  Aquifolium  is  a  native  evergreen  shrub  about  two 
to  three  feet  high,  with  shining  prickly  leaves  of  a  deep  bronze- 
green  color.  The  bright  yellow  flowers  in  May  are  succeeded 
by  small  blue  berries.  It  is  propagated  from  seeds  or  hardwood 
cuttings.  Mahonia  Bealii  is  a  small-sized  shrub  growing  to  the 
height  of  about  two  to  three  feet.  It  succeeds  well  in  shady 
locations.  This  species  requires  protection  in  winter  and  should 
be  planted  in  sandy  loam  with  perfect  drainage. 

Berheris  ilicifolia  is  an  erect  shrub  about  four  feet  high  with 
prickly  leaves,  yellow  blossoms  in  spring,  followed  by  blue 
berries  in  fall. 

Cotoneaster  huxifolia  is  a  low-growing  evergreen  shrub  with 
oval  box-like  foliage.  The  white  flowers  appear  in  May  and 
are  followed  by  showy  crimson  fruits,  which  hang  on  all  winter, 
giving  it  an  attractive  appearance.  For  winter  effect  it  is  one  of 
the  best.  Cotoneaster  microphylla  is  a  low  prostrate  shrub 
densely  branched.  The  leaves  are  small,  shining  above,  and 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  are  inconspicuous,  followed  by  red 
berries.  Both  varieties  are  perfectly  hardy  in  the  Northwest 
and  are  propagated  from  seeds.    They  like  a  moist  clay  loam. 

Leucothoe  Catesbcei  is  much  planted  in  shady  situations. 
The  shining  dark  green  leaves  color  in  brilliant  shades  of  bronze 
in  the  autumn.  In  the  spring  it  bears  small,  white,  wax-like 
flowers,  delicate  and  fragrant.  It  grows  three  to  four  feet  high. 
It  thrives  in  clay  loam  and  is  propagated  by  root-cuttings. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  355 

Ilex  opaca,  American  holly,  has  light  green  foliage  and  white 
flowers,  followed  by  dull  red  berries  late  in  fall.  It  is  much  used 
for  decoration  at  Christmas.  It  does  well  in  the  shade  and 
prefers  moist  soil. 

Euonymus  radicans  is  a  low  procumbent  shrub  with  often 
trailing  and  rooting  or  climbing  branches,  sometimes  to  a 
height  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet.  The  foliage  is  dull  green  above 
with  whitish  veins.  The  fruit  is  light  red.  It  is  desirable  for 
covering  rocky  banks  or  rough  walls.  There  is  a  form  with 
foliage  variegated  creamy  white  and  light  rose.  In  autumn  it 
turns  to  a  shade  of  purplish-pink.  Both  varieties  like  a  moist 
soil  and  are  propagated  from  seeds  and  green  wood  cuttings. 
Var.  Carrierei  is  a  large,  handsome,  glossy-leaved  climber, 
useful  for  covering  stone  walls,  buildings,  and  for  ground- 
cover,  but  must  be  protected  from  the  winter  sun.  It  is  not  quite 
hardy  in  the  Northwest  and  must  be  planted  in  moist  but 
perfectly  drained  soil.  It  will  do  best  on  an  eastern  and  south- 
ern exposure.  Var.  vegeta  is  a  broad-leaved  creeper  valuable 
for  ground-cover,  being  a  strong  grower  with  handsome  green 
foliage  followed  by  abundant  fruit.  It  requires  protection  from 
the  winter  sun  and  will  do  well  in  partial  shade.  Var.  acuta  is 
distinguished  by  its  sharp-pointed  leaves.  It  grows  rapidly  and 
is  hardy;  valuable  for  ground-covering,  walls,  and  buildings. 

Pachysandra  terminalis,  or  Japanese  spurge,  is  one  of  the 
best  ground-covers  and  the  one  principally  used  in  the  North- 
west on  account  of  its  hardiness  and  ease  of  propagation. 
It  is  useful  for  bordering  walks  and  drives  under  evergreen  and 
shrub  plantings  and  does  well  in  some  shade  or  even  in  dense 
shade  where  grass  will  not  grow.  The  leaves  are  green  all  winter. 
It  grows  from  six  to  nine  inches  high  and  spreads  along  the 
ground  and  does  not  require  protection.  It  is  propagated  from 
cuttings  and  grows  best  in  a  clay  loam. 


356  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Buxus  sempervirens,  the  old-fashioned  type,  is  the  only- 
box  worth  growing  in  the  Middle  West.  The  cold  weather 
is  not  injurious,  but  the  thawing  and  freezing  of  soil  and 
the  winter  sun  on  the  foliage  are  often  damaging.  It  requires 
a  moist,  rich,  sandy  loam  and  perfect  drainage.  It  is  valuable 
for  edging  formal  flower-gardens,  but  only  where  it  can  be 
protected  easily  in  winter  with  evergreen  branches  or  light 
boards.  The  Japanese  varieties  are  not  hardy  in  the  Middle 
West  or  Northwest. 

Native  rhododendrons  usually  do  fairly  well  for  two  or 
three  years,  when  they  will  succumb.  This  is  probably  due  to 
improper  soil  conditions. 


Pl..\te  XLVII.    Broad-leaved  evergreens. — Pieris  and  rhododendron 


CHAPTER  VII 

THE  MAIN  BOTANICAL  KINDS  OF  BROAD-LEAVED 
EVERGREENS.— Rehder 

As  STATED  in  the  introductory  remarks  to  the  fifth 
/"\  chapter,  in  the  northern  latitudes  one  must  rely  for 
evergreen  plantations  chiefly  on  conifers  which  are  the 
only  woody  plants  able  to  grow  there  to  real  tree-size.  The 
number  of  broad-leaved  evergreens  which  attain  to  the  size 
of  trees  in  these  regions  is  very  limited  and,  moreover,  they  are 
slow  in  growing  even  to  a  small  size.  Broad-leaved  evergreens 
are  essentially  inhabitants  of  warmer  climates;  in  the  tropical 
and  subtropical  zones  they  are  usually  the  chief  components  of 
the  forests,  at  least  in  those  parts  in  which  suflBcient  humidity 
makes  possible  the  existence  of  real  forests.  Toward  the 
north,  the  broad-leaved  evergreens  gradually  diminish  in 
number  as  well  as  in  size,  and  in  the  northeastern  States  the 
only  tree-like  broad-leaved  evergreen  is  the  holly.  Ilex  opaca, 
which  reaches  its  northern  limit  in  Massachusetts,  and  perhaps 
Rhododendron  maximum  and  Kalmia  latifolia  may  be  added, 
although  usually  they  attain  only  the  size  of  a  large  shrub; 
the  range  of  these  extends  somewhat  farther  north,  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  southern  Ontario.  Even  if  cultivated  trees  of 
foreign  origin  are  considered,  none  can  be  found  that  is  hardier 
or  as  hardy  as  Ilex  opaca,  and  the  only  ones  worth  mentioning 
as  growing  into  small  trees  under  favorable  conditions  are, 
perhaps,  Buxus  sempervirens.  Ilex  pedunculosa,  and  /.  crenata; 
however,  these  are  apparently  not  reliable  north  of  southern 
New  York.  The  number  of  larger  shrubs,  those  growing 
to  the  height  of  about  five  feet  or  more,  is  not  large  for  the 

(357) 


358  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

region  under  consideration  and  only  a  number  of  Rhodo- 
dendrons, a  few  species  of  Pieris,  Leucothoe,  Berberis,  Ma- 
honia,  Buxus  microphylla  var.  japonicay  and  Osmanihus 
Aquifolium  can  be  mentioned. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast,  with  its  more  humid  climate,  cooler 
summers  and  milder  winters,  the  belt  of  the  evergreen  trees 
extends  much  farther  north,  up  to  the  fifty-first  degree  of 
northern  latitude;  besides  the  native  Arbutus  Menziesii, 
several  foreign  trees  and  large  shrubs  can  be  grown  as  far  north 
and  possibly  even  farther. 

KEY  TO  THE  LARGER  BROAD-LEAVED  EVERGREENS 

A.  Arrangement  of  leaves  opposite. 

B.  Branchlets  slender,  4-angled:  leaves  entire,  obtuse, 
c.  Leaves  broadest  below  or  about  the  middle:  branch- 
lets  usually  pubescent Buxus  sempervirens,  362 

cc.  Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle:  branchlets  usually 

glabrous Buxus  microphylla,  363 

BB.  Branchlets     stout,     subterete:     leaves     spiny-toothed, 

rarely  entire,  pointed Osmanthus  Aquifolium, 

AA.  Arrangement  of  leaves  alternate.  [371 

B.  Leaves  pinnate:  flowers  yellow,  in  fascicled  racemes  at 
end  of  the  branches. 

c.  Leaflets  5-9,  lustrous  above Mahonia  Aquifolium, 361 

cc.  Leaflets  9-15,  dull  above Mahonia  Bealii,  362 

BB.  Leaves  simple. 

c.  Branches  with  usually  3-parted  spines:  leaves  spiny- 
serrate:  flowers  yellow,  in  axillary  clusters:  fruits 
bluish-black. 
D.  Leaf  rather  thin,  indistinctly  veined  beneath,  revo- 

lute  at  the  margin,  usually  about  M  inch  broad  .  .  Berberis  Gagnepainii, 360 
DD.  Leaf  thick  and  firm,  usually  broader  than  3^  inch. 
E.  Young      branchlets      yellowish      and      slightly 
angled:    leaves    slightly    reticulate    beneath, 

to  2}/2  inches  long Berberis  Juliana,  361 

KE.  Young    branchlets    reddish    and    terete:    leaves 

distinctly  reticulate  beneath,  to  4  inches  long. .  Berberis  Sargentiana,  361 
cc.  Branches  not  spiny. 

D.  Margin  of  leaves  serrate,  crenate  or  spiny- toothed. 
E.  All  leaves  spiny-toothed,  rarely  entire:  fruit  a 
red  berry:  usually  a  tree. 
F.  Flowers  and  fruits  on  the  young  wood:  leaves 

dull  above Ilex  opaca,  364 

FF.  Flowers  and  fruits  on  last  year's  branchlets: 

leaves  lustrous  above Ilex  Aquifolium,  363 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  359 

EE.  All  leaves  crenate  to  serrulate. 

F.  Branchlets  and  petioles  with  strigose  brown 
hairs:  leaves  serrulate,  acute:  flower-buds 
during  the  winter  in  naked  terminal  pani- 
cles: fruit  a  capsule Pieris  floribunda,  370 

FF.  Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  or  puberu- 

lous. 

G.  Leaf  acute  or  acutish,  lJ^-2  inches  long: 

fruit  a  black  berry:  flowers  solitary  or  in 

small  cymes. 

H.  Leaves  with  few  shallow  teeth  near  apex, 

the    midrib    elevated    above;    petiole 

about  l-^l  inch  long Ilex  glabra,  365 

HH.  Leaves     crenate-serrulate,     the     midrib 
slightly  impressed  above;  petiole  about 

J/g  inch  long Ilex  crenata,  364 

GG.  Leaf    acuminate,    serrulate,    1H~7    inches 

long:  fruit  a  capsule:  flowers  in  racemes. 

H.  Flower-buds  during  the  winter  in  naked 

terminal     panicles:     leaves     narrow- 

cuneate  at  base,  1/^-2}^  inches  long: 

upright  shrub Pieris  japonica,  370 

HH.  Flower-buds  during  the  winter  in  naked 

axillary    racemes:    leaves    rounded   or 

broadly  cuneate  at  base:  shrubs  with 

spreading  arching  branches. 

I.  Leaves    short-acuminate,    2-4    inches 

long Leucoihoe  axillaris,  369 

II.  Leaves    long-acuminate,    4-7    inches 

long Leucothoe  Catesboei,  369 

DD.  Margin  of  leaves  entire. 

E.  Terminal   winter-buds   small   or   wanting,   con- 
sisting of    few    sub-equal  scales:    leaves  gla- 
brous even  when  young. 
F.  All  leaves  rounded  or  sometimes  broadly  cune- 
ate at  base:  flowers  axillary,  small:  fruit  a 

red  berry Ilex  peduncidosa,  364 

FF.  All  leaves  cuneate  at  base,  crowded  toward 
the  end  of  the  branchlets:  flowers  in  termi- 
nal panicles,  naked  during  the  winter:  fruit 

a  capsule Kalmia  laiifolia,  368 

EE.  Terminal  winter-buds  large,  acute,  with  many 
imbricate    scales:    flowers    large,  in  terminal 
clusters,  inclosed  in  the  bud  during  the  winter: 
leaves  rarely  glabrous. 
F.  Under  surface  of  leaves  scaly-punctate. 

G.  Leaf  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at 
the  ends,  rarely  acuminate:  corolla-tube 

longer  than  lobes Rhododendron  minus,  36Q 

GO.  Leaf    elliptic    to    narrow-elliptic,    broadly 

cuneate    at    base,    abruptly    acuminate:  [num,  366 

corolla-tube  shorter  than  lobes Rhododendron  carolinia- 


360  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

FF.  Under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  tomentose. 
G.  Leaf  tomentose  beneath. 
H.  Base  of  leaves  cuneate. 

I.  Petioles  and  branchlets  covered  with 
white  or  brownish  woolly  tomentum: 

leaves  woolly-tomentose  beneath .  .  .  Rhododendron  Smirnovii, 
n.  Petioles    and    branchlets    glabrescent:  [366 
leaves    beneath    with    close    tomen- 
tum  Rhododetidron  Metter- 

HH.  Base  of  leaves  rounded  or  slightly  am-i-  [nichii,  366 

culate;    leaves    with    close    tomentum 

beneath Rhododendron  brachycnr- 

GG.  Leaf  glabrous  beneath  or  with  very  close  [pjim,  367 

and  thin  tomentum. 
H.  Leaves  usually  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the 

ends,  3-5  inches  long,  glabrous Rhododendron  cafaivbi- 

HH.  Leaves  acute  at  the  ends,  4-10  inches  [ense,  367 

long,   thinly  scurfy-tomentose,  rarely 

glabrous Rhododendron  maximnm, 

[368 

BERBERIDACE^.     BARBERRY  FAMILY 

BERBERIS,  L.    BARBERRY 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs,  rarely  small  trees,  with  spiny  branches; 
inner  bark  and  wood  yellow:  leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire  or  toothed; 
those  of  the  shoots  usually  changed  to  mostly  3-parted  spines,  the  normal 
leaves  in  clusters  on  short  axillary  spurs :  flowers  perfect,  yellow,  in  elongated, 
umbel-like  or  compound  racemes,  or  solitary  or  fascicled;  sepals  petaloid, 
with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base;  petals  6,  often  smaller  than  the  sepals  and 
usually  with  2  nectariferous  glands  inside  at  base;  stamens  6,  irritable;  anthers 
opening  with  2  valves;  ovary  with  1  to  many  ovules;  stigma  sessile  or  on  a 
short  style:  fruit  a  1-  to  several-seeded,  red,  bluish,  or  black  berry.  (Name 
of  Arabian  origin.) — About  175  species  chiefly  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  in  South  America,  few  in  North  America, 
Europe,  and  in  the  Mediterranean  region. 

The  three  following  closely  related  species  are  the  hardiest  of  the  taller 
evergreen  barberries  in  cultivation;  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  they  are 
tender  and  survive  only  the  milder  winters  with  little  or  no  injury;  usually 
they  are  more  or  less  killed  back,  even  if  protected.  Berberis  Sargentiana 
is  the  handsomest  in  foliage  but  tenderer  than  the  other  two. 

B.  Gagnepainii,  Schneid.  Evergreen  shrub  to  6  feet  tall;  branchlets 
terete,  slightly  verruculose,  yellowish-gray;  spines  slender,  3-parted,  ^-^ 
inch  long:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  13^-4  inches  long,  sinuately  spiny- 
serrate,  with  revolute  margin,  light  green  beneath  and  indistinctly  veined, 
thinly  coriaceous:  flowers  in  fascicles  of  3-10,  about 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  361 

yellow,  pedicels  ^-1  inch  long:  fruit  ovoid,  ^— f  inch  long,  bluish-black, 
bloomy,  with  nearly  sessile  stigma.  Flowers  in  June;  fruit  in  autumn.  West- 
ern China. — Introduced  in  1904  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  England  and  in  1908 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

B.  Julianae,  Schneid.  Evergreen  shrub  to  6  feet  tall;  branclilets  slightly 
angled,  yellowish  when  young,  light  yellowish-gray  or  yellowish-brown  the 
second  year;  spines  rigid,  3-parted,  M-lM  inches  long:  leaves  narrow-elliptic 
to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  1^-23^^  inches  long,  spiny-serrate,  dark  green 
above,  light  green  beneath  and  indistinctly  veined,  coriaceous:  flowers 
fascicled;  pedicels  )^2~1  inch  long:  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  about  3^3  inch  long, 
bluish-black,  bloomy,  with  a  short  but  distinct  style.  Central  China. — 
Introduced  in  1900  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  England  and  in  1907  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum. 

B.  Sargentiana,  Schneid.  Evergreen  shrub  to  6  feet  tall;  branchlets  terete, 
reddish  while  young,  yellowish-gray  or  grayish-brown  the  second  year;  spines 
rigid,  3-parted,  K~lM  inches  long:  leaves  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  13^-4  inches  long,  rather  closely  spiny-serrate,  dark  green  above, 
light  green  beneath  and  slightly  reticulate,  coriaceous :  flowers  about  Y2  inch 
across,  fascicled;  pedicels  3^-1  inch  long:  fruit  ovoid,  3^-3^^  inch  long,  bluish- 
black,  slightly  bloomy;  stigma  sessile.  Central  China. — Introduced  in  1907 
by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  This  is  the  handsomest  of  the 
three  species  here  described. 

MAHONIA,  Nutt.  MAHONIA 

Evergreen  unarmed  shrubs,  rarely  small  trees;  terminal  bud  pointed,  with 
numerous  persistent  scales:  leaves  alternate,  odd-pinnate,  rarely  3-foliolate; 
leaflets  usually  spiny-dentate,  the  lateral  ones  sessile:  flowers  yellow,  in 
usually  many-flowered  racemes  or  panicles  springing  from  the  axils  of  bud- 
scales;  sepals  9;  petals  6;  ovary  usually  with  few  ovules;  stigma  sessile  or  on  a 
short  style:  fruit  dark  blue  and  bloomy,  rarely  red  or  whitish;  seeds  few  to 
many.  (Named  in  honor  of  Bernard  M'Mahon,  a  prominent  American 
horticulturist;  1775-181G.) — About  50  species  in  North  and  Central  America 
and  in  eastern  and  southern  Asia. 

M.  Aquifolium,  Nutt.  {Berberis  Aquifolium,  Pursh.  Odostcmon  nutkanus, 
Rydb.).  Upright  shrub  to  3  or  rarely  6  feet  tall:  leaflets  5-9,  ovate  to  oblong- 
ovate,  13^-3  inches  long,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  sinuately  spiny- 
dentate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  rarely  dull,  glaucescent  and  papillose 
beneath,  stiff  and  leathery;  petioles  slender,  ^-2  inches  long:  racemes  fas- 
cicled, erect,  2-3  inches  long,  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets:  fruit  subglobose, 
about  3^3  inch  across,  bluish-black,  bloomy.  Flowers  in  May;  fruit  in  autumn. 
British  Columbia  to  Oregon. — Introduced  about  1806  by  the  Lewis  and  Clark 
Expedition  and  first  cultivated  by  M'Mahon  in  Philadelphia. 


362  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

A  supposed  hybrid  between  this  species  and  the  tenderer  M.  pinnata, 
Fedde,  is  M.  Wagneri,  Rehd.  {M.  pinnata  var.  Wagneri,  Jouin),  with  7-11- 
foholate  leaflets  and  short  petioles;  it  grows  taller  than  the  preceding  species, 
but  is  apparently  not  yet  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 

M.  Bealii,  Carr.  {M.  japonica  var.  Bealii,  Fedde.  Berberis  Bealii,  Fort.). 
Shrub  to  15  feet  tall,  with  stout  upright  stems:  leaves  about  1  foot  long; 
leaflets  9-15,  roundish-ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  2-5  inches  long,  with  2-5 
large  spiny  teeth  on  each  side,  the  lateral  ones  very  oblique  at  base,  the 
lowest  pair  much  smaller  and  close  to  the  base  of  the  petiole,  the  terminal 
leaflet  stalked,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  larger  than  the  others,  dull 
dark  bluish-green  above,  glaucescent  beneath,  rigidly  coriaceous:  flowers 
lemon-yellow,  fragrant,  crowded,  in  fascicled  upright  and  stout  racemes  3-6 
inches  long,  on  pedicels  about  -g^  inch  long:  fruit  bluish-black.  Flowers  in 
May:  fruit  in  autumn.  China. — Introduced  by  Fortune  in  1845  to  Great 
Britain.  It  stands  ordinary  winters  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston,  but  is 
more  or  less  injured  or  killed  back  in  severe  winters.  A  desirable  shrub  on 
account  of  its  bold  striking  foliage  and  the  large  clusters  of  fragrant  flowers. 
Often  cultivated  under  the  name  M.  japonica  or  Berberis  japonica,  but  the 
true  M.  japonica,  DC,  appears  not  to  be  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 


BUXACEiE.    BOX  FAMILY 

BUXUS,  L.  BOX 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees;  winter-buds  with  several  outer  scales:  leaves 
opposite,  short-petioled,  penninerved,  entire,  coriaceous,  usually  glabrous: 
flowers  apetalous,  in  axUlary  and  terminal  clusters  consisting  usually  of  a 
terminal  pistillate  flower  and  several  lateral  staminate  flowers;  the  latter  with 
4  sepals  and  4  stamens  exceeding  the  sepals  and  a  rudimentary  pistil;  pistil- 
late flowers  with  6  sepals  and  a  3-celled  ovary  with  3  short  styles:  fruit  a 
subglobose  or  obovoid  3-liorned  capsule  separating  into  3  2-horned  valves, 
each  with  2  lustrous  black  seeds.  (Ancient  Latin  name  of  the  box-tree.) — 
About  30  species  in  the  Mediterranean  region,  eastern  Asia  and  the  West 
Indies  and  Central  America. 

B.  sempervirens,  L.  Much-branched  dense  shrub  or  small  tree  to  15, 
rarely  to  30  feet  tall;  branchlets  quadrangular,  puberulous:  leaves  elliptic 
or  ovate  to  oblong,  3^-13^  inches  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex,  dark 
green  above,  light  or  yellowish-green  beneath,  lustrous  on  both  sides;  petiole 
usually  puberulous:  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  staminate  flowers  sessile;  the 
rudimentary  pistil  half  as  long  as  the  calyx:  fruit  about  H  inf"h  long.  Flowers 
in  spring;  fruit  in  autumn.  Southern  Europe,  North  Africa,  and  western 
Asia. — Cultivated  since  ancient  times  in  Europe  and  early  introduced  into 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  363 

this  country.  Hardy  in  sheltered  localities  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  tjTjical  tall-growing  form  is  usually  distinguished  as  var.  arborescens, 
L.;  its  leaves  are  usually  elliptic  and  about  1  inch  long.  A  number  of  garden 
forms  are  in  cultivation  of  which  perhaps  var.  rotxmdifolia,  Baill.,  with  broadly 
oval  leaves,  and  var.  myrtifolia,  Sweet,  with  smaller  elliptic-oblong  leaves 
are  most  often  cultivated;  these,  like  the  other  forms,  remain  usually  lower 
than  the  type. 

B.  microphylla  var.  japonica,  Rehd.  &  Wils.  {B.  japonica,  Muell.  Arg. 
B.  sempervireris  var.  japonica,  Makino.  B.  obcordata,  Hort.) .  Shrub  to  6  feet  tall 
with  spreading  branches;  branchlets  sharply  quadrangular,  glabrous:  leaves 
obovate  to  orbicular-obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  cuneate  at 
base,  K-lH  inches  long,  bright  green;  petioles  glabrous:  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters;  the  rudimentary  pistil  of  the  staminate  flowers  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Flowers  in  spring;  fruit  in  autumn.  Japan. — Introduced  probably 
about  1860  by  Siebold  to  Europe  and  in  1892  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  perfectly  hardy.  It  is  a  shrub  of 
looser  more  spreading  habit  with  lighter  colored  foliage  than  the  common  box. 

The  typical  B.  microphylla,  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  from  Japan,  is  a  much  lower 
shrub  not  exceeding  3  feet  in  height  and  sometimes  prostrate,  with  leaves 
J/3-I  inch  long  and  the  flower-clusters  mostly  terminal.  The  variety  sinica, 
Rehd.  &  Wils.,  from  China,  differs  in  its  puberulous  branchlets  and  petioles 
and  attains  a  height  of  8  feet.  It  was  introduced  in  1900  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to 
England  and  later  to  this  country,  but  did  not  prove  hardy  at  the  Arnold 
Arboretum. 

AQUIFOLIACE^.    HOLLY  FAMILY 

ILEX,  L.  HOLLY 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs  or  trees;  winter-buds  small  with  about  3 
outer  scales:  leaves  petioled,  entire  or  toothed,  often  with  spiny  teeth; 
stipules  minute,  deciduous:  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  axillary,  solitary, 
fascicled  or  in  cymes,  small,  white  or  greenish-white,  usually  4-merous,  or 
5-8-merous;  stamens  4-5;  disk  wanting;  ovary  superior,  3-many-celled,  each 
cell  with  1  or  2  pendulous  ovules;  stigma  subsessile:  fruit  a  berry -like  drupe 
with  2-8  bony  1 -seeded  nutlets.  (Ancient  Latin  name  of  Quercus  Ilex  trans- 
ferred to  this  genus.) — About  300  species  in  the  temperate  and  tropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

I.  Aquifolium,  L.  English  Holly.  Tree  to  40  or  occasionally  to  70  feet 
tall,  with  short  spreading  branches  forming  usually  a  pyramidal  or  oblong 
head,  glabrous  or  the  yoimg  branchlets  minutely  puberulous:  leaves  short- 
petioled,  ovate  or  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  1)^-3  inches  long,  margin  wavy 


364  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

with  large  triangular  spiny  teeth,  on  old  trees  partly  or  mostly  entire,  lustrous 
above  and  dark  green,  yellowish-green  beneath:  flowers  in  axillary  clusters 
on  branchlets  of  the  previous  season,  white,  fragrant,  short-stalked:  fruit 
globose,  about  }/i  inch  across,  bright  red,  usually  clustered,  on  stalks  3^-34 
inch  long.  Flowers  in  May  and  June;  fruit  late  in  autumn  remaining  through 
the  winter.  Western  and  southern  Europe,  north  Africa,  and  western  Asia 
to  China. — Cultivated  since  ancient  times  in  Europe  and  early  introduced 
into  this  country.  It  is  less  hardy  than  the  American  holly  but  can  be  grown 
in  sheltered  locations  from  New  Jersey  southward.  It  is  much  planted  in 
England  where  a  large  number  of  garden  forms  have  originated,  chiefly 
differing  in  size,  shape,  and  color  of  the  leaves. 

I.  opaca,  Ait.  American  Holly.  Plate  XLIV.  Tree  to  40  feet  tall,  with 
short  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  glabrous  except 
the  young  finely  puberulous  branchlets:  leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate, 
2-4  inches  long,  with  large,  remote,  spiny  teeth,  rarely  nearly  entire  (f .  subin- 
tegra,  Weatherby),  dull  green  above,  yellowish-green  beneath;  petiole  \irY% 
inch  long :  flowers  on  the  young  branchlets  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  of  scales 
near  the  base  of  the  branclilets;  staming,te  flowers  in  3-9-flowered  stalked 
cymes,  the  pistillate  usually  solitary:  fruit  globose,  about  34  inch  across, 
usually  solitary,  red,  rarely  yellow  (f.  xanthocarpa,  Rehd.).  Flowers  in  May 
and  June;  fruit  late  in  autumn  through  the  winter.  Massachusetts  to  Florida 
west  to  Missouri  and  Texas. — Introduced  to  England  in  1741.  It  is  not 
hardy  north  of  its  range  and  in  cultivation  it  is  usually  a  dense  pyramidal 
tree  of  slow  growth  not  easily  transplanted  when  older.  The  berried  branches 
are  extensively  gathered  for  Christmas  decoration  which  has  caused  the 
mutilation  and  gradual  disappearance  of  this  tree  from  many  localities  in 
which  it  was  formerly  plentiful. 

I.  pedunculosa,  Miq.  Slu-ub  or  small  tree  to  30  feet  tall;  branchlets 
glabrous:  leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  13^-3  inches  long,  acuminate,  rounded  or 

slender-peduncled  cymes  axillary  on  the  young 
branchlets:  fruit  subglobose,  about  3^  inch  thick,  bright  red,  on  slender 
pedicels  3^-^  inch  long,  solitary  or  several  on  a  slender  drooping  peduncle 
^~IJ4  inches  long.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1892  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  to 
the  Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  hardy  with  slight  protection. 
The  Chinese  var.  continentalis,  Loes.,  with  the  leaves  remotely  appressed- 
serrulate  above  the  middle,  is  tenderer. 

I.  crenata,  Thunb.  (/.  Fortunei,  Hort.).  Much-branched  shrub,  rarely 
small  tree  to  20  feet  tall;  young  branchlets  minutely  puberulous,  terete: 
leaves  crowded,  short-stalked,  elliptic  or  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  3^- 
134  inches  long,  acute,  cuneate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  crenate-serrate 
or  serrulate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  glabrous:  flowers  4-merous,  axillary 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  365 

on  the  young  branchlets,  the  staminate  in  3-7-flowered  cymes,  the  pistillate 
solitary :  fruits  globose,  about  ^  inch  thick,  black,  on  stalks  }/Q-}/i  inch  long. 
Flowers  in  May  and  June;  fruits  ripening  in  October  and  remaining  during 
the  winter.  Japan. — Introduced  to  Europe  in  18G4,  to  America  in  1875  by 
Thomas  Hogg.  Hardy  in  southern  New  York  and  southward.  The  var. 
microphylla,  Maxim.,  with  smaller  elliptic  to  elliptic-oblong  leaves  ^f 
inch  long  is  hardier  and  stands  the  average  winter  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
but  in  severe  winters  it  is  more  or  less  injured. 

A  shrub  of  similar  appearance  is  I.  jmnnanensis,  Franch.,  from  western 
China,  but  it  has  red  fruit,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong  leaves,  and  pubescent 
branchlets.  The  var.  gentilis,  Loes.,  differs  chiefly  in  its  glabrous 
branchlets. — Introduced  in  1911  from  central  China  by  E.  H.  Wilson  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum,  where  it  has  proved  fairly  hardy  in  sheltered  positions. 
It  will  be  a  desirable  addition  to  the  evergreen  shrubs  and  is  superior  to 
Ilex  crenata  on  account  of  the  showier  fruit,  but  it  is  not  yet  in  the  trade. 

I.  glabra,  Gray  (Prinos  glaber,  L.).  Inkberry.  Winterberry.  Shrub  to 
6  or  7  feet  tall  with  upright  slender  branches;  young  branchlets  puberulous: 
leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  to  obtusish,  cuneate  at  base,  ^-2 
inches  long,  with  a  few  shallow  obtuse  teeth  near  the  apex  or  occasionally 
entire,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  light  green  beneath,  glabrous :  flowers 
axillary  on  the  young  branchlets,  the  staminate  in  several-flowered  cymes 
on  slender  peduncles,  the  pistillate  ones  often  solitary,  5-8-merous:  fruit 
globose,  3^  inch  across,  black,  short-stalked.  Flowers  in  June;  fruits  late  in 
autumn  and  remaining  during  the  winter.  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and 
Louisiana,  near  the  coast. — Introduced  in  1759  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy 
as  far  north  as  New  England  and  southern  Ontario. 


ERICACEAE.    HEATH  FAMILY 

RHODODENDRON,  L.    (Plates  XLV-XLVII) 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs,  rarely  trees;  winter-buds  scaly,  usually 
large  and  conspicuous:  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  entire,  exstipulate: 
flowers  pediceled,  in  terminal  umbel-like  racemes,  rarely  lateral,  sometimes 
in  few-flowered  clusters  or  solitary;  caljTC  5-parted,  often  very  small;  corolla 
rotate,  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped,  sometimes  tubular,  with  5-  or  some- 
times 6-10-lobed  limb;  stamens  5-10,  or  sometimes  more;  anthers  opening 
with  pores  at  the  apex;  ovary  5-celled,  or  sometimes  6-10-celled;  style  slender, 
with  capitate  stigma:  fruit  a  capsule  separating  into  5-10  valves;  seeds 
numerous,  small.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  rhodon,  rose,  and  dendron,  tree, 
but  the  rhododendron  of  the  ancient  Greek  was  Nerium.) — About  400  species, 
chiefly  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  also  on  the 


366  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

higher  mountains  of  southern  Asia  and  the  islands  of  the  Malayan  Archipelago 
extending  to  Australia. 

R.  minus,  Michx.  {R.  punctatum,  Andr.  R.  Cuthbertii,  Small).  Straggling 
shrub  to  10  feet  tall:  leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends, 
sometimes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  13^-4  inches  long,  glabrous  above,  glan- 
dular-lepidote  beneath:  flowers  in  6-8-flowered  clusters;  calyx  short;  corolla 
fuimelform-campanulate,  about  1  inch  across,  rosy-pink,  the  upper  lobe 
spotted  greenish,  lepidote  outside;  tube  nearly  cylindric,  longer  than  the 
ovate  crisped  lobes.  Flowers  in  June  and  July  with  or  usually  after  the  young 
leaves.  North  Carolina  to  Georgia  and  Alabama. — Introduced  to  England 
in  1786  by  John  Fraser. 

R.  carolinianum,  Rehd.  (R.  punctatum,  Small,  not  Andr.).  Shrub  to 
6  feet  tall,  but  usually  lower  and  rather  compact:  leaves  elliptic  to  narrow- 
elliptic,  2-3  inches  long,  acutish  and  mucronate  or  abruptly  short-acuminate 
at  apex,  broadly  cvmeate  at  base,  glabrous  above,  ferrugineous-lepidote 
beneath,  often  very  densely  so:  flowers  in  dense  5-10-flowered  clusters; 
corolla  broadly  funnelform-campanulate,  about  1}/^  inches  across,  pale  rosy- 
purple,  not  or  only  slightly  spotted;  tube  gradually  widened,  as  long  or 
shorter  than  the  ovate  lobes,  slightly  lepidote  outside.  Flowers  in  May 
or  June  before  or  rarely  with  the  young  leaves.  North  Carolina  in  the  moun- 
tains.— Introduced  before  1814  to  England,  but  for  a  long  time  confused  with 
the  preceding  species.  It  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

Var.  album,  Rehd.  (var.  MargarettoB,  Ashe),  is  a  form  with  white  or  nearly 
white  flowers,  occurring  wild  in  North  Carolina. — Introduced  about  1900. 

R.  Smimovii,  Trautv.  Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  feet  tall,  of  rather  loose 
habit;  young  branchlets,  like  the  petioles,  densely  covered  with  whitish  or 
light  brown  woolly  tomentum:  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  3-5  inches  long,  acutish, 
cuneate  at  base,  revolute  at  the  margin,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 
with  yellow  midrib,  densely  covered  beneath  with  white  or  pale  brown 
woolly  tomentum:  flowers  numerous,  on  slightly  pubescent  pedicels  in  a 
compact  head;  calyx  small,  tomentose;  corolla  campanula te-funnelf or m, 
rosy-purple,  3  inches  across;  lobes  oval,  longer  than  the  tube,  with  crisped 
darker  margin,  the  upper  lobe  spotted  brownish;  ovary  tomentose.  Flowers 
in  May  and  June.  Caucasus. — Introduced  in  1866  by  Dr.  E.  Regel  through 
the  Botanic  Garden  at  Petrograd.  At  the  Arnold  Arboretum  it  has  proved 
perfectly  hardy;  it  seems  to  prefer  a  well-shaded  situation. 

The  closely  related  R.  Ungernii,  Trautv.,  with  white  to  pale  rose  flowers, 
was  introduced  at  the  same  time  but  has  remained  rare  in  cultivation. 

R.  Mettemichii,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  {R.  Hymenanthes,  Makino.  R.  japonicum, 
Schneid.,  not  Suring.).  Shrub  to  12  feet  tall,  but  usuaUy  lower:  leaves  oblong 
to  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  2-5  inches  long,  obtuse  and  mucronate 
or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  rarely  rounded,  dark  lustrous 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  367 

green  above,  densely  clothed  beneath  with  close  or  floccose  gray  to  brown 
tomentum,  the  lateral  veins  not  visible:  flowers  in  7-15-flowered  heads; 
calyx  minute,  pubescent;  corolla  campanulate,  7-lobed  in  the  typical  form 
and  2-23^  inches  across,  pale  to  deep  rosy-pink,  not  spotted;  stamens  14. 
Flowers  in  May  and  June.  Japan. — Only  the  following  variety  is  in  culti- 
vation : 

Var.  pentamerum,  Maxim.  Flowers  smaller,  13^-2  inches  across,  5-lobed, 
stamens  10.  This  is  the  common  wild  form  in  Japan  and  was  introduced  to 
Europe  about  1870  and  in  1892  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  to  the  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum where  it  has  proved  perfectly  hardy. 

The  related  R.  caucasicum,  Pall,  can  hardly  be  classed  among  the  taller 
rhododendrons,  as  it  does  not  become  more  than  2  or  3  feet  high.  It  has  some- 
what smaller  and  thinner  leaves,  with  the  lateral  veins  visible  beneath  the 
closer  and  thinner  brown  tomentum;  the  scales  near  the  base  of  the  leafy 
branches  are  persistent  and  the  pink  to  white  flowers  are  spotted  greenish 
within.  It  was  introduced  about  1803  to  Great  Britain,  and  has  played  an 
important  part  in  the  development  of  the  hardy  rhododendrons,  but  the  true 
species  is  probably  not  now  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 

R.  brachycarptim,  D.  Don.  Shrub  to  12  feet  tall;  young  branchlets  gray- 
ish tomentose:  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  23/2~7  inches  long,  obtuse 
and  mucronate  at  apex,  narrowed  toward  the  truncate  or  slightly  auriculate 
base,  dark  green  and  reticulate  above,  covered  beneath  with  dark  gray  or 
dun-colored  tomentum;  petiole  pubescent:  flowers  short-pediceled,  in  dense 
clusters;  calyx  minute;  corolla  funnelform-campanulate,  about  2  inches 
across,  white  to  yellowish-white,  often  flushed  and  striped  pink,  the  upper 
lobe  spotted  greenish  or  brownish;  ovary  brown-tomentose;  style  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  June.  Japan. — Introduced  by  Dr.  G.  R.  Hall  in  1861  to  this 
country.    It  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  near  Boston. 

R.  catawbiense,  Miclix.  Shrub  to  6  feet,  rarely  to  20  feet  tall;  young 
branclilets  glabrous:  leaves  oval  to  oblong,  3-5  inches  long,  usually  obtuse 
and  mucronulate  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
glaucescent  beneath:  flowers  in  dense  clusters;  pedicels  rusty-pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous;  calyx  short;  corolla  broadly  campanulate,  2-23^  inches 
across,  with  broad  roundish  lobes,  rosy-purple,  the  upper  lobe  spotted  green- 
ish; ovary  rusty- tomentose;  style  red,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  June.  Virginia 
to  Georgia  on  the  higher  mountains  where  it  often  covers  extensive  tracts. — 
Introduced  to  England  in  1809  by  J.  Eraser.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  Massa- 
chusetts. This,  like  the  following  species,  is  now  extensively  used  in  park- 
planting  and  taken  by  the  carloads  from  the  native  woods  and  mountains; 
if  properly  handled  and  taken  from  turfy  soil  with  a  sufficient  ball  of  soil 
around  the  roots  the  shrubs  are  usually  successfully  transplanted.  Rhodo- 
dendron catawbiense  has  played  the  most  important  part  in  the  development 


368  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

of  the  hardy  rhododendrons  which,  therefore,  are  usually  called  "Catawbiense 
hybrids."  These  hybrids,  together  with  the  two  native  species  and  the 
mountain  laurel,  are  the  broad-leaved  evergreens  best  adapted  for  the 
planting  of  large  groups;  they  are  pleasant  to  behold  all  the  year  round  on 
account  of  the  handsome  large  foliage  and  extremely  beautiful  in  spring  and 
early  summer  when  they  are  covered  with  masses  of  showy  flowers  in  various 
colors. 

R.  maximum,  L.  Great  Laurel.  Shrub  or  small  tree  attaining  35  feet 
in  height;  young  branchlets  glandular-pubescent  at  first,  soon  glabrous: 
leaves  narrow-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends  or  short-acumi- 
nate at  apex,  4-12  inches  long,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  beneath 
covered  with  a  pale  or  brownish,  thin  and  very  close  scurfy  tomentum, 
rarely  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity:  flowers  in  15-24-flowered  clus- 
ters; pedicels  glandular-pubescent;  calyx-lobes  ovate  to  oblong,  as 
long  or  half  as  long  as  ovary;  corolla  campanulate,  13^-2  inches  across, 
deeply  5-lobed,  with  oval  lobes,  usually  rose-colored,  the  upper  lobe 
spotted  yellowish-green;  ovary  glandular.  Flowers  in  June  and  July. 
Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  south  to  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Ohio. — Intro- 
duced to  Great  Britain  in  1736.  One  of  the  hardiest  species,  being  hardy  as 
far  north  as  Quebec  and  Ontario.  The  color  of  the  flower  varies  from  rose- 
colored,  var.  roseimi,  Pursh,  to  purple,  var.  purpureum,  Pursh,  and  white, 
var.  album,  Pursh. 

KALMIA,  L. 

Evergreen,  rarely  deciduous  shrubs,  very  rarely  a  small  tree;  winter-buds 
minute,  with  about  two  outer  scales,  the  terminal  bud  wanting ;  the  inflores- 
cence not  inclosed  during  the  winter  in  a  bud:  leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
short-petioled,  entire,  exstipulate:  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  corymbs 
or  umbels,  rarely  solitary;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  saucer-shaped  or  broadly 
campanulate,  5-lobed;  stamens  10,  with  slender  filaments,  the  anthers  held 
in  little  pouches  of  the  corolla  and  the  filaments  bent  back;  when  the  anthers 
are  released,  the  sudden  straightening  of  the  elastic  filaments  causes  the 
discharge  of  the  pollen-grains;  disk  10-lobed;  ovary  5-celled,  superior;  style 
filiform,  exserted,  with  capitate  stigma:  fruit  a  subglobose  capsule,  separating 
into  5  valves;  seeds  numerous,  minute.  (Named  in  honor  of  Peter  Kalm, 
Swedish  botanist,  traveled  from  1748  to  1751  in  North  America.) — Seven 
species  in  eastern  North  America  and  Cuba. 

K.  latifolia,  L.  Mountain  Laurel  (American  Laurel,  Calico  Bush). 
Plate  XL VIII.  Shrub  to  10  feet  or  rarely  small  tree  to  30  feet  tall:  leaves 
alternate,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  elliptic-oblong  to  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  3-4  inches  long,  acute  at  the  ends,  dark  green  above,  yellowish- 
green  beneath;  petiole  about  %  inch  long:  flowers  on  slender  glandular- 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  369 

pubescent  pedicels,  in  terminal  compound  corymbs;  corolla  cup-shaped, 
about  ^  inch  across,  usually  pink  with  purple  markings  within,  viscid  out- 
side: capsule  subglobose,  scarcely  }/^  inch  across.  Flowers  in  May  and  June. 
New  Brunswick  to  Florida,  west  to  Ohio  and  Tennessee. — Introduced  to 
Europe  in  1734.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  New  England  and  southern  Ontario. 
One  of  the  most  beautiful  evergreen  flowering  slirubs. 

Several  varieties  are  in  cultivation:  Var.  alba,  Bosse,  with  white  flowers; 
var.  rubra,  Sweet,  with  deep  pink  flowers;  var.  myrtifolia,  Bosse,  with  small 
leaves  1-2  inches  long;  var.  obtusata,  Rehd.,  with  oval  to  elliptic-oblong 
leaves  obtuse  or  nearly  so  at  the  ends  and  2-3  inches  long;  the  two  last 
named  are  of  slow  growth  and  form  low  dense  bushes. 

LEUCOTHOE,  D.  Don.  (Including  Agarista) 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs;  winter-buds  small,  with  several  outer 
scales;  the  flower-buds  naked:  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  serrulate, 
exstipulate:  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes;  calyx  o-parted,  imbricate; 
corolla  ovoid  or  cylindric;  stamens  10;  anthers  obtuse,  or  2-awned  or  4- 
awned  at  apex,  opening  by  a  pore;  ovary  depressed,  5-celled,  style  slender: 
capsule  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  the  sutures  not  thickened,  separating 
into  5  valves;  seeds  minute,  irregular.  (Leucothoe,  daughter  of  Orchamos, 
a  mythical  king  of  Babylonia.) — About  35  species  in  North  and  South 
America,  Japan,  Himalayas,  and  Madagascar. 

L.  axillaris,  D.  Don  {Andromeda  axillaris.  Lam.).  Shrub  to  5  feet  tall, 
with  spreading  and  usually  recurving  branches  puberulous  when  young: 
leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-4  mches  long,  abruptly  short-acuminate 
or  acute,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  rarely  rounded,  minutely  spinulose- 
serrulate,  often  entire  or  nearly  so  toward  the  base,  lustrous  above,  pale  and 
sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young;  petiole  }/q-}4  inch  long,  pubescent: 
flowers  in  dense  axillary  racemes  ^4-2  inches  long;  pedicels  very  short;  sepals 
broadly  ovate;  corolla  narrowly  urn-shaped,  about  14  inch  long,  white, 
greenish  in  bud.  Flowers  in  April  and  May.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama.— Introduced  in  1765  to  Great  Britain.  Tenderer  than  the  following 
species,  less  handsome  and  not  often  seen  in  cultivation. 

L.  Catesbaei,  Gray  {Andromeda  axillaris,  MicLx.  A.  Catesboei,  Walt.). 
Shrub  to  6  feet  tall,  with  slender  spreading  and  arching  branches  reddish 
when  young  and  puberulous:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  3-7  inches 
long,  long-acuminate,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  ciliate-serrulate, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  glabrous;  petiole  ]/i-}/2  inch 
long:  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  1-2  inches  long,  occasionally  branched  and 
up  to  3  inches  long;  pedicels  short;  sepals  oblong-ovate;  corolla  narrowly 
m-n-shaped,  ]/2  inch  long,  white,  usually  reddish  in  bud:  capsule  depressed- 


370  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

globose,  about  3^  inch  across.  Flowers  in  May.  Virginia  to  Georgia,  along 
the  mountains. — Introduced  in  1793  to  Great  Britain.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts  in  sheltered  positions.  Much  planted  as  a  border  shrub  for 
groups  of  taller  evergreens;  very  handsome  and  effective  with  its  large  lus- 
trous leaves. 

Var.  Rollissonii,  Bean  (Andromeda  Rollisonii,  Hort.).  Leaves  smaller 
and  narrower,  2-4  inches  long  and  3^-^  inch  wide. 

PIERIS,  D.  Don.    (Plate  XLVII). 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs,  rarely  small  trees;  winter-buds  small 
with  several  outer  scales;  the  inflorescence  not  inclosed  in  a  bud:  leaves 
alternate,  short-petioled,  entire  or  serrulate,  exstipulate:  flowers  in  often 
panicled  racemes,  or  in  axillary  clusters  on  branches  of  the  previous  season; 
sepals  valvate  or  distinct;  corolla  globose  or  urceolate,  with  5  short  lobes; 
stamens  10;  anthers  obtuse  with  a  pair  of  awns  near  the  base  or  the  filaments 
2-toothed  below  the  apex;  ovary  5-celled;  style  slender:  fruit  a  capsule 
separating  into  5  dehiscent  valves;  seeds  minute,  linear-oblong,  not  winged. 
(Pieris,  daughter  of  Pieros,  a  mythological  king.) — About  10  species  in  North 
America  and  in  eastern  Asia  south  to  the  Himalayas. 

P.  floribunda,  Benth.  &  Hook.  {Androvieda  florihunda,  Pursh.  Portuna 
floribunda,  Nutt.).  Dense  much-branched  shrub,  2-6  feet  tall;  branchlets 
and  petioles  with  strigose  brown  hairs:  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, 13^-2 3^  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  minutely  serrulate  and 
ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous,  glandular-dotted  beneath:  flowers  white,  nodding, 
on  short  pedicels  in  terminal  dense  upright  panicles  13^-4  inches  long;  corolla 
urceolate-ovoid,  strongly  5-angled,  }4  inch  long.  Flowers  April  and  May. 
Virginia  to  Georgia  in  the  Alleghanies. — Introduced  in  1800  to  Great  Britain. 
Perfectly  hardy  near  Boston. 

P.  japonica,  D.  Don  (Andromeda  japonica,  Thunb.).  Slirub  with  spreading 
branches,  or  sometimes  small  tree  to  30  feet  tall;  branchlets  glabrous:  leaves 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  obovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
13^-23^  inches  long,  acuminate,  cuneate  at  base,  crenulate-serrulate,  glabrous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  light  green  beneath :  flowers  white,  in  spreading 
and  drooping  terminal  panicles,  2}/2~5  inches  long;  corolla  urceolate-ovoid, 
not  angled,  3<^  inch  long.  Flowers  in  April  and  May.  Japan. — Introduced 
to  Europe  some  time  before  1870.  Hardy  only  in  sheltered  positions  near 
Boston,  and  in  severe  winters  the  flower-buds  sometimes  suffer.  Very  hand- 
some and  graceful  when  in  bloom. 


BROAD-LEAVED    EVERGREENS  371 

OLEACE.E.    OLIVE  FAMILY 

OSMANTHUS,  Lour. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees;  winter-buds  small,  with  2  outer  scales: 
leaves  opposite,  short-petioled,  entire  or  toothed,  exstipulate:  flowers  axillary 
or  terminal,  in  cymes  or  short  panicles,  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious, 
rather  small,  white;  calyx  short,  4-toothed;  corolla  with  short  tube  and  4 
imbricate  lobes;  stamens  2,  rarely  4;  ovary  2-celled:  fruit  an  ovoid  drupe  with 
a  one-seeded  stone.  (Name  derived  from  Greek  osme,  odor,  and  anthos, 
flower;  in  reference  to  the  fragrant  flowers.) — About  10  species  in  eastern  and 
southern  Asia,  in  Polynesia  and  North  America. 

O.  Aquifolium,  Sieb.  {Olea  Aquifolium,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Olea  ilicifolia, 
Hassk.).  Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  feet  tall,  glabrous:  leaves  short-petioled, 
elliptic  or  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1-2  inches  long,  spiny-pointed  and  with 
2-4  strong  spiny  teeth  on  each  side,  rarely  entire,  lustrous  and  dark  green 
above,  light  green  beneath:  flowers  fragrant,  scarcely  }/g  inch  across,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  axillary  clusters;  segals  entire;  corolla  divided  nearly  to 
the  base  into  reflexed  lobes :  fruit  ovoid,  J^-^  inch  long,  bluish-black.  Flow- 
ers in  June  and  July.  Japan. — Introduced  in  1856  to  Great  Britain  by 
Thomas  Lobb.  Hardy  as  far  north  as  southern  New  York  and  in  sheltered 
positions  probably  farther  north. 

Several  varieties  are  in  cultivation;  the  most  important  are  var.  myrti- 
folius,  Nichols.,  with  smaller,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  leaves,  and  var. 
rotundifolius,  Nichols.,  with  broader  often  obovate  leaves  about  1  inch  long 
and  entire  or  with  few  obtusish  teeth;  both  are  of  lower  and  more  compact 
habit  than  the  tj'pe. 


PART  IV 

INVENTORY  OF  WOODY  EVERGREENS  GROWN  IN 
NORTH  AMERICA 


CHAPTER  VIII 
CHECK-LIST  OF  WOODY  EVERGREENS 

THE  number  of  plants  that  may  be  listed  as  evergreens 
in  one  or  another  part  of  North  America  is  very  large. 
It  is  manifestly  impracticable  to  endeavor  to  describe 
all  of  these  plants  in  a  single  volume.  It  will  aid  the  grower, 
however,  to  have  before  him  an  alphabetic  list  of  such  plants, 
of  a  woody  and  therefore  enduring  nature,  as  are  offered  for 
sale  in  the  country  or  are  recommended  by  landscape  planters 
and  others.  This  hst  is  compiled  by  Prof.  Ralph  W.  Curtis, 
of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture  at  Cornell 
University,  specially  for  this  book.  It  should  serve  a  good 
purpose  as  a  record  of  our  resources  and  also  as  a  suggestive 
planting-list. 

In  subtropical  and  tropical  regions  are  many  plants  green 
the  year  around,  not  being  deciduous,  that  are  not  entered 
in  this  check-list.    These  constitute  quite  another  problem. 

EXPLANATIONS 

B  means  broad-leaved  evergreen. 

P  means  protect  by  cover  or  sheltered  position  north  of  New  York  City. 

R  means  rare  in  northern  plantings. 

S  means  semi-evergreen,  i.e.,  holding  leaves  late  in  the  fall. 

T  means  tender  below  20°  F.  when  dormant,  i.e.,  same  range  as  oranges. 

1  means  northeastern  States. 

2  means  Southern  States  and  California,  except  in  the  more  mountainous  regions. 

Under  the  latter  conditions  both  in  the  South  and  on  the  west  coast  many  plants 
marked  1  will  succeed  and  many  plants  marked  2  will  he  tender. 

All  plants  marked  IP  should  succeed  in  the  South  and  on  the  west  coast  as  far 
north  as  Oregon  and  Washington.  The  natural  range  of  each  plant  is  given  in  the 
text.  With  this  in  mind  and  A\ith  due  regard  for  special  soil  requirements,  the  grower 
should  be  able  to  adjust  individual  cases. 

Regarding  the  use  of  northern  evergreens  in  the  South,  Norman  C.  Butts,  of  Ash- 
ford  Park  Nurseries,  Atlanta,  Georgia,  writes  as  follows:  "It  is  possible  to  grow  here 
anything  that  will  grow  in  New  York,  but  there  are  many  things  which  are  not  satis- 
factory unless  given  conditions  that  will  help  them  overcome  summer  heat.  Partial 
shade,  rich  soil,  plenty  of  moistux-e  and  a  northern  slope,  all  help." 

(375) 


376  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

All  plants  marked  IS  (semi-evergreen  North)  should  be  more  than  semi-evergreen, 
or  even  wholly  evergreen,  in  the  South  and  on  the  west  coast.  The  latter  region  is  also 
the  natural  home  for  cone-bearing  evergreens  and  all  kinds  succeed  remarkably  there. 
Taylor  and  Cooper  in  "The  Complete  Garden"  call  attention  to  two  marked  exceptions 
in  broad-leaved  evergreens  for  Oregon  and  Washington.  These  are  Camellia  japonica 
which  is  much  planted  in  the  South,  and  Kalmia  latifoUa  which  is  native  in  the  North- 
east and  there  considered  one  of  the  best  broad-leaved  evergreens.  Neither  of  these 
plants  is  proving  successful  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Aarons  Beard.    See  Hypericum  calycimmi. 
IBPS     Abelia  grandiflora  (A.  rupestris,  Hort.).    Hybrid  Abelia.    Graceful  arching 
shrub  to  8  ft.   E.  and  cent.  Asia.    Cult.  South  and  Calif.,  and  hardy  north 
to   Phila. 
2BT       Aberia  caffra.    See  Dovyalis  caffra. 

Note. — No  Abies  seem  to  succeed  in  the  South  except  in  the  mts. 
Abies  baborensis.    See  A.  numidica. 
IR         Abies  balsamea.   Balsam  Fir.   Tree  50-80  ft.   E.  N.  Amer.  from  Labrador  to 
Iowa. 
Abies  brachj'phylla.    See  A.  homolepis. 

Abies  cephalonica.   Tree  60-70  ft.    Mt.  Enos  on  Isle  of  Cephalonica. 
IPR       Abies  cilicica.   Tree  45-60  ft.    High  elevations  in  Asia  Minor. 
1  Abies  concolor  (A.  Parsonsiana,  Hort.).    White  Fir.    Tree  100-250  ft.   S.  Ore. 

to  Low.  Calif.    Best  and  commonest  fir  in  northern  plantings. 
IR  Abies  Fraseri.    Eraser  Fir.    She  Balsam.    Tree  30-50  ft.    Mts.  of  Va.,  Tenn., 

and  N.  C.    Resembles  the  more  northern  balsam. 

1  Abies  homolepis  (A.  brachyphylla) .    Nikko  Fir.    An  excellent  new  type  from 

Japan,  as  hardy  as  A.  concolor.    These  two  are  the  best  firs  in  northern 
plantings. 
IP  Abies  Nordmanniana.    Nordmann   Fir.     Tree   100-150  ft.    Mts.  south  and 

southeast  of  Black  Sea.   Has  rich  dark  foliage  but  is  a  little  tender  North. 

2  Abies  numidica  (A.  baborensis).    Algerian  Fir.    N.  Afr. 

2  Abies  Pinsapo.    Spanish  Fir.   Tree  to  80  ft.    Mts.  of  Spain.   Not  hardy  north 

of  the  Middle  States. 
1  Abies  Veitchii.   Tree  80-100  ft.    Mts.  of  cent.  Japan.    A  beautiful  tree  next  to 

A.  concolor  and  A.  homolepis  in  northern  plantings. 
2BT       Abutilon  striatum.    Shrub  S.    Brazil  to  Buenos  Aires.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Acacia   armata  (A.  undulata.  Mimosa   paradoxa).    Kangaroo-Thorn.    Shrub 

7-11  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Acacia  Baileyana.   Shrub  or  small  tree  from  Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Acacia  cultriformis  (A.  cultrata).  Tall  shrub.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Acacia  Farnesiana  (A.  leptophylla).    Popinac.  Cassie.    Branching  shrub  6- 

10  ft.   Asia,  Afr.,  S.  W.  U.  S.,  Australia.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Acacia  longifolia.   Sydney  Golden  Wattle.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree.  Australia. 

Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2B  Acacia  melanoxylon.    Blackwood  Acacia.    Pyramidal  tree.   Succeeds  in  alkali 

soil.    Breeder  of  citrus-scale.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Acacia  pravissima.    Small  tree  15-20  ft.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Acacia  pycnantha  (A.  petiolaris).    Broad-leaved  W'attle.    A  small  tree  with 

somewhat  pendulous  branchlets.    Australia.    One  of  the  hardiest  acacias  in 

Calif. 
2B         Acacia  retinodes.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree.   Alkali  resisting.   Australia.   Cult. 

Calif. 


CHECK-LIST  377 

2B  Acacia  vertkillata.    Spreading  shrub  or  small  tree.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

Achania  Malvaviscus.   See  Malvaviscus  arboreus. 
Achania  mollis.    See  Malvaviscus  mollis. 
2BT       Agathis  robusta  (Dammara  robusta).    Tall  tree.    Australia. 
2BT       Agonis  flexuosa.   A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
IBS        Akebia  quinata.    Twining  vine.    China  and  Japan.    Cult.  South. 
2BT       Alectryon  excelsum  (sometimes  sold  in  Calif,  as  Nephelium  Litchi).    Tree 

30-60  ft.    New  Zeal. 
2BT       Allamanda  neriifolia.    Dwarf  shrub  or  half  climber.    Brazil.    Cult.  South. 

Alpine  Azalea.    See  Loiseleuria  procumbens. 
2BT       Alsophila  australis.   Tree  Fern.   Tasmania  and  Australia.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
IBR       Alyssum  gemonense.    Low  plant  making  mats  to  1  ft.   Eu. 
Andromeda  acuminata.    See  Leucotlioe  populifolia. 
Andromeda  calyculata.    See  Chamsedaphne  calyculata. 
Andromeda  Catesbsei.    See  Leucotlioe. 
Andromeda  ferruginea.    See  Lyonia  ferruginea. 

Andromeda  formosa,  nitida,  ovalifolium.    See  Pieris  formosa,  lucida,  ovali- 
folia. 
iBR       Andromeda  glaucophylla.     Bog  Rosemary.    Similar  to  A.  polifolia.    N.  E. 

Amer.,  south  to  Minn,  and  Pa. 
IBR       Andromeda  polifolia  (A.  rosmarinifolia).   Marsh  Andromeda.  Wild  Rosemary. 
Low  shrub  to  2  ft.    N.  Eu.    N.  Asia. 
Andromeda  tetragona.    See  Cassiope. 
Andromeda.    See  Pieris  and  Leucothoe. 
2BT       Anthyllis  Barba-Jovis.    Jupitcrs  Beard.   Shrub  3-8  ft.   S.  Eu.   Cult.  Calif. 

Aralia  japonica.    See  Fatsia  japonica. 
2T  Araucaria  araucana.     Monkey-Puzzle.    Tree  to  100  ft.  in  Chile.    Cult.  Fla. 

and  Calif.    See  note  under  A.  Bidwillii. 
2T  Araucaria  Bidwillii.    Bunya-Bunya.    Tree  to  150  ft.  in  Au.stralia.    This  and 

A.  araucana  are  the  hardiest  araucarias  but  both  suffer  from  extreme  heat 
and  are  better  in  a  shady  sheltered  situation.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
Araucana  imbricata.    See  A.  araucana. 
Arbor-vitaj,  Chinese  or  Eastern.    See  Thuja  orientalis. 
Arbor-vitae,  Common.    See  Thuja  occidentalis. 
Arbor-vitae,  Siberian.    See  Thuya  occidentalis  var.  robusta. 
2B  Arbutus  Menziesi  (.\.  procera).   Madrona.   Tree  to  50  ft.  W.  N.  Amer.   Cult. 

N.  W.  coast. 
Arbutus  mucronatus.   See  Pernettya  mucronata. 
Arbutus,  Trailing.    See  Epig:ea  repens. 
2B  Arbutus  Unedo.    Strawberry  Tree.    Tree  8  to  15  ft.    S.  Eu.,  Ireland.    Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
Arbutus  Uva-ursi.   See  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi. 
2BT       Archontophoenix    Alexandra    (Ptychosperma    Alexandra).      Tree    70-80    ft. 

Queensland.    Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Archontophoenix  Cunninghamii   (Seaforthia  elegans).     Queensland,  New  S. 

^Yales.    Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2B  Arctostaphylos  bicolor.    Shrub  3-4  ft.    Calif. 

2B  Arctostaphylos  Pringlei.    Shrub.    Calif.,  Ariz. 

IBR       Arctostaphylos   Uva-ursi    (.\rbutus   Uva-ursi).     Bearberry.     Trailing   shrub. 

N.  Amer.  south  to  Mex.   Cult.  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Arctostaphylos  viscida.    Shrub  5-15  ft.    Ore.  to  Calif. 

2B  Ardisia  crispa  (.\.  crenulata).  Shrub.    E.  Indies  and  China.    Cult.  Fla. 


378  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BT       Arecastrum  RomanzoflBanum  var.  australe   (Cocos  Arechavalenta,   C.  aus- 
tralis,  and  C.  Datil).    Pindo  Palm.    Tree  to  30  ft.    Brazil,  Argentina,  Para- 
guay and  Uruguay.    Safer  with  some  shade  in  Calif,  and  Fla. 
2B  Artemisia  arborescens.    Shrub  from  Medit.     Cult,  as  shrub  to  6  ft.     Calif. 

IBPR    Arundinaria  japonica  (Bambusa  Metake).    Japanese  or  Evergreen  Bamboo. 
Japan.     Shrubby,  3-5  ft.     North  and  one  of  the  best  for  city  planting. 
Commonly  cult.  South  to  15  ft. 
2B  Arundinaria  macrosperma.    Large  Cane.    15-25  ft.    Va.  to  Key.  southward. 

2B  Arundinaria  nitida.    6-10  ft.    China.    Dainty  bamboo,  very  hardy. 

2BT       Asparagus  asparagoides.    Smilax.    Twining  vine.    Smilax  of  florists.    S.  Afr. 

Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Asparagus  plumosus.    Asparagus-Fern.    Tall  woody  climbing  vine.     S.  Afr. 

Cult.   Calif. 
2BT       Asparagus  plumosus  var.  comorensis.    More  robust  than  A.  plumosus.    Cult. 
Calif. 
Assonia.   See  Dombeya. 
Astrapaea.    See  Dombeya. 
Atalantia  buxifolia.    See  Severinia  buxifolia. 
2BT       Atriplex  Breweri.    Woody  shrub  4-6  ft.    S.  Calif. 

2B  Aucuba  japonica.   Stout  shrub  4-15  ft.   Himalayas  to  Japan.   Cult.  South  and 

Calif. 
Australian-Beech.    See  Eucalyptus  polyanthemos. 
Australian  Bluebell  Creeper.    See  Sollya  heterophylla. 
Australian  Brush-Cherry.    See  Eugenia  myrtifolia. 
Australian  Pea.   See  Dolichos  lignosus. 
Avocado.    See  Persea  americana. 
Azalea.  See  Rhododendron  and  Loiseleuria. 
2B  Azara  microphylla.   Shrub  3-12  ft.   Chile.   Cult.  South  and  W.  coast. 

IBS       Baccharis  halimifolia.    Groundsel-Tree.    Shrub  3-12  ft.    Seacoast  from  New 
England  south. 
Balsam.    See  Abies. 

Bamboo.   See  Arundinaria,  Bambusa,  and  Phyllostachys. 
Bambusa  Metake.    See  Arundinaria  japonica. 
2B  Bambusa  palmata.   Shrub  2-5  ft.  Japan.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

Banana-Shrub.  See  Michelia  fuscata. 
Barberry.   See  Bcrberis. 
Bayberry.    See  Myrica  carolinensis. 
Bearberry.    See  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi. 
Bear-Grass.    See  Yucca  angustifolia. 
2B  Beaumontia  grandiflora.  Tall-growing  woody  vine.  India  and  Java. 

Beefwood.   See  Casuarina  equisetifolia. 
Benthamia  fragifera.   See  Cornus  capitata. 
Berberis  Aquifolium.    See  Mahonia  Aquifolium. 
Berberis  Bealii.   See  Mahonia  japonica. 
IBPR    Berberis  buxifolia.  Box-leaved  Barberry.  Shrub  1-3  ft.  This  plant  comes  from 
Chile.    It  is  growing  at  Cornell  with  only  snow  protection  in  winter  and  is 
the  only  woody  ornamental  from  the  southern  hemisphere  now  cultivated 
in  the  N.  E.  States. 
2B  Berberis  Darwinii.   Shrub  3-5  ft    Chile  to  Patagonia.   Cult.  South  and  N.  W. 

coast. 
IBPR    Berberis  Gagnepainii.   Shrub  to  6  ft.   W.  China. 


CHECK-LIST  379 

2B  Berberishakeoides  (B.  congestiflora).  Shrub  to  6  ft.   Chile.   Cult.  South. 

Berberis  ilicifolia.    See  B.  Neubertii. 
Berberis  japonica.    See  Mahonia  japonica. 
IBPR    Berberis  Julianje.    Shrub  similar  to  B.  Sargentiana.    Cent.  China. 
IBPS     Berberis  Neubertii  (B.  ilicifolia).    Holly-leaved  Barberry.    Shrub  to  8  ft.    A 
hybrid  between  Berberis  vulgaris  and  Mahonia  Aquifolium.    Foliage  inter- 
mediate, drying  and  turning  brown  in  winter  and  both  single  and  trifoliate 
leaves  on  same  plant.   Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Berberis  pruinosa.   Shrub.   S.  W.  China. 

IBPR    Berberis  Sargentiana.   Shrub  to  6  ft.  W.China.   Cult.  South. 
IBPR    Berberis  stenophylla  (B.  Darwinii  X  B.  empetrifolia).   Shrub  1-3  ft.  with  small 

narrow  leaves. 
2B  Berberis  trifoliata  (Mahonia  trifoliolata).   Tex.  to  Mex. 

IBPR    Berberis  verruculosa.    Shrub  to  3  ft.    W.  China.    This  is  more  hardy  than  B. 

Sargentiana. 
2B  Berberis  Wilsonte.   Low  shrub.   W.  China.   Semi-evergreen  North  if  sheltered. 

Note. — See  Mahonia  for  all  evergreen  barberries  having  compound  leaves  except  the 
intermediate  hybrid,  B.  Neubertii  (B.  ilicifolia)  above. 
Bignonia  alba.    See  Pithecoctenium  cynanchoides. 
Bignonia  callistegioides.    See  Clytostoma  callistegioides. 
2B  Bignonia  capreolata.     Trumpet-Flower.     Cross-Vine.     Climbing  vine.    Md., 

south  and  west.   Also  cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Bignonia  Cherere.    See  Phaedranthus  buccinatorius. 
Bignonia  echinata.    See  Pithecoctenium  muricatum. 
Bignonia  jasminoides.   See  Pandorea  jasminoides. 
Bignonia  purpurea.   See  Clytostoma  purpureum. 
Bignonia  speciosa.    See  Clytostoma  callistigioides. 
Bignonia  Unguis-cati.    See  Doxantha  Unguis-cati. 
Bignonia  venusta.    See  Pyrostegia  venusta. 
Biota  orientalis.   See  Thuja  orientalis. 
Bittersweet,  Evergreen.   See  Euonymus  radicans. 
Blackwood  Acacia.   See  Acacia  melanoxylon. 
Boretta.     See  Daboecia. 
Bottle-Brush.   See  Callistemon  speciosus. 
Bower-Plant  of  Australia.    See  Pandorea  jasminoides. 
Box.    See  Buxus. 

Box  Huckleberry.   See  Gaylussacia  brachycera. 
Boxwood.   See  Buxus  sempervirens. 
2BT       Brachychiton  acerifolium  (Sterculia  acerifolia).     Flame-Tree.     Tree  to  60  ft. 

Australia. 
2BT       Brachychiton  populneum  (Sterculia  diversifolia).     Brachychiton.     Tall  tree. 

Australia.    Planted  in  Calif. 
2BT       Brahea  calcarea.    Palm  8-15  ft.    Mex.   Cult.  Calif. 

Brahea  edulis.    Wendl.    See  Erythea  edulis. 
2BT       Brahea  Pimo.   Rare — known  in  trade  only  at  Santa  Barbara,  Calif. 
Broad-leaved  Wattle.    See  Acacia  pycnantha. 
Broom  Crowberry.    See  Corema. 
Broom,  Scotch.    See  Cytisus  scoparius. 
Browallia  Jamesonii.    See  Streptosolen. 
IR  Bruckenthalia  spiculifolia  (Erica  spiculif olia) .   Tufted  shrub  5-8  ft.    S.  E.  Eu. 

Asia  Minor. 
Bryanthus.    See  Phyllodoce. 


380  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BS        Buddleia  Davidii  (B.  variabilis).   Shrub  3-12  ft.    China.    Cult.  South.  Grown 

in  the  North  as  herbaceous  perennial  and  cut  to  the  ground  in  the  fall. 
2B  Buddleia  japonica  (B.  curviflora).   Shrub  3-6  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  South.   Grown 

in  the  North  as  herbaceous  perennial  and  cut  to  the  ground  in  the  fall. 
2BT       Buddleia  madagascariensis   (B.  heterophylla) .    Shrubby  vine.    Madagascar. 

Cult.  Calif. 
Bull  Bay.   See  Magnolia  grandiflora  and  Persea  Borbonia. 
2B  Bumelia  angustifolia.    Shrub  or  small  tree  to  25  ft.   Fla. 

2B  Bumelia  lanuginosa.    Chittim  Wood.   Tree  to  50  ft.   Southern  States  north  to 

S.  111.,  west  to  Tex. 
2B  Bumelia  tenax.   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  30  ft.  N.  C.  to  Fla. 

Bunya-Bunya  Tree.    See  Araucaria  Bidwillii. 
Butchers  Broom.    See  Ruscus  aculeatus. 
2BT       Butea  Bonnetii  (Cocos  Bonnetii).   A  tree  palm,  hardy  but  rarely  cult,  in  Calif. 
2BT       Butea  capitata  var.  odorata  (Cocos  odorata) .   A  short-stemmed  palm.   Brazil. 

Best  with  shade. 
2BT       Butea  capitata  var.  pulposa  (Cocos  pulposa).   Brazil.   Best  with  shade. 
2BT       Butea  Yatay   (Cocos  Yatay).    Palm  with  stem  8-15  ft.  high.     Brazil  and 

Argentina. 
2B  Buxus  balearica.   Shrub  6-15  ft.   S.  Spain.   Cult.  South. 

IBR       Buxus  microphylla  var.  japonica  (B.  japonica).    Dense  shrub  to  6  ft.    Japan. 

Hardy  at  Boston  and  Rochester. 
IBP       Buxus  sempervirens  (many  varieties).    Common  Box  or  Boxwood.    Shrub  or 

small  tree  to  25  ft.   S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.,  Orient,  China.   Cult.  North,  South,  and 

West. 

California  Big-Tree.  See  Sequoia  gigantea. 

California  Pepper-Tree.   See  Schinus  Molle. 
2B  Callistemon    lanceolatus    (Metrosideros    semperflorens    and    M.    floribunda, 

Hort.).    Shrub_6-12  ft.   Australia.    Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2B  Callistemon  speciosus.   Bottle-Brush.    Large  shrub.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

IPR       Calluna  vulgaris  (Erica  vulgaris).    Heather,  Ling.    Shrub  3^-3  ft.    W.  and  N. 
Eu.  and  Asia  Minor.     Naturalized  in  E.  N.  Amer.  and  cult.  N.  W.  coast. 
Succeeds  South  under  favorable  conditions. 
2T  Calothamnus  quadrifidus.   Shrub  to  5  ft.   W.  Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Camellia  japonica  (Thea  japonica).    Camellia.    Shrub  or  small  tree.    China, 

Japan.    Cult.  South  and  Calif.,  but  not  satisfactory  on  N.  W.  coast. 

Camellia  Thea.    See  Thea  sinensis. 

Camphor-Tree.    See  Cinnamomum  Camphora. 

Camphora  ofEcinarum.    See  Cinnamomum  Camphora. 

Candytuft,  Evergreen.    See  Iberis  sempervirens. 

Cane.    See  Arundinaria  macrospermum. 
2BT       Cantua  buxifolia.    Shrub  4-8  ft.    Peru.    Cult.  Calif. 

Cape  Honeysuckle.   See  Tecomaria  capensis. 

Cape  Jasmine.   See  Gardenia  jasminoides. 

Cape  Pittosporum.    See  Pittosporum  viridiflorum. 
2BT       Capparis  spinosa.    Shrub  to  3  ft.    Medit.  region  and  India.    Cult.  Calif. 

Caprifolium.    See  Lonicera  fragrantissima. 

Caprifolium  sempervirens.    See  Lonicera  sempervirens. 
2B  Cardiospermum  hirsutum.    Climbing  vine.    Afr.    Cult.  Calif. 

2BT       Carissa  Arduina  (C.  bispinosa).     Similar  to  C.  grandiflora.     Cult,  Fla.  and 
Calif. 


CHECK-LIST  S81 

2BT       Carissa  grand! flora.   Natal-Plum.   Spiny  shrub  to  4  ft.   S.  Afr.   Cult.  Fla.  and 
Calif. 
Carob.   See  Ceratonia  Siliqua. 

Carolina  Yellow  Jessamine.    See  Gelsemium  sempervirens. 
2B  Carpenteria  californica.   Native  shrub  G-10  ft.   Calif. 

Cassandra  calyculata.    See  Chamiedaphne  calyculata. 
Cassena.    See  Ilex  vomitoria. 
2BT       Cassia  artemisioides.    Bushy  shrub  4  ft.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Cassia  corvmbosa  (C.  floribunda).   Shrub  4-10  ft.    Argentina.    Cult.  South. 

2BT       Cassia  tomentosa.    Shrub  10-12  ft.    Mex.    Cult.  Calif. 

Cassie.    See  Acacia  Farnesiana. 
IR  Cassiope  hypnoides  (Harrimanella  hypnoides).    Small  alpine  shrub.    High  alt. 

of  N.  Amer.,  N.  Eu.,  N.  Asia  and  Himalayas. 
IR  Cassiope  tetragona  (Andromeda  tetragona).  Very  small  shrub.  Arctic  regions. 

Castanea  chrysophylla.    See  Castanopsis. 
2B  Castanopsis  chrysophylla  (Castanea  chrysophylla).    Tree  to  150  ft.    Ore.  to 

Calif.   The  shrubby  form  in  the  mts.  is  more  hardy  than  the  type. 
2  Casuarina  equisetifolia.    Beefwood.     Australian-Pine.    Tree  from  Old  World 

tropics.   Cult,  in  Fla.  and  Calif,  to  25  ft.   Succeeds  in  alkali  soil. 
2B  Ceanothus  arboreus.   Small  tree.    Isles  off  Calif,  coast. 

2B  Ceanothus  cuneatus.   Tall  much-branched  shrub.    Ore.  to  Calif. 

IBR       Ceanothus  Fendleri.    Prostrate  spiny  shrub.    S.  Dak.  to  N.  Mex.    Semi- 
evergreen. 
2B  Ceanothus  prostratus.    Procumbent  shrub.    Wash,  to  Calif. 

2B  Ceanothus  spinosus.   Tall  shrub.    Cent,  and  S.  Calif. 

2B  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Ore.  to  Calif. 

2B  Ceanothus  velutinus.   Tall  shrub.    Brit.  Col.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. 

Cedar,  African.   See  Cedrus  atlantica. 
Cedar,  Chinese.    See  Juniperus  chinensis. 
Cedar  of  Lebanon.    See  Cedrus  libani. 
Cedar,  Red.    See  Juniperus  virginiana. 
Cedar,  Southern  Red.    See  Juniperus  lucayana. 
Cedar,  White.    See  Thuja  occidentalis,  Chamsecyparis  thyoides  and  Libo- 

cedrus  decurrens. 
Cedar,  Yellow.   See  Chamsecyparis  nootkatensis. 
IPR       Cedrus  atlantica.   African  Cedar.   Large  pyramidal  tree,  N.  Afr.   Cult.  South 

and  N.  W.  coast  to  W'ash. 
IPR       Cedrus  atlantica  var.  glauca.   Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast  to  Wash. 
2  Cedrus  Deodara.  Deodar.  Tall  pyramidal  tree  to  150  ft.  Himalayas.  Cult.  South. 

IPR       Cedrus  libani.     Cedar  of  Lebanon.    Large  broad  tree.     N.  Afr.    Cult.  South 

and  N.  W.  coast. 
IPR       Cephalotaxus  drupacea.   Shrub  3-5  ft.   Japan.   Cult.  South. 
2  Cephalotaxus     drupacea    var.    fastigiata    (C.    pedunculata    var.    fastigiata. 

Podocarpus  koraiana).    Columnar  form  to  10  ft.    Cult.  South.    The  type  is 
a  small  tree  to  25  ft.  in  Japan  but  shrubby  in  cultivation. 
2  Cephalotaxus  Fortuni.    Normally  a  tree  but  usually  shrubby  in  cidtivation. 

N.  China  and  Japan.    Cult.  South. 
Cerasus  Laurocerasus.    See  Prunus  Laiu-ocerasus. 
2  Ceratiola  ericoides.    Southern  Heather.    Shrub  2-8  ft.    Sand  barrens  of  S.  C. 

to  Fla.  and  Ala. 
2B  Ceratonia  Siliqua.    Carob.   Tree  40-50  ft.,  from  Medit.  region.    Cult,  as  shrub 

8-10  ft.  in  Calif. 


382  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

IBPR    Cercocarpus  parvifolius.    Mountain-Mahogany.     Bushy  tree  to  25  ft.    Neb. 

and  Ore.  to  Low.  Calif,  and  W.  Tex.   More  shrubby  in  cult. 
2BT       Cestrum  aurantiacum.   Half-climbing  shrub.  Guatemala.  Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Cestrum  elegans.    Red  Coral  Jasmine.    Half-climbing  slender  shrub.    Mex. 

Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Cestrum  fasciculatum.   Similar  to  C.  elegans.   Mex.   Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Cestrum  laurifolium.    Glabrous  shrub.    W.  Indies.,  S.  Amer.     Cult.   Calif 

(C.  diurnum?). 
2BT       Cestrum  Parqui.   Shrub  from  Chile.   Cult,  in  Fla.  and  Calif. 
Chamsecistus.    See  Loiseleuria. 
Chamsecyparis.     See  Retinispora. 
2  Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana.    Lawson  Cypress.   Tree  to  200  ft.   Ore.  to  Calif. 

Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
IPR       Chamaecyparis  nootkatensis  (Thuja  borealis,  Hort.).    Yellow  Cedar.    Nootka 
Cypress.   Tree  to  120  ft.   Sitka  to  Ore.   Hardy  at  Cornell. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  obtusa.  Hinoki  Cypress.    Tree.  Japan.    Cult. 

South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  obtusa  nana.   Low  form  of  obtusa,  slow-growing. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  pisifera.    Sawara  Cypress.    Tree.  Japan.    Cult. 

South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  pisifera  filifera.    Tree.   Japan.    Cult.  South  and 

N.  W.  coast. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  pisifera  plumosa.    Tree.    Japan.    Cult.  South 

and  N.  W.  coast. 
Chamaecyparis  (Retinispora)  pisifera  squarrosa.    Bushy  tree.     Japan.    Cult. 

South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
Chamaecyparis  thyoides.    White-Cedar.    Tree  70-80  ft.    Maine  to  Fla.  west 
to  Miss.    Cult.  South. 
IBRS     Chamsedaphne   calyculata   (Andromeda  calyculata.     Cassandra  calyculata). 
Spreading  shrub  1-3  ft.    Leaves  brown  in  winter.    Bogs,  Lab.  to  Brit.  Col., 
south  to  Minn.,  Wis.,  111.,  and  Ga. 
Chamaerops  excelsa  (C.  Fortunei).    See  Trachycarpus  excelsa. 
2BT       Chamaerops  humilis  in  variety.    Low  fan-leaved  palm  from  Medit.    Cult,  in 
Calif,  to  6  ft. 
Chamaerops  hystrix.    See  Rhapidophyllum. 
Checkerberry.    See  Gaultheria  procumbens. 
Cherokee  Rose.    See  Rosa  laevigata. 
Chilean  Guava.    See  Myrtus  ugni. 
IBR       Chimaphila   maculata.     Spotted   Wintergreen.     Lower  than   C.   umbellata. 

Canada  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 
iBR       Chimaphila  umbellata   (C.  corymbosa)    Princes-Pine   or    Pipsissewa.    Small 
half-shrubby  plant  5-12  inches.    Canada  to  Mex.,  Eu.,  Japan. 
Chinese  Hibiscus.    See  Hibiscus  Rosa-sinensis. 
Chinese  Matrimony  Vine.   See  Lycium  chinense. 
Chinese  Windmill  Palm.    See  Trachycarpus  excelsa  (T.  Fortunei). 
iBR       Chiogenes  hispidula.    Creeping  Snowberry.    Creeping  plant.    Canada  south 
to  Minn.,  Mich.,  and  N.  C.  in  peat  bogs  and  mossy  woods. 
Chittim  Wood.    See  Bumelia  lanuginosa. 
2B  Choisya  ternata.    Mexican  Orange.    Shrub  4-8  ft.    Mex.    Cult.  N.  W.  coast. 

2BT       Chorizema  ilicifolium.   Weak  shrub  to  5  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 
Christmas  Berry.    See  Heteromeles  arbutifolia. 
Christmas  Green.    See  Lycopodium. 


CHECK-LIST  383 

Christmas-Tree  of  New  Zealand.    See  Metrosideros  tomentosa. 
Cinnamon-Tree.   See  Cinnamomum  zeylanicum. 
2BT       Cinnamomum  Camphora  (Camphora  ofBcinarum).    Camphor-Tree.    Tree  to 

40  ft.    China,  Japan.    Cult.  South. 
2BT       Cinnamomum  zeylanicum.    Cinnamon-Tree.    Small  tree  20-30  ft.    India  and 
trop.  countries.    Cult.  South. 
Cinquefoil,  Three-toothed.    See  Potentilla  tridentata. 
2BT       Cissus  (Vitis)  antarctica.    Kangaroo- Vine.    Upright  shrub,  branches  climbing 
by  tendrils.  Australia.  Cult.  Calif .   Succeeds  on  walls  in  dark  neglected  places. 
2BT       Cissus  (Vitis)  capensis.    Evergreen  Grape-Vine.    Strong  climbing  vine.    S. 

Afr.    Cult.  Calif,  and  Fla. 
2B  Cissus  striata.   Shrubby  vine.   Chile,  S.  Brazil.   Cult.  Calif. 

Cistus  algarvense.    See  Helianthemum  ocymoides. 
2B  Cistus  ladaniferus  var.  maculatus.    Shrub  to  4  ft.   S.  W.  Eu.    Cult,  in  Calif. 

2B  Cistus  laurifolius.   Shrub  to  6  ft.  S.  W.  Eu.   Cult.  South  and  Calif . 

Citrus  aurantifolia.    See  Lime. 
2BT       Citrus  Aurantium.    Sour  or  Seville  Orange.    Medium  tree.    Cosmopolitan, 
naturalized  in  Fla. 
Citrus  buxifolia.    See  Severinia  buxifolia. 
2BT       Citrus  grandis.   Grapefruit,  Shaddoch,  Pummelo.   Large  tree.   S.  and  W.  U.  S. 
and   W.    Indies. 
Citrus  japonica.    See  Fortunella  japonica. 
Citrus  Limonia.    See  Lemon. 
2BT       Citrus  nobilis.    King  Orange.    Small  tree.    Cochin-China. 
2BT       Citrus  nobilis  var.  deliciosa.    Mandarin  Orange.    Tangerine  Orange.    Small 

tree.  India. 
2BT  Citrus  sinensis.  Common  Sweet  Orange.  Medit.  tree.  Widely  cult,  in  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions.  The  main  orange  sections  in  the  U.  S.  are  (1) 
Cent,  and  S.  Fla.,  (2)  southern  parts  of  La.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.,  and  (3)  Calif., 
along  the  southern  coast  from  San  Diego  to  Shasta  Co.  and  in  the  foothills 
of  the  great  interior  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin. 
2B  Clerodendron  foetidum.    Spreading  shrub  3-G  ft.  China.  Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Clerodendron  fragrans.    Shrubbv.    China,  Japan.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2BT       Clerodendron  Siphonanthus.    Turks-Turban.    Shrub  2-8  ft.    E.  Indies.    Cult. 

Fla.  and  Calif. 
2B  Clerodendron  trichotomum.   Slender,  erect,  graceful  subshrub,  4-10  ft.  Japan. 

Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Cleyera  japonica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.   See  C.  ochnacea. 
Cleyera  japonica  Thunb.   See  Ternstroemia  japonica. 
2BT       Cleyera  ochnacea  (C.  japonica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).    Shrub  to  6  ft.    Himalayas. 

Cult.  South. 
2BT       Clianthus  puniceus.    Parrots-Bill.    Half-trailing  shrub,    3-6   ft.    New   Zeal. 
Cult.  Calif. 
Club  Moss.    See  Lycopodium. 
2BT       Clytostoma  callistegioides  (Bignonia  callistegioides  and  B.  speciosa).    South 

American  Cross-Vine.    Climbing  vine.    S.  Brazil,  Argentina.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Clytostoma  purpureum.    Climbing  vine.    Uruguay.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Cneorum  tricoccon.   Spurge  Olive.   Shrub  1-2  ft.   S.  Eu.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Coccothrinax  Garberi.    Silver  Palm.    A  dwarf  palm.    Biscayne  Bay,  Fla. 

Coconut  Tree.    See  Cocos  nucifera. 

Cocos  Arechavaletana.    See  Arecastrum  Romanzoffianum  var.  australe. 
Cocos  australis.    See  Arecastrum  Romanzoffianum  var.  australe. 


384  THE     CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Cocos  Bonnetii.    See  Butea  Bonnetii. 
Cocos  campestris.    See  Syagrus  campestris. 
Cocos  Datil.    See  Arecastrum  RomanzofEanum  var.  australe. 
2BT       Cocos   nucifera.     Coconut  tree.    40-100  ft.    Seashores    within    the    tropics. 
Cult.  South  and  CaUf. 
Cocos  odorata.    See  Butea  capitata  var.  odorata. 
Cocos  pulposa.    See  Butea  capitata  var.  pulposa. 
Cocos  Yatay.    See  Butea  Yatay. 
Coffee-Berry.    See  Rhamnus  cahfornica. 
Colutea  galegifoUa.    See  Swainsona. 
Convolvulus  floridus.    See  Rhodorhiza  florida. 
Coontie  or  Comptie.    See  Zamia  floridana. 
2BT       Coprosma  Baueri.    Shrub  or  small  tree.   New  Zeal.    Cult.  Calif. 
Coral-Bush.   See  Templetonia  retusa. 
Coral  Gem.    See  Lotus  Berthelotii. 
2B  Cordyline  australis.   Tree  40-50  ft.    New  Zeal.   Common  in  Calif. 

IR  Corema  Conradii.    Broom  Crowberry.     Much  branched  shrub  2  ft.    E.  N. 

Amer.  in  sandy  pine-barrens  and  dry  rocky  places. 
2B  Cornus  cahfornica.    Shrub  6-15  ft.    Coastal  plain,  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego. 

Deciduous  but  often  holding  foliage  late  in  the  winter. 
2B  Cornus  capitata  (Benthamia  fragifera).    Himalayas.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W. 

coast. 
2B  Coronilla  Emerus.   Scorpion  Senna.   Dense  symmetrical  shrub.  3-5  ft.   S.  Eu. 

Cult.  South. 
2B  Coronilla  glauca.    A  shrubby  vetch,  3-5  ft.   S.  Eu.   Commonly  cult.  Calif. 

2BT       Corynocarpus  laevigata.    New  Zealand  Laurel.    Tree  30-40  ft.    New  Zeal. 
Cult.  Calif. 
Corypha  australis.    See  Livistona  australis. 
IBPRS  Cotoneaster  adpressa  (C.  horizon  talis  var.  adpressa).    Prostrate  shrub.    W. 
China. 
Cotoneaster  angustifolia.    See  Pyracantha  angustifolia. 
Cotoneaster  buxifolia.    See  C.  rotundifolia  var.  lanata. 
Cotoneaster  crenulata.    See  Pyracantha  crenulata. 
IBPR    Cotoneaster  Dammeri.    Prostrate  shrub.    Cent.  China. 
IBPRS  Cotoneaster  Franchetii.    Graceful  spreading  shrub  to  4  ft.    W.  China.    Cult. 

South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Cotoneaster  frigida.    Large  shrub,  semi-evergreen.    Himalayas.    Cult.  South 

and  Calif. 
2BS        Cotoneaster  horizontalis.    Low  spreading  shrub,  branches  almost  prostrate. 

China.   Semi-evergreen  South.   Hardy  and  deciduous  North. 
2BS        Cotoneaster  horizontalis  perpusilla.     Closely  resembles  the  type.    Very  at- 
tractive. 
IBP       Cotoneaster  microphylla.    Dense  prostrate  shrub.    Himalayas.    Cult.  South 

and  Calif. 
IBP        Cotoneaster  microphylla  var.  thymifolia.    Very  dwarf,  smaller  in  every  part. 
2B  Cotoneaster  pannosa.    Semi-evergreen  shrub  to  6  ft.    S.  W.  China.    Cult.  Fla. 

and  Calif. 
Cotoneaster  Pyracantha.   See  Pyracantha  coccinea. 
IBPRS  Cotoneaster  rotundifolia  (C.  microphylla  Uva-iu-si).    Low  or  prostrate  shrub. 

Himalayas. 
IBPR    Cotoneaster  rotundifolia  var.  lanata  (C.  buxifolia).   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
IBPRS  Cotoneaster  salicifolia  var.  floccosa.   Shrub  to  15  ft.   W.  China. 


CHECK-LIST  385 

2BS        Cotoneaster  Simonsii  (C.  acuminata  var.  Simonsii).   Shrub  to  4  ft.   Himalayas. 
Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast.    Deciduous  and  hardy  North. 
Cowberry.    See  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idsea. 

Cranberry,  American  or  Large.    See  Vaccinium  macrocarpon. 
Cranberry,  Mountain.    See  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idaja. 
Cranberry,  Small.    See  Vaccinium  Oxycoccus. 
CratjBgus  crenulata.    See  Pyracantha  crenulata. 
Crattegus  glabra.    See  Photinia  glabra. 
Cratffigus  Pyracantha.    See  Pyracantha  coccinea. 
Creeping  Snowberry.    See  Chiogenes  hispidula. 
Creeping  Thyme.    See  Thymus  Serpyllum. 
Cross-Vine.    See  Bignonia  capreolata. 
Crowberry,  Black.    See  Empetrum  nigrum. 
Crowberry,  Broom.    See  Corema. 
2  Cryptomeria  japonica.   Tree.   Japan.   Cult.  South. 

IFR       Cryptomeria  japonica  Lobbii.     Compact  tree.     China.  Japan. 
2  Cunninghamia  lanceolata  (C.  sinensis).   Tree  to  80  ft.    China.    Cult.  South. 

2  Cupressus  arizonica.   Tree  to  40  rarely  70  ft.   Ariz,  to  Calif,  and  South. 

2  Cupressus  funebris.   Tree  to  60  ft.   China.   Cult.  South. 

Cupressus  glauca.    See  C.  lusitanica. 
2  Cupressus  Goveniana  (C.  calif ornica).   Tree  to  50  ft.  Calif. 

Cupressus  Lawsoniana.    See  Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana. 
2  Cupressus  lusitanica  (C.  glauca.  C.  sinensis,  Hort.).    Cypress  of  Goa.    Tree  to 

50  ft.    Naturalized  in  Portugal  and  probably  introduced  from  India.    Cult. 
South. 
2  Cupressus  macrocarpa  and  var.  fastigiata.    Monterey  Cypress.   Tree  to  40  ft. 

Bay  of  Monterey,  Calif.    Much  cult.  Calif. 
2  Cupressus  Macnabiana.    Shrub  with  several  stems  or  small  tree  20  ft.    Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
2  Cupressus  sempervirens  in  var.    Italian  or  Classic  Cypress.    Tree  to  80  ft. 

S.  Eu.,  W.  Asia.   Cult.  South. 
Cupressus  sinensis.    See  C.  lusitanica. 
2BT       Cycas  circinalis.    Fern-Palm.    S.  India,  Isls.  of  Pacific,  E.  trop.  Afr.,  Guam. 

Best  in  partial  shade.    Cult,  middle  and  southern  Fla. 
2BT       Cycas  siamensis.    Small  palm-like  tree.    Burma,  Siam,  Cochin-China.    Cult. 
Fla. 
Cyclobalanopsis  glauca.   See  Quercus  glauca. 
Cypress,  Italian  or  Classic.   See  Cupressus  sempervirens. 
Cypress,  Japanese.    See  Chamaecyparis  and  Retinispora. 
Cypress,  Lawson.    See  Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana. 
Cypress,  Monterey.    See  Cupressus  macrocarpa. 
Cypress  of  Goa.    See  Cupressus  lusitanica. 
2B  Cyrilla  racemiflora.    Leatherwood.    Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  ft.    Variable 

species  ranging  from  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.  and  in  W.  Indies  and  S. 
Amer.    In  the  Southern  States  foliage  turns  reddish  bronze  color  in  the  fall, 
but  remains  green  in  the  more  tropical  parts  of  its  range. 
Cytisus  albus.    See  C.  multiflorus. 
2B  Cytisus  canariensis.    Genista.    Much-branched  shrub  to  6  ft.    Canary  Isls. 

Cult,   in  Calif. 
2B  Cytisus  filipes  (Spartocytisus  filipes.  C.  palmensis,  Hort.).   Shrub  with  slender 

branches.   Teneriffe.   Hardy  South.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2B  Cytisus  monspessulanus  (C.  candicans).  Shrub  to  10  ft.  Medit.  Cult,  in  Calif. 


386  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2B  Cytisus  multiflorus  (C.  albus.    Spartium  multiflorus).    Shrub  to  3  ft.    Spain 

and  N.  Afr.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2B  Cytisus  racemosus.   Hybrid.    Shrub  to  6  ft.   Cult,  in  Calif. 

IBPR    Cytisus  scoparius.   Scotch  Broom.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Cent  and  S.Eu.   Practically 

deciduous  North  but  the  mass  of  green  stems  3-4  feet  high  makes  a  striking 

show  in  winter.    Neglected  clumps  of  this  plant  have  established  themselves 

in  sheltered  positions  both  in  Boston  and  Rochester. 

IPR       Daboecia  cantabrica  (D.  polifolia.    Boretta  cantabrica.    Menziesia  polifolia). 

Irish  Heath.    Shrub  to  2  ft.    Ireland,  W.  France,  N.  Spain,  Azores. 
Dtedalacanthus  nervosus.    See  Eranthemum  nervosum. 
Dahoon.   See  Ilex  Cassine. 
Dammara  robusta.    See  Agathis  robusta. 
2B  Daphne  Blagayana.    Low  plant  like  the  following.    Mts.  of  S.  E.  Eu.    Cult. 

South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
IBR       Daphne  Cneorum.     Garland-Flower.    Dense  shrub  to  2   ft.,  with    creeping 

branches  making  a  neat  mound-like  mass.     Mts.  of  cent.  Eu.    Succeeds 

South  under  favorable  conditions. 
2B  Daphne  hybrida  (D.collina  X  D.odora).   Hardier  than  D.  odora.    Erect  shrub 

to  4  ft.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2B  Daphne  Laureola.   Shrub  to  4  ft.   S.  Eu.,  W.  Asia.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Daphne  odora.   Shrub  to  4  ft.   China,  Japan.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Daphne  pontica.  Shrub  to  5  ft.  S.  E.  Eu.,W.  Asia.  Cult.  South  and  N.W.  coast. 

2B  Daphniphyllum  macropodum  (D.  glaucescens).    Shrub  or  small  tree  5-10  ft. 

Japan,  China.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Dendrium.    See  Leiophyllum. 
2B  Dendromecon  rigida.    Shrub  to  6  ft.    Dry  parts  of  coast  ranges  and  Sierras, 

Calif. 
Deodar.   See  Cedrus  Deodara. 
Dewberry,  Swamp.   See  Rubus  hispidus. 
IR  Diapensia  lapponica.    Small  alpine  shrub,  1-2  ft.    Mts.  of  New  England  and 

N.  Y. 
2BT       Dicksonia  antarctica.   Tree  Fern.   30-35  ft.  in  Australia  and  Tasmania.   Cult. 

Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Dioclea  glycinoides.   Tender  shrubby  twiner.   Rio  de  la  Plata.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2T  Diosma  ericoides.    Much-branched  shrub  1-2  ft.  requiring  same  treatment  as 

Erica.   S.  W.  Afr.   Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Dodonaea  cuneata.  Shrub  to  8  ft.  Australia.  Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Dodonaea  viscosa.    Shrub  to  15  ft.   Australia,  S.  Afr.,  Mex.    Cult.  Calif. 

2BT       Dolichos  lignosus  and  var.  alba.    Australian  Pea.    Twining  vine.    Australia. 

Highly  recommended  in  S.  Calif,  and  Ariz. 
2BT       Dombeya  natalensis  (Assonia  natalensis.     Astrapsea  natalensis).     Small  tree 

from  Trop.  Afr.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Dovyalis  caffra  (Aberia  caffra).    Kei- Apple.    Shrub  or  small  tree.    Cape  of 

Good  Hope.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Doxantha    Unguis-cati   (Bignonia    Unguis-cati).      Vine.     Argentina.     Cult. 

Calif,  and  Fla. 
2BT       Duranta  repens  (D.  spinosa.    D.  Plumieri.    Ellisia  acuta).    Golden  Dewdrop. 

Shrub  or  small  tree.    Key  West,  W.  Indies.  Mex.  to  Brazil.    Cult.  Fla.  and 

Calif. 
Dwarf  Palmetto.    See  Sabal  glabra. 
Dyers  Greenweed.    See  Genista  tinctoria. 


CHECK-LIST  387 

2B  Elaeagnus  pungens  in  variety.    Spreading  shrub  to  12  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  South 

and  Calif.    Some  varieties  are  vine-like. 
2BS        Elaeagnus  umbellata.    Japanese  Oleaster.    Spreading  shrub  to  12  ft.    S.  Eu., 

Asia,  N.  Amer.    Deciduous  and  hardy  North. 
Ellisia  acuta.    See  Duranta  repens. 
IR  Empetrum  nigrum.    Black  Crowberry.   Low  procumbent  alpine  shrub.   Arctic 

Amer.  south  to  coast  of  Maine  and  New  England,  mts.  N.  Mich,  and  coast 

of  Ore. 
English  Ivy.   See  Hedera  Helix. 
IR  Ephedra  distachya.   Low  procumbent  shrub,  1-3  ft.   S.  Eu.,  W.  Asia. 

IBR       Epigi^a  repens.    Trailing  Arbutus.    Mayflower.   Woody  creeping  plant.    N.  E. 

Amer.    Needs  acid  soil. 
2BT       Eranthemum  nervosum  (Dsedalacanthus  nervosus).    Tropical  shrub,  2-6  ft. 

India.    Cult.  Fla. 
IPR       Erica  carnea  (E.  herbacea).    Pink  Moor  Heath.    Dwarf  shrub  to  6  inches. 

S.  Afr.,  Medit.  region.   Hardy  at  Boston  and  Rochester. 
IPR       Erica  cinerea.   Scotch  Heath.    Much-branched  shrub  8-15  inches.    Eu. 
2  Erica  lusitanica  (E.  codonodes).   Spanish  Heath.    Low  shrub.    W.  Eu.  (Hardy 

south  of  N.  Y.  with  protection).    Cult.  Calif. 
2  Erica  mediterranea  (E.  carnea  var.  occidentalis).    Shrub  to  3  ft.    England. 

Cult.  South  and  west  coast. 
2  Erica  melanthera.   Heath.    Shrub  to  3  ft.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

2  Erica  persoluta  alba.    Cult.  Calif. 

Erica  spiculifolia.   See  Bruckenthalia. 
IPR       Erica  Tetralix.   Bell  Heather.   6-12  inches.   W.  Eu. 
IPR       Erica  vagans.    Cornish  Heath.   Shrub  to  12  inches.    W.  Eu.,  Medit. 

Erica  vulgaris.   See  Calluna  vulgaris. 
2B  Eriobotrya  japonica  (Photinia  japonica).   Loquat.   Small  tree  to  20  ft.   Japan, 

China.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Erythea  armata.   Blue  Palm.  Slender  tree  40  ft.  Lower  Calif . 
2BT       Erythea  Brandegeei.   Tree  to  125  ft.,  with  slender  trunk.   Lower  Calif.   Shade. 
2BT       Erythea  edulis(Braheaedulis).   Tree  40-50  ft.   Calif.   Shade. 
2BT       Erythea  elegans.   Dwarf;  slow-growing.   Lower  Calif. 

2B  Escallonia  montevidensis.    Shrub  to  9  ft.    S.  Amer.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Escallonia  pulverulenta.    Shrub  8-10  ft.    S.  Amer.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Escallonia  rubra.   Dainty  shrub  to  0  ft.   S.  Amer.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Escallonia  virgata.   Dense  shrub.   S.  Amer.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2BT       Eucalyptus  amygdalina  var.  angustifolia.    Peppermint  Gum.    Graceful  tree. 

Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  corynocalyx.    Sugar  Gum.    Large  tree.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

Drought  resistant. 
2B  Eucalyptus  crebra.    Narrow-leaved  Ironbark.   Small  to  large  tree.   Australia. 

Stands  wide  range  of  temperature.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  erythronema    (E.  conoidea).     Small  ornamental  tree.  Australia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  globulus.    Blue  Gum.     Tree  to  300  ft.    Australia.    Much  cult. 

Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  (E.  gracilipes).    ^Tiite  Ironbark.    Tall  tree.    Australia. 

Much  cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  polyanthemos.    Red-Box.     Australian-Beech.     Ornamental    tree. 

Australia.    Resists  drought  and  heat  and  is  fairly  tolerant  of  alkali  soil. 

Cult.  Calif. 


388  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BT       Eucalyptus  resinifera.    Kino  Eucalyptus.    Red-Mahogany.    Tree.    Australia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  Risdonii.   Ornamental  tree  20-50  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  robusta.    Swamp-Mahogany.    Tree.    Australia.     Cult.  Fla.  and 

Calif.    Succeeds  in  alkali  soil. 
2B  Eucalyptus  rostrata.    Red  Gum.    Tree  to  200  ft.    Australia.    Cult.  Fla.  and 

Calif.   Resists  drought  and  alkali  soil. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  rudis.    Desert  Gum.    Tree  to  100  ft.    Australia.    Cult.  Fla.  and 

Calif. 
2B  Eucalyptus  tereticornis.    Forest  Gray  Gum,  Flooded  Gum.    Australia.    Cult. 

Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Eucalyptus  viminalis.   Manna  Gum.   Tree  to  300  ft.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Eugenia  apiculata.   Shrub  to  8  ft.   Chile.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Eugenia  Jambos.   Rose-Apple.  Tree  20-30  ft.   E.  Indies.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 

2BT       Eugenia    mvrtifolia    (E.  australis.    Jambosa    myrtifolia).     Australia    Brush- 
Cherry.   Tree  to  80  ft.   Cult.  Calif. 
Eugenia  Ugni.    See  Myrtus  Ugni. 
IBS        Euonymus  Bungeana  var.  semipersistens  (E.  Hamiltoniana  var.  semipersistens. 

Also  E.  Sieboldiana,  Hort.).    Shrub  to  15  ft.    China,  Manchuria. 
2B  Euonymus  japonica.    Shrub  to  8  ft.    S.  Jaoan.    Cult.  South  and  W.  coast  to 

Wash. 
IBR       Euonymus  nana.   Low  shrub  1-2  ft,  arching  branches,  leaves  bronze  in  winter. 

W.  Asia  to  W.  China. 
iBR       Euonymus  nana  var.  Koopmannii.    Leaves  larger  and  broader  than  the  type, 

bronzing  in  winter. 
IB  Euonymus  radicans.    Climbing  Euonymus  or  Evergreen  Bittersweet.    Vine 

for  brick  and  stone  or  creeping  and  shrubby  to  3  ft.    N.  and  cent.  Japan. 

Cult.  South  and  W.  coast.     Many  varieties,  especially  acutus,  Carrierei, 

minima  (kewensis),  and  vegeta.    Var.  acutus  is  a  new  creeping  form,  foliage 

normal  like  the  type  but  growth  always  low  and  flat,  possible  substitute  for 

Vinca  minor  as  ground-cover  in  the  sun. 
Evergreen  Bittersweet.    See  Euonymus  radicans. 
Everlasting  Thorn.    See  Pyracantha  coccinea. 
Evonymus.    See  Euonymus. 

False  China  Brier.    See  Smilax  laurifolia. 
2B  Fatsia  japonica  (Aralia  japonica).    Shrub  or  small  tree.    Japan,  China.    Cult. 

Calif. 
2B  Feijoa  Sellowiana.   Pineapple  Guava.   Shrub  to  15  ft.   S.  Brazil  to  Argentina. 

Commonly  cult,  in  Calif. 
Fern-Palm.    See  Cycas  circinalis. 
Fetter-Bush.    See  Pieris  lucida. 
2B  Ficus  pumila  (F.  repens).    Creeping  Fig.    Creeping  vine  for  brick  and  stone. 

Japan,  China,  and  Australia.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Also  various  other  species  of  Ficus. 
Fig.   See  Ficus. 
Fir.  See  Abies. 

Fire  Thorn.    See  Pyracantha  coccinea. 
Flame-Flower.    See  Pyrostegia  venusta. 
2BT       Fortunella  japonica   (Citrus  japonica).    Round  Kumquat.     Much-branched 
shrub.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Fortunes  Palm.    See  Trachycarpus  excelsa  (T.  Fortunei). 


CHECK-LIST  389 

Foxberry.    See  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idaea. 

Fragrant  Honeysuckle.    See  Lonicera  fragrantissima. 

Furze.    See  Ule.x  europaeus. 

2B  Gardenia  jasminoides  (G.  florida.  G.  radicans).    Cape  Jasmine.    Very  small 

shrub.   China.   Cult.  South. 
2B  Gardenia  jasminoides  var.  Fortuniana  (G.  Fortunei,  Hort.).  Shrub.  Cult.  South. 

Garland-Flower.    See  Daphne. 
2B  Garrya  elliptica.  Shrub  to  8  ft.   Calif .  to  N.  Mex. 

2B  Garrya  Fremontii.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Ore.  to  Calif. 

IBR       Gaultheria    procumbens.     Wintergreen.     Checkerberry.     Creeping   shrub   to 

5  in.    Canada  to  Ga.  west  to  Mich. 
2BT       Gaultheria  Shallon.   Spreading  shrub  to  2  ft.    Brit.  Col.  to  Calif. 
2B  Gaultheria  Veitchiana.    Spreading  shrub  to  3  ft.    W.  China. 

iBR       Gaylussacia  brachycera.    Box  Huckleberry.    Low  shrub   with   creeping  and 

ascending  stems.    Wooded  hills,  Pa.  to  Del.  and  Va. 
2B  Gelsemium  sempervirens.    Carolina  Yellow  Jessamine.    Twining  Vine.    Va. 

to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Guatemala.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Genista  of  florists.    See  Cytisus  canariensis. 
Genista  juncea.    See  Spartium. 
2BR       Genista  tinctoria   (G.  sibirica,   Hort.  G.   polygalrefolia,   Hort.).     Woodwax. 
Dyers  Greenweed.  Erect  shrub  to  3  ft.  Eu.,  W.  Asia.    Deciduous  and  hardy 
North. 
Golden  Dewdrop.    See  Duranta  repens. 
Gold-Flower.    See  Hypericum  Moserianum. 
2B  Gordonia  Lasianthus.    Loblolly  Bay.    Red  Bay.    Tree  to  UO  ft.    Va.  to  Fla. 

and  Miss.    Cult.  South. 
Gorse.    See  Llex  europjeus. 
Grapefruit.    See  Citrus  grandis. 
Grapevine,  Evergreen.    See  Cissus  capensis. 
2BT       Grevillea  robusta.    Silk-Oak.    Large  tree  from  Australia.    Cult.  S.  Fla.   and 

Calif. 
2BT       Grevillea  Thelemanniana  (G.  Preissii).   Shrub  to  4  ft.   Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 
Ground-Hemlock.    See  Taxus  canadensis. 
Ground-Pine.    See  Lycopodium. 
Groundsel-Tree.    See  Baccharis  halimifolium. 
Guava.    See  Psidium  Guajava. 
Guava,  Chilean.    See  Myrtus  Ugni. 
Guava,  Strawberry.    See  Psidium  Cattleianum. 
Gum.  Blue,  Red,  Sugar,  etc.    See  Eucalyptus. 

2BT       Hakea  elliptica.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

2BT       Hakea  laurina  (H.  eucalj-ptoides).    Sea  Urchin.    Shrub  to  15  ft.    Australia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Hakea  saligna.   Shrub  to  8  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Hakea  sua veolens  (H.  pectinata).  Shrub  to  10  ft.  Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

Halls  Honeysuckle.    See  Lonicera  japonica  var.  Halliana. 
2BT       Hamelia  patens.    Scarlet  Bush.    Shrub  to  5-12  ft.,  becomes  woody  with  age. 
S.  Fla.  to  Brazil.   Rarely  killed  down  by  frosts  in  Fla. 

Harrimanella.   See  Cassiope. 

Heath,  Cornish,  Scotch,  and  Pink  Moor.   See  Erica. 

Heath,  Irish.    See  Daboecia. 


390  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Heath,  Spanish.    See  Erica  lusitanica. 
Heather.    See  Calluna  vulgaris. 
Heather,  Bell.    See  Erica  Tetralix. 
Heather,  Southern.    See  Ceratiola  ericoides. 
2B  Hedera  canariensis   (H.   Helix   var.   canariensis.     H.   azorica,   Hort.).    Vine 

climbing  by  root-like  holdfasts.   Canary  Isls.,  Maderia,  N.  Afr.   Cult.  South. 
2B  Hedera  colchica  (H.  Rsegneriana,  Hort.).    Vine  climbing  by  root-like  hold- 

fasts..   Asia  Minor,  Caucasus,  Persia.    Cult.  South. 
IBP       Hedera  Helix.    English  Ivy.    Vine  for  brick  and  stone  climbing  by  root-like 
holdfasts.    Eu.,  Canaries,  N.  Afr.,  Asia.    Always  safer  with  winter  shade 
and  best  when  used  as  ground-cover  in  the  North.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W. 
coast. 
Heeria  rosea.   See  Heterocentron  roseum. 
IB  Helianthemum   Chamsecistus   (H.   vulgare).    Rock-Rose.     Low    procumbent 

subshrub.    Eu.,  W.  Asia,  N.  Afr. 
2B  Helianthemum  ocymoides  (H.  algarvense.    Cistus  algarvense).    Nearly  erect 

twiggy  shrub  to  2-3  ft.    Spain  and  Portugal. 
Hemlock.    See  Tsuga. 
2BT       Heterocentron  roseum  (Heeria   rosea).     Shrub  to  1   ft.      Mex.   and   Cent. 

Amer. 
2B  Heteromeles   arbutifolia   (Photinia    arbutifolia).     Toyon.     Christmas-Berry. 

Shrub  or  tree  to  20  ft.    Calif.,  also  cult.  South. 
Heteromeles  glabra.     See  Photinia  glabra. 
Heteromeles  serrulata.    See  Photinia  serrulata. 
2BT       Hibiscus  heterophyllus.    Tall  shrub.    Australia.    Cult.  South. 
2BT       Hibiscus   Rosa-sinensis.     Chinese   Hibiscus.     Tall    shrub.     Australia.    Cult. 

South. 
IBS        Hippophae  rhamnoides.    Sea  Buckthorn.    Large  shrub  or  small  tree  from  W. 
and  cent.  Asia,  W.  China  or  N.  W.  Himalayas.    Remains  low  and  shrubby 
in  seashore  planting. 
Holly,  American.    See  Ilex  opaca. 
Holly,  English.    See  Ilex  Aquifolium. 
Holly,  Japanese.    See  Ilex  crenata. 
Honeysuckle,  Fragrant.    See  Lonicera  fragrantissima. 
Honeysuckle,  Halls.    See  Lonicera  japonica  var.  Halliana. 
Honeysuckle,  Japanese.    See  Lonicera  japonica. 
Honeysuckle,  Trumpet.    See  Lonicera  sempervirens. 
Horse-Sugar.    See  Symplocos  tinctoria. 
2BT       Hoya  carnosa  (H.  Motoskei).    Wax-Plant.   Twining  vine  to  5-8  ft.   S.  China, 
Australia.     Cult.    Calif. 
Huckleberry,  Box.    See  Gaylussacia  brachycera. 
2BT       Hymenosporum  flavum.    Pyramidal  shrub  or  tree  to  50  ft.    Australia.    Used 

on  streets  in  Calif. 
IBPRS  Hypericum  calycinum.    Rose-of -Sharon.    Aarons  Beard.      Spreads  rapidly. 

Subshrub  to  1  ft.    Cult.  South  and  W.  coast  to  Wash. 
2BS        Hypericum  hircinum.    Compact  subshrub  to  2-3  ft.    Medit.  region.    Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
2BS        Hj'pericum  Moserianum.    Gold-Flower.     Erect  subshrub  to  2  ft.    A  hybrid 
by  Moser  of  France  between  H.  patulum  and  H.  calycinum.     Cult.  South 
and   Calif. 
2BS        Hypericum  patulum  var.  Henryi.   Spreading  shrub  to  lJ^-3  ft.   China.    Cult. 
South  and  Calif. 


CHECK-LIST  391 

IB  Iberis  sempervirens.    Evergreen  Candytuft.    Perennial  to  1  ft.    S.  Eu.    Cult. 

South  and  X.  W.  coast. 
IB  Iberis  Tenoreana.   Perennial  half  shrubby  to  6  in.   Naples. 

2B  Ilex  Aquifolium  in  variety,  especially  var.  microphylla.    English  Holly.    Tree 

to  40  ft.   S.  and  cent.  Eu.,  W.  Asia,  and  China.   Cult.  South  and  N.  \V.  coast. 
2B  Ilex  Cassine  (I.  Dahoon).   Dahoon.   Shrub  or  small  tree.   N.  C.  to  Fla.  west  to 

La.    Cult.  South. 
2B  Ilex  cornuta.    Shrubby  tree.   China.   Cult.  South. 

IBPR    Ilex  crenata  (I.  Fortunei,  Hort.).    Japanese  Holly.    Much-branched  shrub  or 

small  tree  to  10  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
IBPR    Ilex  crenata  microphylla.    Hardy  at  Cornell  and  Rochester.    This  is  hardiest 

form  of  I.  crenata. 
IBPR    Ilex  glaljra.     Inkberry.    Slender-branched  upright  shrub  to  8  ft.    Mass.  to 

Fla.,  west  to  Miss. 
2B  Ilex  Integra  (Othcrajaponica).  Shrub  or  tree  to  40  ft.  Japan.   Cult.  South. 

IBP       Ilex  opaca  (I.  quercifolia).    American  Holly.    Tree  to  50  ft.    Mass.  to  Fla. 

west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Native  on  Cape  Cod  and  also  growing  cheerfully  in  gravelly  soil  at  Cornell  and 

Rochester.     In  both  places  it  is  somewhat  sheltered  from  northern  winds,  but  has  full 

exposure  to  winter  sun.    Also  cult.  N.  W.  coast. 

2B  Ilex  Pernyi.    Handsome  compact  shrub  to  10  ft. 

2B  Ilex  vomitoria  (I.  Cassine,  Walt.).    Cassena.    Yaupon.    Shrub  rarely  tree  to 

25  ft.    Va.  to  Fla.  west  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 
2B  Illicium    anisatum     (I.    religiosum).      Small    tree.      Japan.      Hardier    than 

Camellia. 
2B  Illicium  floridanum.  Shrub  to  6-10  ft.   Fla.  to  La. 

2B  Illicium  parviflorum.   Shrub  lower  than  I.  floridanum.   Fla.  to  Ga. 

Indian  Hawthorn.    See  Raphiolepis  indica. 

Inkberry.    See  Ilex  glabra. 

Inodes.    See  Sabal. 
2BT       lochroma   grandiflorum  (I.  Warscewiczii).     Shrub   10   ft.     Ecuador.     Cult. 
Calif. 

Ironbark.    See  Eucalyptus. 

Islands,  Cherry.    See  Prunus  Lyonii. 

Ivy,  English.    See  Hedera  IlelLx. 

Jambosa  myrtifolia.    See  Eugenia  myrtifolia. 

Japanese  Honeysuckle.    See  Lonicera  japonica. 

Japanese  Oleaster.    See  Ela-agnus  umbellata. 

Japanese  Pittosporum.    See  Pittosporum  Tobira. 

Jasmine,  Arabian.    See  Jasminum  Sambac. 

Jasmine,  Cape.    See  Gardenia  jasminoides. 

Jasmine  or  Jessamine,  Carolina  Yellow.    See  Gelsemium  sempervirens. 

Jasmine,  Italian,  Royal,  or  Spanish.    See  Jasminum  grandiflorum. 

Jasmine,  Red  Coral.    See  Cestrum  elegans. 

Jasmine,  Star  or  Confederate.    See  Trachelospermum  jasminoides. 
2BS        Jasminum  floridum.   Erect  shrub.   China.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2B  Jasminum  fruticans.    Bu.sh  to  12  ft.    S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.  Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2BT       Jasminum  grandiflorum.    Italian,  Royal,  or  Spanish  Jasmine.    Shrubby  vine 

from  India  naturalized  in  I'la.   Also  cult,  in  Calif. 
2BS        Jasminum  humile  (J.  triumphans,  Hort.).   Shrub  to  20  ft.   Trop.  Asia.   Cult. 
South  and  N.  W.  coast. 


392  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BS        Jasminum  primulinum.    Semi-evergreen  South  and  cult,  there  and  on  N.  W. 

coast. 
2B  Jasminum  Sambac  var.   Grand   Duke.     Arabian  Jasmine.     Climbing  vine. 

India.  Cult.  Calif. 
Jerusulem-Thorn.    See  Parkinsonia  aculeata. 
Jessamine.    See  Jasmine. 
2BT       Juba^  spectabilis.   Wine  Palm  of  Chile.   Cult,  in  S.  Calif. 
Juniper,  Chinese.    See  Juniperus  chinensis. 
Juniper,  Common.    See  Juniperus  communis. 
Juniper,  Savin.    See  Juniperus  Sabina. 
Juniper,  Trailing.    See  Juniperus  horizontalis. 
Juniper,  others.    See  Juniperus. 
Juniperus  australis.   See  J.  lucayana. 
Juniperus  barbadensis.    See  J.  lucayana. 
2  Juniperus  californica.    Tree  to  40  ft.  or  shrubby  in  the  mts.    Calif. 

Juniperus  californica  var.  utahensis.   See  J.  utahensis. 
1  Juniperus  chinensis  (J.  sinensis,  Hort.)  in  variety.    Chinese  Juniper  or  Cedar. 

especially  the  following: 
1  Juniperus  chinensis  var.  Pfitzeriana.    Wide  flaring  shrub  6  ft.  high  and  10  ft. 

wide.  M  ith  nodding  branchlets  making  a  broad  loose  foliage  mass. 
1  Juniperus  chinensis  var.  stricta.   Slow  growing,  dense,  conical  shrub  to  6-8  ft. 

high. 
IR         Juniperus  chinensis  var.  Sargentii.    This  is  still  new  in  the  trade,  introduced 
from  Japan  by  Sargent  in  1892  and  confused  with  another  Sargent  introduc- 
tion now  known  as  J.  procumbens.    Both  J.  chinensis  var.  Sargentii  and  J. 
procumbens  have  been  distributed  as  J.  chinensis  var.  procumbens  which 
name  is  no  longer  correct.    See  J.  procumbens  and  J.  squamata. 
The  type  and  its  varieties  are  cult.  South  and  W.  coast. 
1  Juniperus  communis.    Common  Juniper.    Low-spreading  shrub  or  small  tree 

according  to  variety.    Arctic  N.  Amer.,  Rockies,  cent.  Eu.,  N.  Asia.    Cult. 
South  and  W.  coast.    Many  varieties  especially : 
1  Juniperus  communis  depressa  (J.  canadensis).    Spreading  variety,  forming 

broad  patches  1-3  feet  high. 
1  Juniperus  communis  hibernica  (stricta,  Carr.).   Irish  Juniper.   Narrow  colum- 

nar form  to  15  ft. 
1  Juniperus  communis  suecica  (fastigiata,  Hort.).    Swedish  Juniper.    Narrow 

columnar  form;  habit  a  little  looser  than  in  hibernica  and  tips  of  branches 
more  nodding. 
1  Juniperus   horizontalis   (J.   Sabina   var.    prostrata).     Low   spreading  shrub 

with  long  prostrate  branches  and  upright  branchlets  1-2  ft.  high.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Brit.  Col.  south  to  N.  Y.,  Minn,  and  Mont.  Cult.  South  and  W. 
coast. 

1  Juniperus   horizontalis   var.    Douglasii.     Waukegan    Juniper.     A    distinctly 

trailing  form  with  bluish  foliage  especially  in  winter. 
IR  Juniperus  japonica,  Carr.    This  should  now  be  called  Juniperus  chinensis  var. 

japonica,  Vilm.  It  is  a  dwarf  shrub  with  foliage  mostly  of  the  juvenile  type, 
i.e.  awl-like  and  more  or  less  spreading  rather  than  scale-like  and  tightly 
overlapping.  It  has  been  distributed  under  the  name  Juniperus  chinensis 
var.  procumbens  and  occurs  in  two  forms  both  of  which  have  the  young 
growth  yellowish  or  golden.   See  Standard  Cycl.  Hort.,  p.  3569. 

2  Juniperus    lucayana   (J.   australis.   J.   barbadensis).     Southern    Red-  Cedar. 

Tree  to  50  ft.   S.  Ga.  to  Fla.    Cult.  Gulf  States,  W.  Indies  and  Calif. 


CHECK-LIST  393 

2  Juniperus  occidentalis.    Shrub  with  many  upright  branches  or  pyramidal  tree 

to  40  ft.    Wash,  to  Calif. 

IR  Juniperus  procumbens.  This  has  been  confused  with  J.  chinensis  Sargentii, 
but  most  closely  resembles  the  older  Juniperus  squamata. 

1  Juniperus  Sabina  in  variety  especially: 

IR  Juniperus  Sabina  plumosa.    This  is  a  new  seedling  form  recently  introduced 

by  Andorra  Nurseries  from  the  Maine  coast.  It  is  a  lower,  more  spreading 
shrub  with  plumose  foliage,  i.e.,  the  leaves  are  more  acicular  and  spreading 
than  in  the  type.  The  plant  assumes  a  beautiful  bronze  winter  color  in  the 
vicinity  of  Phila.    The  type  and  its  varieties  are  cult.  South  and  W.  coast. 

1  Juniperus  Sabina   tamariscifolia   (J.  sabinoides).     Procumbent  or  ascending 

shrub.    Mts.  of  S.  Eu. 

IR  Juniperus  scopulorum.  Similar  to  J.  virginiana.  Brit.  Col.  to  Calif,  in  the 
Rocky  Mts. 

1  Juniperus  squamata  (J.  reciu-va  var.  densa,  Hort.).    Closely  allied  to  J.  pro- 

cumbens.   Decumbent  shrub.    Himalayas,  W.  China. 
Juniperus  tamariscifolia.    See  J.  Sabina  tamariscifoUa. 

2  Juniperus  thurifera.    Shrub  or  tree  to  40  ft.    Spain,  Algeria.    Cult.  South. 

2  Juniperus  utahensis  (J.  calif ornica  var.  utahensis).    Bushy  tree,  rarely  over 

20  ft.   Colo,  to  Calif,  and  west  to  Utah. 

1  Juniperus  virginiana.    Red-Cedar.    Sa\in.    Tree  to  100  ft.     Canada  to  Fla. 

east  of  the  Rockies.  Many  varieties  especially:  Canaertii,  compact  dark 
green.  Glauca,  bluish  foliage.  Globosa,  compact,  globose  form.  Kos- 
teriana,  wide-spreading  bush  with  almost  horizontal  branches;  resembles 
J.  chinensis  var.  Pfitzeriana  but  lower  and  foliage  not  so  loose  and  pendulous. 
Schottii,  dwarf  pyramidal.  Tripartita,  dwarf  spreading. 
Jupiters  Beard.    See  Anthyllis  Barba-Jovis. 

2B  Kadsiu-a  japonica.   Small,  procumbent  shrub.  Japan.   Cult.  South. 

IB  Kalmia  angustifolia.     Sheep  Laurel.     Lambkill.     Shrub  to  3  ft.    Newf.  and 

Hudson  Bay  to  Ga. 
IBR       Kalmia  polifolia   (K.  glauca).    Pale  or  Swamp  Lam-el.    Small  shrub  1-2  ft. 
Cold  bogs  and  mts.  Lab.  to  Alaska  south  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Calif. 
IB  Kalmia  latifolia.    American  or  Mountain  Laurel.    Shrub  usually  3-8  ft.,  some- 

times larger.    New  Bruns.  to  Fla.  west  to  Ohio  and  Tenn.   Best  broad-leaved 
evergreen  shrub  for  the  Northeast,  but  not  satisfactory  when  cult,  on  N.  W. 
coast. 
Kangaroo-Thorn.    See  Acacia  armata. 
Kangaroo-Vine.    See  Cissus  antarctica. 
Karo.    See  Pitto.sporum  rrassifolium. 
Kei- Apple.    See  Dovyalis  caffra. 
King  Orange.    See  Citrus  nohilis. 
Kumquat.    See  Fortunella  (Citrus)  japonica. 

Labrador-Tea.    See  Ledum  groenlandicum. 
2B  Lagunaria  Patersonii.   Tree  to  50  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

Lambkill.    See  Kalmia  angustifolia. 
2BT       Latania  borbonica.    This  is  a  common  trade  name  among  palms,  but  seeds 
offered  under  this  name  are  usually  Livistona  chinensis  which  see  below. 

Laurel,  California.   See  Umbellularia  californica. 

Laiu-el,  Cherry.    See  Prunus  Laurocerasus. 

Laurel,  English.    See  Prunus  Laurocerasus. 


394  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Laurel,  Great.   See  Rhododendron  maximum. 
Laurel,  Magnolia.    See  Magnolia  glauca. 
Laurel,   Mountain.     See  Kalmia  latifolia. 
Laurel,  New  Zealand.    See  Corynocarpus  laevigata. 
Laurel,   Pale.     See  Kalmia  polifolia. 
Laurel,  Portugal.    See  Prunus  lusitanica. 
Laurel,  Sheep.    See  Kalmia  angustifolia. 
Laurel,  Swamp.    See  Kalmia  polifolia. 
Laurocerasus.    See  Prunus. 
2B  Laurus  nobilis.    Sweet  Bay.   Small  tree  40-60  ft.    Medit.  region.    Cult.  South. 

2B  Laurus  nobilis  var.  regalis.   This  is  a  crimped-leaved  form. 

Lam-ustinus.    See  Viburnum  Tinus. 
2B  Lavandula  vera  (L.  angustifolia).    Lavender.    Subshrub  to  1-3  ft.    Canary 

Isls.  to  India.    Cult.  South. 
2BT       Lavatera  assurgentiflora.    Shrub  6-15  ft.    S.  Calif,  isls.    Drought  resistant. 
Lavender.  See  Lavandula  vera. 
Lavender-Cotton.    See  Santolina  Chamaecyparissus. 
Lawson  Cypress.    See  Chamaecjijaris  Lawsoniana. 
Leatherwood.    See  Cyrilla  racemiflora. 
Ledum  buxifolium.    See  Leiophyllum  buxifolium. 
IBR      Ledum  groenlandicum  (L.  latifolium.  Ait.).    Labrador-Tea.    Shrub  to  1-3  ft. 

Canada,  Brit.  Col.  south  to  Pa.  and  Wis. 
iBR       Leiophyllum  buxifolium  (Dendrium  and  Ledum  buxifolium).     Sand-Myrtle. 

Dense,  leafy  bush  to  S  ft.   Pine-barrens  and  mts.    N.  J.  to  Fla. 
IBR       Leiophyllum  buxifoUum  var.  prostratum.    Low  form  making  a  dense  tuft. 

Lemon  (Citrus  Limonia)  is  more  sensitive  to  cold  than  the  orange  and  is  grown 
only  in  southern  Fla.  and  the  southern  coast  of  Calif.    It  is  not  included  in 
this  list. 
2B  Leptospermum  laevigatum.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Leptospermum  scoparium,  in  variety.   Shrub  to  4-8  ft.   New  Zeal.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  LeucophyUum  texanum.   Spreading  shrub  to  8  ft.   Tex.,  New  Mex. 

IBPR    Leucothoe  axillaris  (Andromeda  axillaris).   Shrub  to  5  ft.   Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

Best  in  partial  shade. 
IBR       Leucothoe  Catesba^i  (Andromeda  Catesbsei).   Shrub  to  6  ft.   Va.  to  Ga.   Best 

in  partial  shade. 
2B  Leucothoe  populifolia  (L.  acuminata.  Andromeda  acuminata).   Shrub  to  12  ft. 

S.  C.  to  Fla. 
IBS        Leucothoe  racemosa  (Andromeda  racemosa).    Shrub  to  10  ft.    Mass.  to  Fla. 

and  La. 
2  Libocedrus  chUensis.    Tree  to  60  ft.    Chile. 

2  Libocedrus  decurrens  (L.  Craigana.  Thuja  Craigana  and  gigantica).    White 

Cedar.  Tree  to  100  ft.  sometimes  more.  Ore.  to  Calif .  and  W.  Nev.  Cult.  South. 
2B  Ligustrum  amurense  (L.  Ibota  var.  amurense).    Amur  River  Privet.    Shrub  to 

15  ft.    This  should  be  semi-evergreen  in  the  South,  but  is  deciduous  North 
where  it  has  proved  to  be  the  most  hardy  of  all  privets.   Japan,  China. 
2B  Ligustrum  coriaceum  (L.  lucidulum).    Dwarf  dense  shrub  to  6  ft.    Cult,  from 

Japan  and  in  the  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
Ligustrum  Ibota  var.  amurense.    See  L.  amurense. 
2B  Ligustrum  japonicum   (L.   syringaeflorum,   Hort.).     Shrub  to  10  ft.     Japan. 

Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Ligustrum  lucidum  (L.  spicatura,  Hort.).   Large  shrub  or  tree  to  20  ft.   Japan, 

China.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 


CHECK-LIST  395 

2B  ligustrum  nepalense  (L.  spicatum).  Shrub  or  tree.  Himalayas.  Cult.  South 
and  Calif. 

IBPS  Ligustrum  ovalifolium  (L.  californicum,  Hort.  L.  japonicum,  Hort.).  Cali- 
fornia Privet.  Shrub  to  15  ft.  Japan.  Cult,  and  semi-evergreen  South  and 
W.  coast  to  Wash. 

IBPR    Ligustrum  Prattii  (L.  Delavayanum).    Low  spreading  shrub.    W.  China. 

2B  Ligustrum  Quihoui   (L.   brachystachyum).    Shrub  to    6    ft.     China.     Semi- 

evergreen  and  cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2BS  Ligustrum  sinense  (L.  Fortunei,  Hort.).  Shrub  to  8  ft.  China,  Korea.  Semi- 
evergreen  and  cult.  South  and  Calif.,  where  it  becomes  tree-like  to  30  ft. 
This  is  sometimes  confused  with  L.  amurense  in  the  trade. 

2B  Ligustrum  vulgare.    Common,  English  or  European  Privet.    Shrub  to  15  ft. 

Eu.,  N.  Afr.,  W.  Asia.    This  should  be  semi-evergreen  South.    It  resembles 
L.  ovalifolium,  but  is  more  hardy  and  fully  deciduous  North. 
Lime  (Citrus  aurantifolla)  is  the  most  tender  of  the  citrus  fruits.    In  the  U.  S. 
it  is  cult,  only  below  the  frost  line,  mostly  in  the  Fla.  Keys  and  a  little  in 
S.  Calif.    It  is  not  included  in  this  list. 
Ling.      See  Calluna  vulgaris. 

IBR  Linnaea  borealis.  Twin-flower.  Trailing  subshrub  with  slender  stems.  In 
moist  mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs  Canada  and  south  to  mts.  of  Pa.,  Md., 
and  Mich. 

2BT  Livistona  australis  (Corypha  australis).  Palm.  Stem  40-80  ft.  Australia. 
Cult.  Fla. 

2BT       Livistona  chinensis  (Latania  borbonica,  Hort.).    Palm.    Stem  to  6  ft.    China. 
Cult.  Fla. 
Loblolly  Bay.    See  Gordonia  Lasianthus. 

IR  Loiseleuria   procumbens    (Chama^cistus    procumbens.     Azalea    procumbens). 

Alpine   Azalea.     Procumbent   shrub   only  a  few  inches  high.     Sub-arctic 
regions  of  northern  hemisphere. 

IBPS  Lonicera  fragrantissima  (L.  caprifolioides.  L.  Caprifolium  Niaguarilli,  Hort.). 
Fragrant  Honeysuckle.    Shrub  to  8  ft.    China.    Cult.  South. 

IBPRS  Lonicera  Henry i.   Twining  vine.   W.  China. 

2B  Lonicera  Hildebrandiana.    Climbing  shrub.    Upper  Burma.    Cult.  Calif. 

IBPS  Lonicera  japonica.  Japanese  Honeysuckle.  Twining  vine.  Asia.  Naturalized 
Conn,  to  Fla. 

IBPS  Lonicera  japonica  var.  Halliana.  Halls  Honeysuckle.  Twining  vine.  China 
and  Japan.  Naturalized  from  N.  Y.  to  N.  C.  and  cult.  South  and  W.  coast 
to  Wash. 

2B  Lonicera  nitida.   Shrub  to  6  ft.   W.  China.   Cult.  Calif,  and  South. 

IBPR  Lonicera  pileata.  Low  spreading  shrub,  sometimes  prostrate.  Cent,  and  W. 
China.    Cult.  South. 

2BS  Lonicera  sempervirens  (Caprifolium  sempervirens).  Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 
Twining  vine.  Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Neb.  and  Tex.  Farther  north  some- 
times escaped  from  cult. 

IBPRS  Lonicera  similis  var.  Delavayi.   AUied  to  L.  japonica.   Cent,  and  W.  China. 

IBPS     Lonicera  Standishii  (L.  sinensis,  Hort.  L.  Fortunei,  Hort.).    Shrub  to  6  ft. 
China. 
Lophostemon  arborescens.   See  Tristania  conferta. 
Loquat.    Pee  Eriobotrya  japonica  (Photinia  japonica). 

2BT  Lotus  Berthelotii  (L.  peliorhynchus).  Coral  Gem.  Slender  vine.  Cape 
Verde   Canaries.     Cult.  Calif. 


396  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BS       Lycium  chinense.   Chinese  Matrimony-Vine.  Shrub  to  6  ft.   China.  Deciduous 

North,  but  should  be  nearly  evergreen  South.   Larger  in  every  part,  but  not 

quite  so  hardy  as  L.  hahmifolium.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BS        Lycium  halimifoHum  (L.  vulgare).    Matrimony-Vine.    Shrub  with  long  slender 

branches.    Deciduous  North  but  should  be  semi-evergreen  South.    Arching 

shrub  much  used  as  a  vine.    China,  S.  E.  Eu. 
Lycopodium  annotinum.    Stems  trailing  to  several  feet,  ascending  branches 

6-8  in.    Arctic  and  north  temp,  zones. 
Lycopodium  clavatum.   Club  Moss.   Main  stem  trailing  to  several  feet.   Arctic 

and  north  temp,  zones. 
Lycopodium    complanatum.     Christmas    Green.     Stems    trailing,    branches 

horizontal.    Northern  hemisphere. 
Lycopodium  lucidulum.    Stems  erect  to  12  inches.    Lowlands  of  northern 

hemisphere. 
Lycopodium  obscurum   (L.   dendroideum).     Ground-Pine.    Much    branched 

stems  6-12  inches.    Temp.  N.  Amer.,  Japan. 
2B  Lyonia  ferruginea  (Andromeda  and  Xolisma  ferrueinea).   Shrub  or  small  tree. 

S.  C.  to  Fla. 
Lyonia  nitida.    See  Pieris  lucida. 
2B  Lyonothamnus  floribundus  var.  asplenifolius.    Shrubby  to  20  ft.    Islands  off 

Calif,  coast. 

Macartney  Rose.    See  Rosa  bracteata. 
Madrona.    See  Arbutus  Menziesii. 
2B  Magnolia  Delavayi.   Shrub  or  tree  to  30  ft.   W.  China. 

Magnolia  fuscata.   See  Michelia  fuscata. 
2B  Magnolia  glauca  (M.  virginiana).    Sweet  Bay.    Lam-el  Magnolia.    Shrub  or 

small  tree.    Deciduous  North,  semi-evergreen  South.    Mass.  to  Fla.  near 

coast  in  the  South  extending  west  to  Tex. 
2B  Magnolia  grandiflora  (M.  foetida).    Bull  Bay.    Tree  to  80  ft.    N.  C.  to  Tex. 

Cult.  South. 
IBP       Mahonia  Aquifolium    (Berberis   Aquifolium).     Oregon-Grape.      Holly-leaved 

Mahonia.   Shrub  to  3-6  ft.   Brit.  C  ol.  to  Ore.   Cult.  South. 
IBP       Mahonia  japonica  (Berberis  japonica.  B.  Bealii).    Japan  Mahonia.    Shrub  to 

5-12  ft.    China,  Himalayas  and  cult,  in  Japan.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2B  Mahonia  nepalensis  (Berberis  nepalensis).    Shrub  to  5-12  ft.    India,  chiefly 

Himalayas.     Cult.  Calif. 
IBPR    Mahonia  nervosa  (Berberis  nervosa).   Ash  Mahonia.   Dwarf  shrub  1  ft.   Brit. 

Col.  to  Calif. 
2B  Mahonia  pinnata  (M.  fascicularis.  Berberis  pinnata).    Shrub  to  2-6  ft.    Calif., 

N.  Mex.  and  Mex.    Cult.  South. 
IBR      Mahonia  rcpens   (Berberis  repens).    Trailing  Mahonia.     Rarely  over  1   ft. 

Brit.  Col.  to  Calif,  and  N.  Mex.    Hardiest  Mahonia.    Cult.  South. 
2B  Mahonia  trifoliolata  (Berberis  trifoliata).    Shrub  5-12  ft.    Tex.  to  Mex. 

2BT       Malvaviscus  arboreus  (Achania  Malvaviscus).    Tall  shrub.    S.  Amer.    Cult. 

South. 
2BT       Malvaviscus  mollis   (Achania  mollis).    Shrub  to  6  ft.    Mex.  to  Colombia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
Mandarin  Orange.    See  Citrus  nobilis  var.  deliciosa. 
2B  Manettia  bicolor.   Twining  vine.   Brazil.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

Matrimony-Vine.    See  Lycium  halimifolium. 
Mayflower.    See  Epigaea  repens. 


CHECK-LIST  397 

Maj-pop.    See  Passiflora  incarnata. 
Mayten.    See  Maytenus  Boaria. 
2BT       Maytenus  Boaria  (M.  chilensis).    Mayten.    Large  tree.    Chile.    Cult,  in  Calif. 

as  small  tree  to  15-25  ft. 
2B  Medicago  arborea.   Tree  Alfalfa.   Shrub  to  6  ft.   S.  Eu.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Melaleuca  decussata.   Shrub  to  10  ft.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Melaleuca  ericifolia.    Small  tree.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Melaleuca   hvpericifolia    (M.   oppositifolia,   Hort.).     Tall   shrub.     Australia. 

Cult.  Calif! 
2B  Melaleuca  Wilsonii.   Tall  elegant  shrub.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

Memorial  Rose.   See  Rosa  Wichuraiana. 
Menziesia.    See  Daboecia  and  Phyllodoce. 
Menziesia  cserulea.    See  Phyllodoce. 
Mespilus  Pyracantha.    See  Pyracantha  coccinea. 
2B  Metrosideros  lucida.   Mountain  Rata.   New  Zeal.  tree.   Cult,  in  Calif,  as  shrub 

to  6  ft. 
2B  Metrosideros  robusta.   New  Zeal.  tree.   Cult,  in  Calif,  as  shrub  to  8  ft. 

2B  Metrosideros  semperflorens.   See  Callislemon  lanceolatus. 

2B  Metrosideros  tomentosa.     Christmas-Tree  of  New  Zeal,  and  tree  to  70  ft. 

New  Zeal.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Michelia  fuscata  (Magnolia  fiiscata).    Banana-Shrub.    Shrub  10-15  ft.    China. 

Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Millettia  megasperma.    Evergreen  Wisteria.    Woody  climber  from  Australia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
Mirasolia  diversifolia.    See  Tithonia  diversifolia. 
Mistletoe,  American.    See  Phoradendron  flavescens. 
IB  Mitchella  rcpens.    Partridge-Berry.    Creeping  vine.     Nova  Scotia  to  Minn., 

south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.    Useful  in  half-shaded  spots. 
Mock-Orange.    See  Pittosporum  undulatum. 
Monkey-Puzzle.    See  Araucaria  araucana. 
Morella.    See  Myrica. 

Mother  of  Thyme.    See  Thymus  Serpyllum. 
Mountain  Cranberry.    See  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idsea. 
Mountain-Holly.    See  Primus  iiicifolia. 
Mountain-Mahogany.    See  Cercocarpus  parvifolium. 
Mountain  Rata.   See  Metrosideros  lucida. 
Mountain  Rose  Bay.   See  Rhododendron  catawbiense. 
2B  Muehienbeckia   cornplexa.      Wire-Plant.      Twining   shrubby   climber.      New 

Zeal.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
Myginda  myrtifolia.    See  Pachistima  Myrsinites. 
2B  Myoporumlaetum(M. perforatum,  Ilort.).  Shrubtol2ft.  New  Zeal.  Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Myrica  californica.    Slender  tree  to  40  ft.    Wash,  to  Calif.    Cult.  Calif. 

2BS        Myrica  carolinensis  (Morella  carolinensis).    Bayberry.    Shrub  2-8  ft.    Nova 

Scotia  to  Fla.  and  Ala.    Deciduous  and  hardy  North. 
2BS        Myrica  cerifera  (Morella  cerifera).    Wax-Myrtle.    Slender  tree  to  40  ft.    Md. 
to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ark. 
Myrtle.    See  Myrtus  and  Vinca  minor. 
MjTtle,  Sand.    See  Leiophyllum  buxifolium. 
2B  Myrtus  communis,  in  variety.    Myrtle.    Shrub  3-5  ft.     Azores,  Beluchistan. 

Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Myrtus  Ugni  (Eugenia  Ugni).    Ugni,  or  Chilean  Guava.   Tree  from  Chile,  but 
remaining  shrubby  to  4  ft.  as  cult,  in  Calif. 


398  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2B  Nandina  domestica.   Shrub  to  8  ft.   Japan,  China.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2BT       Nannorhops  Ritchieana.  Tufted,  small,  fan-leaved  palm.  Shade.  Afghanistan 
and  India.    Rare  in  cult. 
Natal-Plum.    See  Carissa  grandiflora. 
Needle  Palm.    See  Rhapidiphyllum  hystrix. 
Neowashingtonia   Sonorse.     See   Washingtonia  Sonorse. 
2B  Nerium  Oleander.  (N.  lauriforme),  in  variety.   Oleander.    Rose  Bay.   Shrub  to 

7-15  ft.    Medit.  region.  Orient.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Nutmeg,  California-.    See  Torreya  californica. 

Oak,  California  Live.    See  Quercus  chrysolepsis. 

Oak,  Cork.   See  Quercus  Suber. 

Oak,  Holly  or  Holm.    See  Quercus  Lex. 

Oak,  Laurel.     See  Quercus  laurifolia. 

Oak,  Live.    See  Quercus  virginiana. 

Olea  americana,  Aquifolium,  and  fragrans.    See  Osmanthus. 
2BT       Olea  chrysophylla.   Small  tree.  Trop.  Afr. 

2BT       Olea  europa;a  (O.  gallica,  O.  sativa).   Olive.   Small  tree  to  15-20  ft.   E.  Medit. 
region  or  W.  Asia.    Cult.  Calif. 

Oleander.    See  Nerium  Oleander. 

Oleaster,  Japanese.    See  Elaeagnus  umbellata. 

Olive.    See  Olea  europaea. 

Olive,  Spurge.   See  Cneorum  tricoccon. 

Orange,  King.    See  Citrus  nobilis. 

Orange,  Mandarin.    See  Citrus  nobilis  var.  deliciosa. 

Orange,  Mexican.    See  Choisya  ternata. 

Orange,  Sour  or  Seville.    See  Citrus  Aurantium. 

Orange,  Sweet.    See  Citrus  sinensis. 

Oregon-Grape.    See  Mahonia  Aquifolium. 

Oreodaphne  californica.    See  Umbellularia  californica. 

2BT       Oreodoxa  regia  (Roystonea  floridana).   Royal  Palm.   40-60  ft.   Cuba,  Antigua. 

Safe  in  lower  third  of  Fla.  and  lives  in  S.  Calif,  but  never  attains  much 

height. 

2B  Osmanthus  americanus  (Olea  americana).    Florida  Olea.    Devil-wood.    Shrub 

or  small  tree  to  40  ft.   N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 

2B  Osmanthus   Aquifolium   (Olea  Aquifolium).     Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  ft. 

Japan.  Cidt.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Osmanthus  fragrans  (Olea  fragrans).    Small  tree  to  30  ft.  or  a  shrub.    Hima- 

layas, China,  S.  Japan.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 

Othera  japonica.    See  Ilex  integra. 
2BT       Oxera  pulchella.    Greenhouse  climber.    New  Caledonia. 

Oxycoccus  macrocarpus.    See  Vaccinium  macrocarpon. 

IBR       Pachistima  Canbyi.    Very  dwarf  shrub  to  6  inches.    Mts.  of  Va.    Somewhat 

similar  to  Euonymus  nana. 
IBPR    Pachistima  Myrsinites  (Myginda  myrtifolia).    Spreading  shrub  to  2  ft.    Brit. 

Col.  to  Calif,  and  N.  Mex. 
IB  Pachysandra  terminalis.    Evergreen  Spurge.   Subshrub  used  as  ground-cover. 

Japan.    Cult.  South. 
Padus  lusitanica.   See  Prunus  lusitanica. 
Palm,  Blue.  See  Erythea  armata  and  Sabal  glabra. 
Palm,  Date.    See  Phoenix  canariensis. 


CHECK-LIST  399 

Palm,  Dwarf  Date.    See  PhoenLx  Roebelenii. 
Palm,  Fern-.    Sec  Cycas  circinalis. 

Palm,  Pindo.    See  Arecastrum  RomanzoflSanimi  var.  australe. 
Palm,  Royal.    See  Oreodoxa  regia. 
Palm,  Silver.    See  Coccothrinax  Garberi. 
Palm,  Spineless.    See  Sabal  Blackbnrniana. 
Palm,  Wine.    See  Juba?a  spectabilis. 
Palmetto.    See  Rhapidophyllum,  Sabal,  Serenoa. 
Palmetto,  Blue.    See  Rhapidophyllum  hystrix. 
Palmetto,   Cabbage.     See  Sabal   Palmetto. 
Palmetto,  Dwarf.    See  Sabal  glabra. 
Palmetto,  Saw.    See  Serenoa  serrulata. 
Palmetto,  Scrub.    See  Sabal  megacarpa. 

Palms.    See  Archontophocnix,  Brahea,  Chamserops,  Cocos,  Erythea,  Jubaea, 
Livistona,  Nannorhops,  Oreodoxa,  Phoenix,  Rhapidophyllum,  Rhapis,  Sabal, 
Serenoa,  Trachycarpus,  Trithrinax,  Washingtonia. 
Pandora.    See  Pandorea  australis. 
2BT       Pandorea  australis.    Wonga-Wonga  Vine.    Pandora.    Twining  vine  or  shrub. 

Australia  to  Malay  Archipelago  and  in  S.  Afr.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2BT       Pandorea  jasminoides  var.  alba  (Tecoma  jasminoides.  Bignonia  jasminoides, 
Hort.).    Bower-Plant  of  Australia.    Climbing  shrub.     Australia  to  Malay 
Archipelago  and  in  S.  Afr.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2B  Parkinsonia  aculeata.    Jerusalem-Thorn.    Small  tree  to  10  ft.    Probably  Trop. 

Amer.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
Parrots  Bill.    See  Clianthus  puniceus. 
Partridge-Berry.    See  Mitchella  repens. 
Passiflora  ignea.    See  P.  manicata. 
2B  Passiflora  incarnata.    Wild  Passion-Flower.    Maypop.    Tall  climbing  vine  in 

dry  places.    Va.,  South  and  West. 
2BT       Passiflora  manicata    (P.  ignea,  Hort.  Tacsonia  manicata).    Red  Passion-\'ine. 
Tendril-climbing  vine.    Colombia,  Ecuador  and  Peru.    Cult,  in  S.  Calif., 
renews  itself  from  seed. 
2B  Passiflora  militaris  (Tacsonia  militaris).    Introduced  from  Transvaal. 

2B  Passiflora  mollissima  (Tacsonia  moUissima).    Tendril-climbing  vine.    Andes. 

Cult,  in  Calif. 
2BT       Passiflora  tubiflora.    Similar  to  P.  mollisima.    Andes.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
Passion-Flower,  Wild.    See  Passiflora  incarnata. 
Passion-\'ine,  Red.    See  Passiflora  manicata. 
Pepper-Tree.    See  Schinus  Molle. 
Periwinkle.    See  Vinca  minor  and  major. 
2B  Pernettya  angustifolia  (P.  mucronata  var.  angustifolia).   Shrub.   Chile.    Cult. 

South  and  W.  coast. 
2B  Pernettya   mucronata    (Arbutus  mucronatus).     Shrub.     Magellan  region   to 

Chile.    Ornamental  fruiting  shrub  in  wintertime. 
2BT       Pcrsea  americana  (P.  gratissima).    Avocado.    Tree  to  GO  ft.    Mex.  and  Cent, 

Amer. 
2B  Persea  Borbonia  (P.  carolinensis).    Red  Bay.    Bull  Bay.    Tree  reaching  40  ft. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.    Cult.  South. 
Persea  gratissima.   See  P.  americana. 
2B  Persea  palustris  (P.  pubescens.     Tamala  pubescens).     Shrub  or  small  tree. 

Swamps  and  hammocks,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Persea  pubescens.    See  P.  palustris. 


400  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Peruvian  Mastic-Tree.    See  Schinus  MoUe. 
2BT       Phsedranthus  buccinatorius  (Bignonia  Cherere.    B.  Kerere,  Hort.).    Tendril- 
climbing  vine.    Mex.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Philadelphus  mexicanus  (P.  guatemalensis).  Shrub  to  6  ft.   Mex.  and  probably 

Guatemala.    Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Phillyrea  angustifolia.   Spreading  shrub  to  15  ft.   Medit.  region.   Cult.  South. 

2B  Phillyrea  decora  (P.  laurifolia).   Shrub  to  10  ft.  W.  Asia.  S.  Eu..  N.  Afr.   Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
2B  Phillyrea  latifolia.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

2B  Phillyrea  media  (P.  latifolia  var.  media).   Spreading  shrub  to  20  ft.   Hardiest 

of  all.    Medit.  region. 
2BT       PhcBnix  canariensis,  Hort.  (P.  tenuis).    Tall  palm.    Canary  Isls.    Cult.  Fla. 

and   Calif. 
2RT       PhcenL\dactylifera(P.cycadifolia,  Hort.).   Date  Palm.  Tree  to  100  ft    Arabia. 

N.  Afr.   Alkali  resistant.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Phoenix  humilis.   Sts.  short.    Hilly  districts  of  India.   Safer  in  shade. 
2BT       Phoenix  reclinata  (P.  leonensis.  P.  zanzibarensis,  Hort.).    Stem  to  25  ft.  or 

more.   Trop.  S.  Afr.   Cult.  Fla. 
2BT       Phoenix  Roebelenii.    Dwarf  Date  Palm.    China.    Safer  in  shade.    Cult.  Fla. 

and   Calif. 
2BT       Phoenix  rupicola  (P.  cycadifolia).   Sikkim,  Himalaya.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Cahf. 
2BT       Phoenix  sylvestris.    Tree  25-40  ft.    India.    Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2B  Phoradendron  flavescens  (Viscum  flavescens).    American  Mistletoe.    Dense 

bushy  growth,  parasitic  on  deciduous  trees.    N.  J.  and  S.  Ind.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.;  also  Calif. 
Photinia  arbutifolia.    See  Heteromeles  arbutifolia. 
2B  Photinia  glabra  (Heteromeles,  Crataegus  and  Sorbus  glabra).     Shrub  to  8  ft. 

China  and  Japan.    Cult.  N.  W.  Coast. 
Photinia  japonica.    See  Eriobotrya  japonica. 
2B  Photinia  serrulata  (Heteromeles  serrulata).    Shrub  to  20  ft.     China.     Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
IR  Phyllodoce  caerulea  (Bryanthus  taxifolius.  Menziesia  caerulea).   Alpine,  heath- 

like shrub  to  6  in.   N.  Asia,  N.  Eu.,  and  boreal  N.  Amer. 
IR  Phyllodoce  empetriformis  (Bryanthus  and  Menziesia).    Brit.  Col.  to  Calif. 

Alpine  heath-like  shrub,  5-8  in. 
2B  Phyllostachys  Henonis  (Bambusa  Henonis,  Hort.).    10-15  ft.    Japan. 

Phyllostachys  nitida.    See  Arundinaria  nitida. 

Note. — Few  northern  spruces  can  stand  the  summer  heat  of  the  South. 
1  Picea  Abies  (P.  excelsa).    Norway  Spruce.   Tree  to  150  ft.    N.  and  Cent.  Eu. 

Successful  South  only  in  favorable,  cooler  situations.     Many  varieties, 
especially : 
Clanbrasiliana  (Abies  excelsa  Clanbrasiliana).     Broadly  conical. 
Gregoryana.    Compact  subglobose  form. 
Maxwellii.    Low,  flat,  dense  form, 
pendula.    With  pendulous  branches  and  branchlets. 
Picea  ajanensis.    See  P.  jezoensis. 
Picea  alba.    See  P.  glauca. 
Picea  Alcockiana.   See  P.  bicolor. 
IR         Ficea  bicolor  (P.  Alcockiana).   Tree  80-150  ft.   Japan. 

Picea  canadensis.    See  P.  glauca. 
1  Picea  Engelmanni  (P.  columbiana).     Engelmann   Spruce.     Tree   to    150   ft. 

Brit.  Col.  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex. 


CHECK-LIST  401 

Picea  excelsa.    See  P.  Abies. 
1  Picea  glauca   (P.  alba  and  P.  canadensis).    White  Spruce.    Tree  60-70  ft. 

Lab.  to  Alaska  south  to  Mont,  and  Minn. 
2R  Picea  jezoensis   (P.  ajanensis).    Tree  100-150  ft.  E.     Siberia  to  N.  Japan. 

Rarely  cult.  East  but  successful  in  N.  W. 
IR  Picea  mariana  (P.  nigra).    Black  Spruce.    Small  tree  usually  2.5-30  ft.    Cold 

bogs  and  mt.  slopes.   Canada,  south  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  N.  J. 
IR  Picea  mariana  var.  Doumetii.   Dense  conical  pyramid. 

Picea  nigra.    See  P.  mariana. 
IR  Picea  Omorika.   A  very  promising  new  spruce  from  S.  E.  Eu. 

IP  Picea  orientalis.   Oriental  Spruce.   Tree  to  120  ft.    W.  Asia,  Caucasus.    Grace- 

ful slow-growing  tree  adapted  to  smaller  scale  plantings  and  easily  restrained. 
Cult.  South. 
IPR       Picea  polita  (P.  Torano).  Tigertail  Spruce.  Tree  to  90  ft.  Japan.   Cult.  South. 
1  Picea  pungens  (P.  Parryana).    Colorado  or  Blue  Spruce.    80-100  ft.    Wyo.  to 

Colo,  and  Utah.    Very  hardy  tree. 
1  Picea  pimgens  var.  Kosteriana.   Koster  Blue  Spruce.    This  is  the  bluest  form 

of  the  Colorado  or  blue  spruce. 
IR  Picea  rubra  (P.  australis).   Red  Spruce.   Tree  to  80  ft.    Canada  to  N.  C.  along 

the  Alleghany.   Requires  cool  and  moist  situations. 
Picea  Torano.     See  P.   polita. 
IB  Pieris  (Andromeda)  floribunda.    Dense  shrub  to  3  ft.    Va.  to  Ga.  in  the  Al- 

leghany   Mts. 
2B  Pieris  formosa  (Andromeda  formosa).   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  ft.   E.  Hima- 

layas.   Cult.  Fla. 
IBP       Pieris  (Andromeda)  japonica.   Shrub  to  6  ft.,  sometimes  larger.   Japan.   Cult. 

South. 
2B  Pieris  lucida  (Andromeda  nitida).   Fetter-Bush.   Shrub  2-6  ft.    N.  C.  to  Fla. 

and  La. 
2B  Pieris  ovalifolia  (Andromeda  ovalifolium).    Half-evergreen  or  deciduous  shrub 

or  tree  to  40  ft.    Himalayas.    Cult.  Fla. 
2B  Pimelea  ferruguinea.   Shrub  to  3-5  ft.    W.  Australia.    Cult.  Calif. 

Pine,  Alleppo.    See  Pinus  halepensis. 
Pine,  Australian.    See  Casuarina  equisetifolia. 
Pine,  Austrian.    See  Pinus  nigra  var.  austriaca. 
Pinus,  Bhotan.    See  Pinus  excelsa. 
Pine,  Cluster.    See  Pinus  Pinaster. 
Pine,  Digger  or  Bull.    See  Pinus  Sabiniana. 
Pine,  Italian  Stone.    See  Pinus  Pinea. 
Pine,  Jack  or  Scrub.    See  Pinus  Banksiana. 
Pine,  Japanese  Black.   See  Pinus  Thunbergii. 
Pine,  Japanese  Red.    See  Pinus  densiflora. 
Pine,  Jeffrey.    See  Pinus  Jeffreyi. 
Pine,  Limber.    See  Pinus  fiexilis. 
Pine,  Ix)blolly.    See  Pinus  Tseda. 
Pine,  Monterey.    See  Pinus  radiata. 
Pine,  Mountain  White.    See  Pinus  monticola. 
Pine,  Mugo.    See  Pinus  Mugo  var.  Mughus. 
Pine,  Nut.    See  Pinus  cembroides  var.  Parryana. 
Pine,  Pitch.   See  Pinus  rigida  and  Coulteri. 
Pine,  Prickle-cone.   See  Pinus  muricata. 
Pine,  Red  or  Norway.    See  Pinus  resinosa 


402  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

Pine,  Scotch.    See  Pinus  sylvestris. 

Pine,  Scrub.    See  Pinus  contorta. 

Pine,  Scrub  or  Jersey.    See  Pinus  virginiana. 

Pine,  Southern  or  Long-leaf.    See  Pinus  palustris. 

Pine,  Sugar.    See  Pinus  Lambertiana. 

Pine,  Swiss  Mountain.    See  Pinus  Mugo. 

Pine,  Swiss  Stone.    See  Pinus  Cembra. 

Pine,  Umbrella-.    See  Sciadopitys  verticillata. 

Pine,  White.    See  Pinus  Strobus. 

Pine,  Yellow,  Western  or  Bull.    See  Pinus  ponderosa. 

Pine,  Yellow  or  Spruce.    See  Pinus  echinata. 

Pineapple  Guava.    See  Feijoa  Sellowiana. 

Pinnon.    See  Pinus  cembroides  var.  Parryana. 

Pinus  austriaca.    See  P.  nigra  var.  austriaca. 
1  Pinus  Banksiana  (P.  divaricata).    Jack  Pine.     Scrub  Pine.     Tree  to  70  ft. 

Hudson  Bay  to  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn. 
2T  Pinus  canariensis.    Tree  to  80  ft.    Canary  Isls.    Does  well  in  dry  rocky  situa- 

tions in  Calif. 

1  Pinus  Cembra.   Swiss  Stone  Pine.   Tree  to  70-120  ft.    Cent.  Eu. 

2  Pinus  cembroides  var.  Parryana  (P.  quadrifolia).   Nut  Pine.   Pinnon.   Tree  to 

40  ft.    Calif. 
2  Pinus  contorta  (P.  Bolanderi.  P.  contorta  var.  Bolanderi).   Scrub  Pine.   Tree 

20-30  ft.    Alaska  to  Calif. 
2  Pinus  Coulteri  (P.  macrocarpa).    Pitch  Pine.   Tree  to  80  ft.    Calif. 

1  Pinus  densiflora.   Japanese  Red  Pine.   Tree  to  100  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  South. 

1  Pinus  densiflora  var.  umbraculifera.    Tanyosho  Pine. 
Pinus  divaricata.    See  P.  Banksiana. 

2  Pinus  echinata  (P.  mitis).   Yellow  Pine.   Spruce  Pine.   Tree  100-120  ft.   N.  Y. 

to  Fla.  west  to  111.  and  Tex.   Hardy  north  to  Mass. 
IPR       Pinus  excelsa  (P.  nepalensis).    Bhotan  Pine.    Tree  150  ft.    Himalayas.    Much 
cidt.  South. 

Note. — Pinus  excelsa  is  probably  the  most  successful  pine  in  the  South,  aside  from 
the  native  species.  Pinus  sylvestris  is  also  much  planted  but  grows  more  slowly 
than  in  the  North.  P.  Strobus  and  P.  nigra  var.  austriaca  and  P.  Mugo  var. 
Mughus  succeed  where  given  favorable  conditions. 

IR         Pinus  flexilis.    Limber  Pine.    Tree  to  50  ft.    Alberta  to  Calif,  and  New  Mex. 

Hardy  pine  of  slow  growth. 
2  Pinus  halepensis  (P.  alepensis).    Aleppo  Pine.    Tree  to  60  ft.    Medit.  region. 

Good  for  seaside  planting. 
2  Pinus  Jeffreyi  (P.  ponderosa  var.  Jeffreyi).    Jeffrey  Pine.    Tree  to  120  rarely 

180  ft.   Ore.  to  Calif.,  hardy  north  to  Mass. 
IR  Pinus    koraiensis    (P.    mandshurica).      Pyramidal    tree    to    100  ft.     Japan. 

Korea. 
2  Pinus  Lambertiana.   Sugar  Pine.   Tree  200-220  ft.   Ore.  to  Mex.   Hardy  north 

to  Mass. 
2R         Pinus  monophylla  (P.  Fremontiana).   Tree  15-20  ft.,  occasionally  50  ft.   Calif. 

to  Colo,  and  Ariz.   Hardy  north  to  Mass. 
Pinus  montana.    See  P.  Mugo. 

Pinus  montana  var.  Mughus.   See  P.  Mugo  var.  Mughus. 
IR         Pinus  monticola.    Mountain  White  Pine.    Tree  to  100-150  ft.    Brit.  Col.  to 

Idaho  and  Calif. 
1  Pinus  Mugo.    Swiss  Mountain  Pine.    Mts.  of  cent.  Eu. 


CHECK-LIST  403 

1  Pinus  Mugo  var.  Mughus.    Mugho  Pine.    Best  shrubby  pine  in  northern 

planting.   Also  cult.  South  under  favorable  conditions. 

2  Pinus  muricata.    Prickle-cone  Pine.    Tree  to  50  ft.,  occasionally  90  ft.    Calif. 

1  Pinus  nigra  var.  austriaca.    Austrian  Pine.   Tree  to  100  ft.   S.  Eu  to  W.  Asia. 

Cult.  South  under  favorable  conditions. 

2  Pinus  palustris  (P.  australis).    Long-leaf  Pine.    Southern  Pine.   Tree  100-120 

ft.    Va.  to  Fla.  to  Miss,  along  coast. 
Pinus  Parryana.    See  P.  cembroides  var.  Parryana. 
IR  Pinus  parviflora.    Tree  to  80  ft.    Japan. 

2  Pinus  Pinaster  -(P.  maritima).    Cluster  Pine.    Tree  to  100  ft.    S.  Eu.    Cult. 

Calif. 
2  Pinus  Pinea.    Italian  Stone  (Classic)  Pine.    Tree  to  80  ft.    S.  Eu.    Cult.  Calif. 

IR  Pinus  ponderosa  (P.  Benthamiana).   Western  Yellow  Pine.  Bull  Pine.    Tree  to 

150  ft.    Brit.  Col.  to  Me.x.  east  to  Nev.  and  Te.x.    Promising  in  the  N.  E. 

but  still  rare. 
2  Pinus  radiata  (P.  montereyensis).    Monterey  Pine.    Tree  to  80-100  ft.    S. 

Calif.    Good  for  seaside. 
1  Pinus  resinosa.   Red  or  Norway  Pine.   Tree  to  70  ft.   Newf.  to  Man.  south  to 

Pa.  and  Minn. 

1  Pinus  rigida.   Pitch  Pine.   Tree  to  80  ft.   New  Bruns.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Ont.  and 

Ky.   Very  picturesque  when  old. 

2  Pinus  Sabiniana.    Digger  or  Bull  Pine.   Tree  to  50  ft.    Calif. 

1  Pinus  Strobus.    White  Pine.    Tree  to  100  ft.    Newf.  to  Man.  south  to  Ga.,  111. 

and  Iowa.    Commonest  pine  in  northern  plantings  and  cult.  South  under 
favorable  conditions. 

1  Pinus  sylvestris.    Scotch  Pine.    Tree  to  70  ft.    Eu.  to  W.  and  N.  Asia.    Cult. 

South  but  grows  more  slowly  than  in  the  North. 

2  Pinus  Taeda.    Loblolly  Pine.    Large  tree.    Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Ill  Pinus  Thunbergii  (P.  Massoniana).    Japanese  Black  Pine.    Tree  to  120  ft. 

211  Pinus  virginiana  (P.  inops).    Scrub  Pine.    Jersey  Pine.    Tree  to  40  ft.    N.  Y. 

to  S.  C,  west  to  Ky.  and  Ind.    Hardy  as  far  north  as  Mass. 
Pipsissewa.    See  Chimaphila  umbellata. 
2BT       Pithecoctenium    cynanchoides    (Bignonia    alba,    Hort.).     Vine.     Argentina, 

Uruguay.    Cult,  in  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Pithecoctenium  muricatum  (Bignonia  echinata).   Shrub.    Mex.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2B  Pittosporum  crassifolium.    Karo.    Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  ft.    New  Zeal. 

Cult.  CaHf. 
2B  Pittosporum  eugenioides.   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  10  ft.   New  Zeal.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Pittosporum  heterophyllum.    Half-reclining  shrub  to  3  ft.    China.    Cult,  in 

Calif. 
2B  Pittosporum  phillyr^oides.    Narrow-leaved  Pittosporum.    Small  tree  to  20  ft. 

Australian  desert.   Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Pittosporum  rhombifolium.    Queensland  Pittosporum.    Australian  tree.    Cult. 

in  Calif,  as  shrub  to  15  ft. 
2B  Pittosporum  tenuifolium  (P.  nigricans,  Hort.).    Tawhiwhi.    Large  shrub  from 

New  Zeal.    Cult.  Calif,  to  15  ft. 
2B  Pittosporum   Tobira   in   variety.     Japanese   Pittosporum.     Shrub   to    10   ft. 

China,  Japan.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Pittosporum    undulatum.     Victorian-Box.      Mock-Orange.     Australian  tree. 

Cult,  in  Fla.  and  Calif,  as  shrub  to  15  ft. 
2BT       Pittosporum  viridiflorum  (P.  sinense).    Cape  Pittosporum.    Large  shrub  from 

S.  Afr.    Cult,  in  Calif,  to  10  ft. 


404  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2BT       Plumbago  capensis  var.  alba.   S.  Afr.    Cult,  in  Fla.  and  Calif,  as  shrubby  vine 

to  4  ft. 
2  Podocarpus  alpina.    Shrub  or  small  tree  to  15  ft.    Australia.    Rare  in  cult. 

Hardy  to  Phila. 
Podocarpus  koraiana.    See  Cephalotaxus  drupacea  var.  fastigiata. 
2  Podocarpus  Totarra.   Tree  to  90  ft.    New  Zeal.   Rare  in  cult. 

2B  Polygala  Dalmaisiana  (P.  myrtifolia  var.  Dalmaisiana,  Hort.    Also  P    dal- 

macina).    A  free  blooming  shrub  3-5  ft.,  of  garden  origin.    Cult.  Calif. 
Popinac.    See  Acacia  Farnesiana. 
IBR       Potentilla  tridentata.     Three-toothed  Cinquefoil.    Ground-cover.    N.  E.  N. 
Amer.    Excellent  but  little-known  plant  for  the  rock-garden. 
Princes  Pine.    See  Chimaphila  umbellata. 
Privet,  Amur  River.    See  Ligustrum  amurense. 
Privet,  California.   See  Ligustrum  ovalifolium. 
Privet,  English,  European  or  Common.    See  Ligustrum  vulgare. 
2B  Prunus  caroliniana  (P.  sempervirens.  Cerasus  caroliniana).  Wild  Mock-Orange 

of  the  South.   Tree  20-40  ft.   S.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2B  Prunus  ilicifolia  (Cerasus  ilicifolia).    Wild  or  Evergreen  Cherry.    Mt.  Holly. 

Bush  or  small  tree  to  30  ft.   San  Francisco  to  Low.  Calif,  and  cult.  South. 
Prunus  ilicifolia  var.  integrifolia.    See  P.  Lyonii. 
Prunus  integrifolia.    See  P.  Lyonii. 
2B  Prunus   Laurocerasus    (P.   officinalis)   in   var.   also    (Cerasus   Laurocerasus) . 

Cherry  or  English  Laurel.    Bush  or  small  tree  to  20  ft.   S.  E.  Eu.,  N.  Persia. 
Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
IBPR    Prunus  Laurocerasus  var.  schipkaensis  (Cerasus  Laiu-ocerasus  var.  schipkaen- 
sis).    This  is  the  lowest  and  hardiest  form  of  the  Cherry  or  English  laurel. 
The  type  is  a  bush  or  small  tree  in  S.  E.  Eu.  to  N.  Persia. 
2B  Prunus  lusitanica  (Padus  lusitanica).    Portugal  Laurel.    Shrub  from  Spain. 

Cult.  South  and  West  Coast  to  20  ft. 
2B  Prunus  Lyonii  (P.  integrifolia.   P.  ihcifolia  var.  integrifolia).    Islands  Cherry. 

Bush  or  small  tree.    Islands  off  S.  Calif.   Cult.  Calif. 
Prunus  officinalis.    See  P.  Laiu-ocerasus. 
1  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  (P.  mucronata.  P.  Douglasii).    Douglas  Spruce.    Red 

Fir.    Pyramidal  tree  to  200  ft.    Brit.  Col.  to  Mex.  west  to  Mont,  and  Colo. 
Still  new  in  the  N.  E.  but  very  promising. 
2BT       Psidium  Cattleianum.    Strawberry  Guava.    Large  Brazilian  shrub.    Cult,  in 

Fla.  and  Calif,  to  6  ft. 
2BT       Psidium  Guajava.    Guava.    Arborescent  shrub  or  small  tree  to  30  ft.    Mex., 
Cent.  Amer. 
Ptychosperma  Alexandrse.    See  Archontophcenix  Alexandrae. 
Pummelo.   See  Citrus  grandis. 
2B  Pyracantha  angustifolia   (Cotoneaster  angustifolia).     Shrub  to  6  ft.     S.  W. 

China.    Cult,  in  Calif. 
2B  Pyracantha  coccinea  (Cotoneaster  Pyracantha.    Crataegus  Pyracantha.    Mes- 

pilus  Pyracantha).    Fire  Thorn.    Fiery  Thorn.    Everlasting  Thorn.    Shrub 
to  20  ft.    Italy,  W.  Asia.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
IBPR    Pyracantha    coccinea  var.  Lalandii  (Cotoneaster  cremdata).    More  vigorous 

and  hardier  than  the  type.    Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 
2B  Pyracantha  crenulata  (Cotoneaster  crenulata.     Crataegus  crenulata).     Hima- 

layas.  Shrub  to  6  ft.,  more  tender  than  P.  coccinea.   Cult.  W.  coast. 
2BT       Pyrostegia    venusta    (Bignonia   venusta).     Flame-Flower.     Tendril-climbing 
vine.   Brazil.   Cult.  Calif,  and  South. 


CHECK-LIST  405 

Queensland  Pittosporum.    See  Pittosporum  rhombifolium. 
2B  Qiiercus  acuta  (Q.  Buergeri).   Small  tree.    Rare  in  culture.   Japan,  Korea. 

2B  Quercus  agrifolia.    Shrubby  tree  to  50  ft.    Calif. 

2B  Quercus  chrysoiepsis.    California  Live  Oak.    Tree  to  50,  rarely  100  ft.    Ore. 

to  Calif. 
2B  Quercus  glauca  (Cyclobalanopsis  glauca).   Tree  to  45  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  Calif. 

and   South. 
2BT       Quercus  Ilex.   HoUy  or  Holm  Oak.   Tree  to  60  ft.  S.  Eu.   Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Quercus  laurifoiia.     Laurel  Oak.    Semi-evergreen  tree  to  60,  rarely  100  ft. 

Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
2B  Quercus   myrsiniefolia   (Q.    Vibrayana).     Tree  to  50  ft.    Japan.     Successful 

South. 
2B         Quercus  Suber.   Cork  Oak.  Tree  to  50  ft.   S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.   Cult.  South. 

Quercus  virens.    See  Q.  virginiana. 
2B  Quercus  virginiana  (Q.  virens).    Live  Oak.    Tree  to  50,  rarely  70  ft.    Va.  to 

Fla.  west  to  Mex.   Rapid  grower. 
2B  Quillaja  Saponaria.    Soap-bark  Tree.    Chilean  tree.    Cult,  in  South  and  Calif. 

to  75  ft. 

2BT       Raphiolepis  indica  (R.  rubra).     Indian  Hawthorn.    Shrub  to  8  ft.    S.  China. 

Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Raphiolepis  umbellata  (R.  japonica).    Large  shrub  from  Japan.    Cult.  Calif 

to  6  ft. 
Red  Bay.    See  Gordonia  Lasianthus  and  Persea  Borbonia. 
Red-Berry.    See  Rhamnus  crocea. 
Red-Box.    See  Eucalyptus  polyanthemos. 
Red-Mahogany.    See  Eucalyptus  resinifera. 
Redwood,  California.  See  Sequoia  sempervirens. 

Note. — Rctinisporas  are  much  used  in  the  South. 
Retinispora  decussata  (Thuja  orientalis  var.  decussata).    Dense  round-headed 

bush,  not  quite  hardy  North. 
Retinispora    Ellwangeriana    (Thuja  occidentalis   var.   EUwangeriana).     Tom 

Thumb  Arbor-vitfe. 
Retinispora  ericoides  (Chamaecyparis  thyoides  var.  ericoides).    Dense  shrub. 
Retinispora  ericoides  (Thuja  occidentalis  ericoides).    Dense  broadly  pyram- 
idal or  round-headed  bush. 
Retinispora  filicoides  (Chamaecyparis  obtusa  var.  filicoides). 
Retinispora  filifera  (Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var.  filifera). 
Retinispora  juniperoides,  Carr.    See  R.  decussata. 

Retinispora  leptoclada,  Hort.    (Chama>c.\-paris  thyoides  var.  andelyensis). 
Retinispora  lycopodioides  (Chamaecyparis  obtusa  var.  lycopodioides). 
Retinispora  meldensis  (Thuja  orientalis  var.  meldensis).    Valuable  for  formal 

gardening,   for  rockeries,   small  gardens  and  wherever  dwarf  conifers  are 

desired. 
Retinispora  obtusa  (Chamaecyparis  obtusa). 
Retinispora  pisifera  (Chamaecyparis  pisifera). 
Retinispora  squarrosa    (Chaniipcyparis  pisifera  var.  squarrosa).  Dense,  bluish 

form,  best  known  of  the  juvenile  foliage  varieties. 
2B  Rhamnus  Alaternus.   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  ft.   S.  Eu.   Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Rhamnus  calif ornica  (R.  oleifolia).   Coffee- Berry.   Shrub  to  15  ft.   S.  Ore.  and 

Calif.    Ariz,  and  New  Mex. 
2B  Rhamnus  crocea.   Red-Berry.   Shrub  to  3  ft.   Calif. 


406  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2B  Rhamnus  ilicifolia  (R.  crocea  var.  ilicifoHa).   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  12,  rarely 

20  ft.    Calif. 
2BT       Rhapidophyllum  (Chamserops)  hystrix.   Blue  Palmetto.   Needle  Pahn.   About 

5  ft.    S.  C.  to  Fla.    Safer  in  shade. 

2BT       Rhapis  flabeUiformis  (R.  Kwaniwortsik).    Dense  fan  palm  13^-4  ft.    China, 

Japan.    Hardy  in  S.  Calif,  and  S.  Fla. 
2B  Rhapis  humilis.    Almost  stemless.    China.    Hardy  in  S.  Calif,  and  S.  Fla. 

Rhododendron  amcenum.    See  R.  obtusum  var.  amoenum. 
IB  Rhododendron   arbutifolium  (R.  daphnoides.  R.  Hammondii.   R.  olesefolium. 

R.  Wilsonii,  Hort.).    Dense  shrub  to  4  ft.    Cult.  South. 
2B  Rhododendron  californicum.    Shrub  to  8  ft.   Calif,  and  Brit.  Col. 

IB  Rhododendron  carolinianum  (R.  punctatum,  in  part).    Low  compact  shrub  to 

6  ft.   N.  C.   This  is  better  than  the  related  R.  minus. 

IB  Rhododendron  catawbiense.    Mountain  Rose  Bay.   Shrub  to  6,  rarely  to  20  ft. 

Mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga.   Hardy  to  New  England. 
IB  Rhododendron  hybrids  varying  in  size,   color,  and  time  of  bloom.    Temp. 

regions  of  northern  hemisphere. 
2B  Rhododendron   indicum    (Azalea    indica.      Azalea   and  Rhododendron   ma- 

cranthum).    Shrub.   Japan.    Cult.  South  and  W.  coast. 
Rhododendron  macranthum.     See  R.  indicum. 
IB  Rhododendron  maximum.    Great  Laurel.   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  35  ft.   Nova 

Scotia  and  Ont.  to  Ga. 
IBR      Rhododendron  minus  (R.  pimctatum,  in  part).    Straggling  shrub  to  10  ft. 

N.  C.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 
IB  Rhododendron    myrtifolium    (R.    ovalifolium.   R.    ovatiun,   Hort.).     Leaves 

smaller  and  broader  than  R.  arbutifolium. 
IBP       Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  amcenum.    Low  much-branched  shrub.   Japan. 
Flowers  magenta.    The  form  Hinodigiri  has  brilliant  crimson  flowers. 
Rhododendron  punctatum.    See  R.  carolinanum  and  R.  minus.    The  former  is 
much  the  better  type. 
2BT       Rhodorhiza  florida  (Convolvulus  floridus).   Shrub  to  6  ft.    Canary  Isls.    Cult. 

Calif. 
2B  Rhus  integrifolia.   Shrub  or  small  tree  to  30  ft.   Calif. 

2B  Rhus  laurina.    Shrub.    S.  and  Low.  Calif. 

2B  Rhus  ovata.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   S.  Calif,  to  Ariz. 

Rhynchospermum  jasminoides.    See  Trachelospermum  jasminoides. 
2B  Ribes  speciosum  (R.  fuchsioides).    Shrub  to  12  ft.    Calif. 

Rock-Rose.   See  Helianthemum  Chamaecistus. 
2BS       Rosa  anemoneflora. 
2BS        Rosa  bracteata   (R.   Macartnea).     Macartney  Rose.     Climbing  vine,  stems 

procumbent.    S.  China.    Formosa.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BS        Rosa  laevigata  (R.  Camellia,  Hort.).    Cherokee  Rose.    High  climbing  shrub. 

Formosa,  Japan.     Naturalized  in  South. 
IBS       Rosa  Wichm-aiana  (R.  bracteata,  Hort.).    Memorial  Rose.   Prostrate  creeping 
vine.    Japan.    Good  for  covering  banks  and  rockeries. 
Rose-Apple.    See  Eugenia  Jambos. 
Rose  Bay.    See  Nerium  Oleander. 
2B  Rosmarinus    officinalis.     Rosemary.     Shrub  2-4  ft.     Medit.   region.     Cult. 

Calif. 
Rosemary.    See  Rosmarinus  oflScinalis  and  Andromeda. 
Rose-of-Sharon.   See  Hypericum  calycinum. 
Roystonea  floridana.    See  Oreodoxa  regia. 


CHECK-LIST  407 

IBR  Rubus  hispidus  (R.  obovalis).  Swamp  Dewberry.  Trailing  vine.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Ga.  and  Kans.  Ground-cover  for  moist  land.  Leaves  bronze  in  the 
sun. 

IBPRS  Rubus.  European  species.  Vigorous  low  shrubs  with  arching  and  long  trail- 
ing branches. 

2B  Ruscus    aculeatus.      Butchers    Broom.      Shrub    1^-3 J^   ft.     Eu.,    Maderia, 

Caucasus.    Cult.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif. 

Sabal  Adansonii.    See  Sabal  glabra. 
2BT       Sabal  (Inodes)  Blackburniaua.    Spineless  palm  30-40  ft.   W.  Indies.   Cult.  Fla. 
2BT       Sabal  (Inodes)  e.xul.    Strong  vigorous  tree.    Me.x.  to  Tex. 
2B  Sabal  glabra  (S.  Adansonii).     Dwarf  Palmetto.     Blue  Palm.    Stemless  palm. 

Native  to  Southern  States. 
2BT       Sabal  mauritiieformis  (S.  glaucescens).    Palm  60-80  ft.    W.  Indies. 
2BT       Sabal  megacarpa  (S.  Etonia).    Scrub  Palmetto.    Low  shrub.    Fla. 
2B  Sabal  Palmetto  (Inodes  Palmetto).    Cabbage  Palmetto.    Tree  20-80  ft.    N.  C. 

to  Fla.  and  Bahamas.    Cult,  to  12  ft.  in  Calif. 
2BT       Sabal  princeps,  Ilort.    Large  species.  Habitat  unknown.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Sabal  texana  (S.  mexicana.  Inodes  texana).   Robust  palm  to  50  ft.    S.  Tex. 

Sago-Palm.    See  Cycas  circinalis. 
2BT       Salpichroa   rhomboidea.     Woody   climber.     Argentina.     Cult.    Calif.     With- 
stands alkali  soil  and  intense  heat. 
2BT       Salvia  Sessei  (S.  Roezlii).    Subshrub  to  VA  ft.   Mex. 
Sand-Myrtle.    See  Leiophyllum  buxifolium. 

Santolina  Chamaecyparissus   (S.   incana).     Lavender-Cotton.     Half  shrubby 
plant  1 3^2-2  ft.     Medit.  region. 
2B  Sapindus  marginatus.   Tree  to  60  ft.   S.  C.  to  Fla. 

Savin.    See  Juniperis  virginiana. 
Scarlet  Bush.    See  Hamelia  patens. 
2B  Schinus  MoUe.   Peruvian  Mastic-Tree.   California  Pepper-Tree.   Tree  to  20  ft. 

Peru.    Harbors  scale  insects.    Cult.  Calif. 
IR  Sciadopitys  verticillata.    Umbrella-Pine.    Tree  to  100  ft.    Japan    Cult.  South. 

Scorpion  Senna.    See  Coronilla  Emerus. 
Scotch  Broom.    See  Cytisus  scoparius. 
Sea  Buckthorn.    See  Ilipphophae  rhamnoides. 
Seaforthia  elegans.    See  ArchontophoenLx  Cunninghamii. 
Sea  Urchin.    See  Hakea  laurina. 
2  Sequoia  gigantea  (S.  Wellingtonia).     California  Big-Tree.     Tree  150-325  ft 

West  Sierra  Nevadas. 
2  Sequoia  sempervirens.    California  Redwood.    Tree  100-340  ft.    N.  and  cent 

coast  ranges  in  Calif. 
2B  Serenoa  serrulata.    Saw  Palmetto.    Creeping,  branching  shrub  4-8  ft.    North 

to  Charleston,  S.  C. 
2BT       Serjania  fuscifolia.    Tall  climbing  shrub.    Brazil.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Severinia  buxifolia  (Atalantia  buxifolia.    Citrus  buxifolia.  Often  wrongly  listed 
as  Triphasia  monophvlla).     Severino  Citrus.     Spiny  shrub  or   dwarf  tree 
S.  China.    Cult.  Gulf'  States. 
Severino  Citrus.    See  Severinia  buxifolia. 
Shaddock.    See  Citrus  grandis. 
Silk-Oak.    See  Grevillea  robusta. 
2B  Skimmia  Fortunei.    Dwarfer  than  S.  iaponica.  China.   Succeeds  in  South  and 

Calif. 


408  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2B  Skimmia  japonica  (S.  fragrantissima,  Hort.).   Shrub  to  5  ft.   Japan.   Succeeds 

in  South  and  Calif. 

Smilax,  Florida.    See  Smilax  lanceolata. 

Smilax,  Florists.    See  Asparagus  asparagoides. 
2B  Smilax  lanceolata.   Florida  Smilax.   Tendril  climber.    Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  to  Tex. 

2B  Smilax   laurifolia.     False   China   Brier.     Southern   Smilax.     Tendril  climber 

N.  J.  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Smilax,  Southern.    See  Smilax  laurifolia. 

Snowberry,  Creeping.    See  Chiogenes. 

Soap-bark  Tree.    See  Quillaja  Saponaria. 
2B  SoUya  heterophylla.    Australian  Bluebell  Creeper.    Small  shrubby  twiner  to 

2-6  ft.    Australia.    Cult.  South  and  Calif. 

Sorbus  glabra.    See  Photinia  glabra. 

Spanish  Bayonet.    See  Yucca  angustifolia. 

Spanish  Broom.    See  Spartium  junceum. 
2BT       Sparmannia  africana.   Large  shrub  to  10  ft.   S.  Afr.   Cult.  Calif. 
2B  Spartium  junceum  (Genista  juncea).   Spanish  Broom.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Medit. 

region.    Cult.  Calif. 

Spartium  multiflorus.    See  Cytisus  multiflorus. 

Spartocytisus  filipes.    See  Cytisus  filipes. 
2BT       Sphaeralcea  umbellata  (S.  vitifolia).   Erect  branched  shrub  to  3  ft.    Mex. 

Spruce,  Black.    See  Picea  mariana. 

Spruce,  Colorado  or  Blue.    See  Picea  pungens. 

Spruce,  Douglas.    See  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia. 

Spruce,  Engelmann.    See  Picea  Engelmanni. 

Spruce,  Gregory.    See  Picea  Abies  var.  Gregoryana. 

Spruce,  Koster  Blue.    See  Picea  pungens  var.  Kosteriana. 

Spruce,  Maxwells.    See  Picea  Abies  var.  Maxwellii. 

Spruce,  Norway.    See  Picea  Abies. 

Spruce,  Oriental.    See  Picea  orientalis. 

Spruce,  Red.    See  Picea  rubra. 

Spruce,  Tigertail.    See  Picea  polita. 

Spruce,   White.    See  Picea  glauca. 

Spurge,   Evergreen.     See  Pachysandra  terminalis. 

Spurge,   Olive.     See  Cneorum  tricoccon. 
2BT       Stauntonia  hexaphylla.   Climbing  vine  to  40  ft.  Japan.  Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Sterculia.    See  Brachychiton. 

Strawberry-Tree.    See  Arbutus  Unedo. 
2BT       Streptosolen  Jamesonii  (Browallia  Jamesonii,  Hort.).  Shrub  to  6  ft.  Colombia. 

Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Strobilanthes  Dyerianus.    Erect  branching  stove  shrub.    Burma.    Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Swainsona  (Colutea)  galegifolia  var.  albiflora  (alba,  Hort.).    Climbing  shrub 
to  6  ft.     Australia.   Cult.  Calif. 

Swamp  Dewberry.    See  Rubus  hispidus. 

Swamp- Mahogany.    See  Eucalyptus  robusta. 

Sweet  Bay.    See  Laurus  nobilis  and  regalis  and  Magnolia  glauca. 

Sweet  Leaf.    See  Symplocos  tinctoria. 
2B  Syagrus  campestris  (Cocos  campestris).    Shrubby  palm  to  8-10  ft.    Hardy 

north  to  N.  C.    Brazil. 

Sydney  Golden  Wattle.   See  Acacia  longifolia. 
2B  Symplocos  tinctoria.   Sweet-Leaf.   Horse-Sugar.   Half  evergreen  shrub  or  small 

tree  to  30  ft.   Del.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


CHECK-LIST  409 

Tacsonia  manicata.    See  Passiflora  manicata. 
Tacsonia  mollissima.    See  Passiflora  mollissima. 
Tangerine  Orange.    See  Citrus  nobilis  var.  deliciosa. 

Tawhiwhi.    See  Pittosporum  tenuifolium.  r-  u  c     »u 

2B  Taxus  baccata  in  variety.  The  type  is  a  tree  to  60  ft.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.   Cult.  South 

and  N.  VV.  coast.  v     ,  .  ,    „  ^  ,  t 

2B  Taxus  baccata  fastigiata  (T.  hibermca,  Hort.).    Irish  Yew.    Columnar  form. 

Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast.  ,   ,     x.     ,.  .  x 

IP  Taxus  baccata  repandens.    This  is  the  hardiest  form  of  the  English  yew.    Low 

shrub.    Eu.  and  N.  Afr.  to  Himalayas.    Cult.  South. 
1  Taxus    canadensis.     Ground-Hemlock.      American    Yew.     Prostrate    shrub. 

Ne\vf.  and  Man.,  south  to  Va.  and  Iowa.  n..      .  j 

1  Taxus  cuspidata  (T.  baccata  var.  cuspidata).    Japanese  Yew.    The  best  and 

hardiest  of  all  yews.  Tree  to  50  ft.  in  Japan,  but  more  shrubby  and  very  vari- 
able in  cult.  ,      r, 
1             Taxus  cuspidata  var.  nana  (var.  brevifolia).    A  hardy  substitute  for  Buxus. 
2B          Taxus  floridana.   Shrub  or  bushy  tree  to  25  ft.   Fla. 

IR         Taxus  Hicksii.   A  new  hardy  form,  narrow  and  upright  like  the  Irish  yew. 
Tea.    See  Thea  sinensis. 
Tecoma  capensis.   See  Tecomaria  capensis. 
Tecoma  jasminoides.    See  Pandorea  jasminoides. 
2BT       Tecoma  Smithii.    Upright  shrub.    Australia.    Cult.  Calif.  „  ,^     c     Af 

2BT       Tecomaria  (Tecoma)  capensis.    Cape  Honeysuckle.    Shrub  to  8  ft.    b.  Afr. 
Cult.  Calif.  „,  „    ,      ,       »     .    1-       /-.  ii 

2BT       Templetonia  retusa  (T.  glauca).    Coral-Bush.    TaU  shrub.    Austraha.    Cult. 

2B  Ternstroemia  japonica  (Cleyera  japonica,  Thunb.).    Shrub  8-12  ft.    Japan. 

Cult.  Calif. 
IBR      Teucrium  Chamaedrys.   Perennial,  shrubby.   Eu.  ,    ,  ,       . 

2B  Teucrium  fruticans.    Shrub  2-3  ft.    Eu.    Cult.  Cahf.    Recommended  for  dry 

places   South. 
Thea  japonica.    See  Camellia  japonica.  ,    „«  ,x 

2B  Thea  sinensis  in  var.  (Camellia  Thea.  C.  theifera).  Tea.  Shrub  or  tree  to  30  ft. 

China,  Japan.    Cult.  South  to  6  ft.  c      ,      tut    t   j- 

2BT       Thevetia  nereifolia.    Trumpet-Flower.    Yellow  Oleander.    Shrub.    W.  Indies, 
Mex.   Cult.  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif. 
Thuja.    See  Retinispora  and  Chamaecyparis. 
Thuja  Craigana.    See  Libocedrus  decurrens. 
Thuja  gigantea.    See  T.  plicata. 

Thuja  japonica.    See  T.  Standishii.  „„  .     ^    ,         t.        ■  » 

1  Thuja  occidentalis  in  variety.   Common  Arbor-vitse.  White  Cedar.    Especially 

Douglasii  pyramidalis,  globosa.    Little   Gem,  fastigiata,  Rosenthal!,  lom 

Thumb  and  the  Siberian  Arbor-vitse  (var.  robusta  or  Wareana).  The  type 

is  a  tree  to  60  ft.     New  Bruns.  to  Man.  south  to  N.  C.  and  111.   Cult.  South. 

IP  Thuja  orientalis  (Biota  orientalis).    Chinese  or  Eastern  Arbor-vitse  in  variety, 

especially  aurea  nana,  elegant  issima  and  stricta.    Type  a  tree  to  25  ft.  from 

Persia  to  E.  Asia,  in  Japan.   Much  cult.  South. 

IR         Thuja  plicata  (T.  gigantea.   T.  Lobbii,  Hort.).   Tall  tree.   Alaska  to  N.  Calif. 

IR         Thuja   Standishii   (T.  japonica.    Thujopsis  Standishii).    Tree  to  20-30  ft. 
Japan. 
Thujopsis  borealis.   See  Chamsecj-paris  nootkatensis. 


410  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

2  Thujopsis  dolobrata  (Thuja  dolobrata,  L.).    Pyramidal  tree  to  50  ft.    Japan. 

Cult.  South  but  suJEFers  from  summer  drought.   Should  have  sheltered  shady 
situation. 
IPR       Thujopsis  dolobrata  var.  Hondai.   Hardier  than  the  type. 

Thujopsis  Standishii.    See  Thuja  Standishii. 
IBS       Thymus   Serpyllum   (T.   azoricus).     Mother  of  Thyme.     Creeping  Thyme. 
Perennial  or  subshrubby.    Eu.,  Asia  and  N.  Afr. 
Tinus  laurifolius.    See  Viburnum  Tinus. 
2BT       Tithonia   diversifolia    (Mirasolia   diversifolia).     Large   shrub.     S.   Mex.   and 

Guatemala.    Cult.  Calif. 
2  Torreya  calif ornica   (Tiunium  calif ornicum).     California-Nutmeg.     Tree  to 

70  ft.  or  more.   Calif 
IPR       Torreya  nucifera.    Tree  30-80  ft.   Japan.    Cult.  South  and  W.  coast. 
2  Torreya  taxifolia  (Tumion  taxifolium) .    Tree  to  40  ft.   Fla. 

Toyon.   See  Heteromeles  arbutifolia. 
2BT       Trachelospermum    jasminoides    (Rhynchospermum    jasminoides).     Star-Jas- 
mine.  Confederate-Jasmine.    Climbing  shrub  to  3  ft.   Cult.  South  and  Calif. 
2BT       Trachycarpus  caespitosa.    Tall  palm  of  plumosa  type. 
2BT       Trachycarpus    excelsa  (T.  Fortunei.     Chamserops  excelsa).    Fortunes  Palm 

Chinese  Windmill  Palm.    China,  Japan.   Cult,  to  20  ft.  in  Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Trachycarpus  Martiana  (T.  Khasiana).   Slender  tall  plant.  Himalayas,  Burma, 
Assam.    Cult.  Calif. 
Trailing  Arbutus.    See  Epigsea  repens. 
Tree  Alfalfa.   See  Medicago  arborea. 

Tree  Fern.   See  Dicksonia  antarctica  and  Alsophila  australis. 
Triphasia  monophylla.    See  Severinia  buxifolia. 
2BT       Tristania  conferta  (Lophostemon  arborescens).     Brisbane-Box.    A  tree  from 

Queensland.    Cult,  to  20  ft.  in  Calif. 
2BT       Trithrinax  braziliensis.   Slender  palm  to  6-12  ft.   Shade.   Brazil.   Cult.  Calif. 
2BT       Trithrinax  campestris.    More  rigid  than  T.  braziliensis.    Argentina.    Shade. 
Cult.  Calif. 
Trumpet-Flower.    See  Bignonia  capreolata. 
Trumpet-Flower.    See  Thevetia  nereifolia. 
1  Tsuga  canadensis   (Abies  canadensis).    Common  Hemlock.    Tree  to  70  ft. 

■ '       '  New  Bruns.  and  Wis.  south  to  Ala.   This  is  the  most  graceful  northern  ever- 

green.   Can  easily  be  restrained  and  makes  beautiful  hedges. 

1  Tsuga  caroliniana.    Carolina  Hemlock.   Tree  to  70  ft.   Va.  to  S.  C.   Still  new 

in  northern  plantings  but  is  very  promising.    Has  proved  just  as  hardy  as 
T.  canadensis  and  is  even  more  graceful. 
IPR       Tsuga  diversifolia  (Abies  diversifolia).    Tree.    Japan. 

2  Tsuga  heterophylla  (T.  Albertiana.    T.  Mertensiana,  Carr.).    Tree  to  200  ft. 

Alaska  to  Calif.,  west  to  Mont. 
2  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Sarg.  (T.  Pattoniana.  T.  Hookeriana).    Tree  to  100  ft. 

B.  C.  to  Calif.,  west  to  Mont. 
IR         Tsuga  Sieboldii  (T.  Araragi).   Tree.   Japan. 
Tumion.     See   Torreya. 

Turks  Tm-ban.   See  Clerodendron  Siphonanthus. 
Twin-Flower.    See  Linnaea  borealis. 

Ugni.    See  Myrtus  Ugni. 
2B  Ulex  europaeus.   Furze.   Gorse.   Whin.   Spiny  shrub  to  3-5  ft.   W.  and  S.  Eu. 

Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 


CHECK-LIST  411 

2B  Umbellularia  californica  (Oreodaphne  californica).    California  Laurel.    Hand- 

some small  tree  about  30  ft.   Calif. 

IBR       Vaccinium    macrocarpon    (Oxycoccus     macrocarpus).      Large    or    American 

Cranberry.    Low  shrub  to  1-4  ft.    N.  N.  Amer. 
2B  Vaccinium  ovatum.    Erect  rigid  shrub  2-8  ft.    Vancouver  to  Monterey,  Calif. 

Cult.  W.  coast. 
iBR       Vaccinium  Oxycoccus  (Oxycoccus  Oxycoccus).    Small  Cranberry.    Low  shrub 

to  4-10  in.    Sphagnum  swamp  in  subarctic  and  alpine  regions  of  Old  and 

New  World. 
IBR       Vaccinium  Vitis-Idaea  (Vitis-Idaea  Vitis-Idaea) .     Mountain  Cranberry.    Cow- 
berry.   Foxberry.    Low  shrub  6-10  in.    Arctic  region,  to  the  coast  and  mts. 

of  New  England,  Minn,  and  Brit.  Col. 
2B  Veronica  buxifolia.    New  Zeal.    Shrub.    Cult.  Calif,  to  3  ft. 

2B  Veronica  carnea.    New  Zeal.    Shrub.    Cult.  Calif,  to  6  ft. 

2B  Veronica  cupressoides.    New  Zeal.    Shrub.    Cult.  Calif. 

2B  Veronica  elliptica  (V.  decussata).    Small  tree  from  S.  Amer.  and  New  Zeal 

Cult.  Calif,  as  shrub  to  8  ft. 
2B  Veronica  Hulkeana.    New  Zeal.   Shrub.    Cult.  Calif.  1-3  ft. 

2B  Veronica  speciosa  (V.  imperialis,  Hort.).    New  Zeal.    Shrub.    Cult.  Calif,  to 

6  ft. 
2B  Veronica  Traversii.    Small  New  Zeal,  shrub.    Cult.  Calif. 

Vetch,  Crown.    See  Coronilla. 
2B  Viburnum  odoratissimum  (V.  Awafuki,  Hort.).   Upright  shrub  to  10  ft.   India 

to  S.  China  and  Japan.    Tender. 
IBPR    Viburnum  rhytidophyllum.   Shrub  to  10  ft.   Cent,  and  W.  China. 
2B  Viburnum  suspensum  (V.  Sandankwa).    Shrub  to  6  ft.    Liu-kiu  Isl.    Cult. 

South  and  Calif. 
2B  Viburnum   Tinus   (V.   Laurustinus,   Hort.   Tinus   laurifolius).     Laurustinus. 

Shrub  to  10  ft.    Medit.  region.    Cult,  both  South  and  VV.  coast. 
Victorian-Box.    See  Pittosporum  undulatum. 
2B  Vinca  major.   Larger  than  V.  minor.   Eu.   Cult.  South  and  N.  W.  coast. 

IB  Vinca  minor.    Periwinkle.    Myrtle.    Creeping  plant.    Eu.,  also  commonly  cult. 

South  and  West. 
Viscum  flavescens.    See  Phoradendron  flavescens. 
Vitis  antarctica  and  capensis.   See  Cissus. 
Vitis-Idaea.    See  Vaccinium  Vitis-Idsea. 

2BT       Washingtonia  filifera  var.  robusta  (W.  filifera,  Hort.).    Palm  to  60-90  ft. 
Borders  of  Col.  desert  in  S.  Calif.    Fairly  tolerant  of  alkali  soil.    Cult,  in 
Fla.  and  Calif. 
2BT       Washingtonia  gracilis  (W.  robusta,  Hort.).  Slender  palm  to  80  ft.  in  the  North. 

Low.  Calif.    Cult.  Fla.  and  CaUf. 
2BT       Washingtonia  Sonorae  (Neowashingtonia  Sonorae).    Palm  to  25  ft.    Guyamas 
and  Low.  Calif,  and  Mex.   Cult.  Fla.  and  Calif. 
Wax-Myrtle.    See  Myrica  cerifera. 
Wax-Plant.   See  Hoya  carnosa. 
Whin.    See  Llex  europaeus. 
Wild  Mock-Orange.    See  Prunus  caroliniana. 
Wild  or  Evergreen  Cherry.   See  Prunus  ilicifolia. 
Wine  Palm  of  Chile.   See  Jubsea  spectabilis. 
Wintergreen.    See  Gaultheria  procumbens. 


412  THE    CULTIVATED    EVERGREENS 

"    Wintergreen,  Spotted.    See  Chimaphila  maculata. 
'  '  -     -  Wire-Plant.    See  Muehlenbeckia  complexa. 

Wonga-Wonga  Vine.    See  Pandorea  australis. 
Woodwax.    See  Genista  tinctoria. 

Xolisma  ferruginea.    See  Lyonia  ferruginea. 

Yaupon.    See  Ilex  vomitoria. 
Yellow  Oleander.  See  Thevetia  nereifolia. 
Yew,  American.    See  Taxus  canadensis. 
Yew,  English.    See  Taxus  baccata. 
Yew,  Irish.    See  Taxus  baccata  var.  fastigiata. 
Yew,  Japanese.    See  Taxus  cuspidata. 
2B  Yucca  aloifolia   (Y.  serrulata).     Low  shrub  with  narrow  dagger-like  leaves 

arising  in  a  dense  rosette  from  the  underground  stem.    W.  Indies  and  New 
Mex.  to  Va. 
IB  Yucca  angustifolia  (Y.  glauca).     Bear-Grass.    Spanish  Bayonet.    Low  shrub 

with  narrow  dagger-like  leaves  arising  in  a  dense  rosette  from  the  under- 
ground stem.    S.  Dak.  to  New  Mex. 
IB  Yucca  filamentosa.   Adams  Needle.   Low  shrub  like  the  above,  but  leaves  are 

broader  and  more  sword-like. 
IB  Yucca  glauca.    See  Y.  angustifolia. 

2B  Yucca  gloriosa  (Y.  acuminata).    Foliage  resembles  that  of  the  other  yuccas, 

but  plant  becomes  bushy  by  developing  a  short  trunk.    Coast  from  S.  C. 
to  Fla. 
2B  Yucca  Treculeana  (Y.  contorta,  cornuta,  Hort.).   Foliage  resembles  that  of  the 

other  yuccas,  but  plant  becomes  a  small  tree  with  distinct  trunk.   Texas  to 
E.  Mex. 

2BT       Zamia  floridana.     Coontie.    Comptie.    Fern-like  plant.    S.  Fla.  in  open  dry 

pine  woods. 
IBRS    Zenobia  pulverulenta  (A.  glauca,  Hort.).    Shrub  2-4  ft.    N.  C.  to  Fla.    Has 

beautiful  glaucous  leaves  and  stems. 


INDEX 


PnonwTf  UBKAXt 
M  C.  State  Collegi 


Abies,  248. 
alba,  259;  64. 

var.  columnaris,  260. 

var.  equi-trojani,  260. 

var.  fastigiata,  260. 

var.  pendula,  260. 

var.  pyramidalis,  260. 
Alcockiana,  285. 
amabilis,  261 ;  92. 
Apollinis,  259. 
arizonica,  261. 
baborensis,  257. 
balsamea,  260;  65,  92,  108. 

var.  hudsonia,  261;  65. 

var.  macrocarpa,  261. 
Beissneriana,  254;  258. 
bicolor,  280. 
bifida,  255. 
brachyphylla,  255. 
bracteata,  263. 
canadensis,  267. 
cephalonica,  258;  64. 

var.  Apollinis,  259. 
chensiensis,  254. 
cilicica,  259;  64. 
commutata,  282. 
concolor,  261;  62,  78,  92,  108. 

var.  argentea,  262. 

var.  globosa,  262. 

var.  lasiocarpa,  262. 

var.  Lowiana,  262. 

var.  violacea,  262. 

var.  Wattezii,  262. 
Davidiana,  247. 
Delavayi,  254. 
diversifolia,  266. 
Douglasii,  263. 
excelsa  var.  Clanbrasiliana,  277. 

var.  finedonensis,  276. 

var.  Gregoryana,  277. 

var.  inverta,  276. 

var.  Maxwellii,  278. 

var.  monstrosa,  276. 

var.  nigra,  278. 

var.  parviformis,  277. 

var.  pumila,  277. 
Faberi,  254. 


Abies  Fargesii,  253. 

var.  sutchuenetisis,  254. 
Faxoniana,  253. 
firma,  255;  64. 
Forrestii,  253. 
Fortunei,  247. 
Fnaseri,  260. 

var.  hudsonia,  261. 
Gordoniana,  261. 
gracilis,  251. 
grandis,  261;  92. 
hirtella,  257. 
holophylla,  255. 
homolepis,  255;  63,  78. 

var.  Tomomi,  256. 

var.  umbellata,  256;  63. 
insignis,  258. 

var.  Beissneriana,  258. 

var.  Kentiana,  258. 

var.  Mastersiana,  258. 

var.  speciosa,  258. 
jezoensis,  285. 
Kawakamii,  256. 
Kentiana,  258. 
koreana,  252. 
lasiocarpa,  261;  92,  262. 

var.  arizonica,  261. 

var.  compacta,  261. 
Lowiana,  262. 
magnifica,  262. 

var.  argentea,  263. 

var.  glauca,  263. 

var.  shastensis,  263. 
Mariesii,  252. 
maroccana,  257. 
Mastersiana,  258. 
Menziesii,  283,  285. 
Momi,  255. 
nebrodensis,  257. 
nephrolepis,  251. 
nigra  pumila,  281. 
nobilis,  262;  65. 

var.  glauca,  262. 

var.  magnifica,  262. 
Nordmanniana,  259;  63,  78.  93,  109. 

var.  aiirca,  259. 

var.  speciosa,  258. 


(413) 


414 


INDEX 


Abies  Nordmanniana  var.  tortifoli 
numidica,  257. 
panachaica,  258. 
Parsonsiana,  262. 
pectinata,  259. 

var.  columnaris,  260. 

var.  pendula,  260. 

var.  pyramidalis,  260. 
Picea,  259. 
pichta,  251. 
Pindrow,  257. 
Pinsapo,  257. 

var.  argentea,  258. 

var.  baborensis,  257. 

var.  glauca,  258. 
recurvata,  254. 
Regime- Amaliae,  258. 
religiosa,  267. 
rubra  var.  violacea,  282. 
sachalineasis,  251. 

var.  nemorensis,  252. 
Semenovii,  251. 
shastensis,  263. 
sibirica,  251;  64,  93. 
spectabilis,  256. 

var.  brevifolia,  257. 
squamata,  253. 
subalpina,  261. 

var.  compacta,  261. 
sutchuenensis,  253. 
Tomomi,  256. 
umbellata,  256. 
umbilicata,  256. 
Veitchii,  252;  63.  78,  93,  109. 

var.  olivacea,  252. 

var.  sachalinensis,  251. 
venusta,  263. 
Vilmorinii,  258. 
Webbiana,  256. 

var.  brevifolia,  257. 

var.  Pindrow,  257. 
Williamsonii,  269. 
Abietia  Douglasii,  263. 

Fortunei,  247. 
Abietinese,  193. 
Acid  soils,  336. 
Acmopyle,  178. 
Actinostrobus,  229. 
pyramidalis,  230. 
Agarista,  369. 
Agathis,  245. 
alba,  246. 


259. 


Agathis  australis,  246. 

Dammara,  246. 

loranthifolia,  246. 

obtusa,  246. 

orientalis,  246. 

robusta,  246;  121. 
Ahrens,  Frederick,  37. 
Akebia  quinata,  353. 

Aluminum  sulfate  for  broad-leaved  ever- 
greens, 340. 
Amentotaxus,  178. 
Andromeda  axillaris,  369. 

Catesbaei,  369. 

floribunda,  370. 

glaucophylla,  348. 

japonica,  370. 

Rollisonii,  370. 
Aphid,  pine  bark,  130. 

spruce  gall,  131. 

white  pine  leaf-,  133. 

woolly  larch,  137. 
Aquifoliacese,  363. 
Arar-Tree,  230. 
Araucaria,  241. 

araucana,  243;  120. 

Balansse,  244. 

Bidwillii,  242. 

Bluish,  244. 

brasiliana,  242;  120. 
var.  elegans,  243. 
var.  gracilis,  243. 
var.  Ridolfiana,  243. 

brasiliensis,  242. 

Brazilian,  242. 

columnaris,  244. 

Cookii,  244. 

Cunninghamii,  245. 
var.  glauca,  245. 

Emeralii._245. 


vaf.  all3o-Qpica7^44. 

var.  glauca,  244. 

var.  robusta,  245. 

var.  virgata,  245. 
imbricata,  243. 
Rulei,  244. 

var.  Goldieana,  244. 

var.  polymorpha,  244. 
Silver-Star,  244. 
Arbor- vitse,  221. 
American,  222;  93. 

Globe,  224. 


INDEX 


415 


Arbor-vitse,  American,  Green,  223. 
Pyramidal,  223. 
Weeping,  224. 

Columbia,  223. 

Common,  66. 

Douglas  Golden,  223. 
Pyramidal,  223. 

Evergolden,  227. 

Fernleaf,  223. 

George  Peabody,  223. 

Giant,  225. 

Goldspine,  227. 

Goldspot,  223. 

Halfhigh,  224. 

Hiba,  219. 

Whitetip,  219. 

Hovey,  224. 

Japanese,  68. 

Korean,  226. 

Little  Gem,  224. 

Moss,  223. 

Oriental,  226;  68. 
Golden,  227. 
Pyramidal,  227. 
Weeping,  227. 

Parsons,  224. 

Queen  Victoria,  223. 

Rivers,  223. 

Rosenthal,  223. 

Siberian,  223;  94,  110. 

Siebold,  227. 

Spaeth,  224. 

Standish,  226. 

Threadtwig,  224. 

Tom  Thumb,  225. 

Vervaene,  223. 

Weeping,  American,  224. 

Western,  93. 

Woodward,  224. 

Yellow  Column,  227. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-Ursi,  348. 
Armillaria  mellea,  150,  152,  343. 
Arnold  Arboretum,  46. 
Athrotaxis,  238. 

alpina,  238. 

cupressoides,  239. 

Doniana,  238. 

imbricata,  239. 

laxifolia,  238. 

selaginoides,  238. 
Austrotaxus,  178. 
Azalea,  diseases  of,  344. 


Bag- worm,  124. 
Bald-Cypress,  66. 
Bandaisho,  313. 
Barberry,  360. 
Bark-beetles,  124. 
Bear-berry,  348. 
Beetles,  bark,  124. 

engraver,  124. 
Berberidaceae,  360. 
Berberis,  360. 
Aquifolium,  361. 
Bealii,  362. 
buxifolia,  350. 
Gagnepainii,  360;  350. 
ilicifolia,  354. 
japonica,  362. 
Julianae,  361. 
Sargentiana,  361 ;  349. 
stenophylla,  350. 
verruculosa,  349. 
Biota  orientalis,  226. 
var.  decussata,  227. 
var.  filiformis,  227. 
var.  pendula,  227. 
var.  pyramidalis,  221 . 
Blister-rust,  white  pine,  154. 
Bollinger,  E.,  39,  102,  354. 
Bordeaux  mixture,  165. 
Borer,  pitch-mass,  131. 
Borers,  124. 
Box,  362. 

-Tree,  350. 
Bracket-fungi,  150. 
Braunton,  Ernest,  116. 
Brett,  Geo.  P.,  27,  32,  78,  123,  335. 
Bud-rot,  342. 

-worm,  spruce,  134. 
Bunya-bunya,  242. 
Buxacese,  362. 
Buxus,  362. 
japonica,  363. 
microphylla,  363. 

var.  japonica,  363;  351. 
obcordata,  363. 
sempervirens,  362;  351,  356. 
var.  angustifolia,  351. 
var.  arborescens,  363. 
var.  Handworthii,  351. 
var.  japonica,  363. 
var.  myrtifolia,  363. 
var.  navicularis,  351. 
var.  rotundifolia,  363. 


416 


INDEX 


Calico  Bush,  368. 

California  Big  Tree,  236;  102. 

Callitris,  228. 

Actinostrobus,  230. 
australis,  229. 
calcarata,  229. 
cupressiformis,  229. 
cupressoides,  232. 
Drummondii,  229. 
oblonga.  229. 
quadrivalvis,  230. 
rhomboidea,  229. 
robusta,  228. 
verrucosa,  228. 
Whytei,  231. 
Callitropsis,  190. 
Calluna  vulgaris,  348. 

var.  alba,  348. 
Canada,  evergreens  for,  83. 
Caryocedrus,  196. 
Caryopitys  edulis,  309. 
Case-bearer,  larch,  134. 
Casicta,  282. 
Cedar,  293. 
-apples,  159. 
Atlas,  293;  55. 
Blue,  293. 
SUver,  293. 
Canoe,  67. 
Deodar,  294;  102. 
Golden,  295. 
Green,  294. 
Longleaf,  295. 
Giant-,  94. 
Incense-,  220. 
of  Lebanon,  294;  54. 
Red-,  see  Red-Cedar. 
Stinking,  184. 

White,  220,  222;  see  also  White-Cedar. 
Yellow,  69,  213. 
Cedrus,  293. 

atlantica,  293;  55,  102. 
var.  argentea,  293. 
var.  glauca,  283;  55. 
brevifolia,  294. 
Cedrus,  294. 
Deodara,  294;  102,  120. 
var.  argentea,  295. 
var.  aurea,  295. 
var.  robusta,  295. 
var.  viridis,  294. 
effusa,  294. 


Cedrus  libani,  294;  54,  102. 

var.  argentea,  294. 

var.  atlantica,  293. 

var.  brevifolia,  294. 

var.  Deodara,  294. 

var.  glauca,  294. 
patula,  294. 
Cembra,  303. 
Cephalotaxus,  182. 
drupacea,  182. 

var.  fastigiata,  183. 

var.  nana,  183. 

var.  pedunculata,  183. 

var.  sinensis,  183. 
Fortuni,  183. 
Harringtonia,  183. 
koraiana,  183. 
nana,  183. 
Oliveri,  182. 
pedunculata,  183. 

var.  fastigiata,  183. 
Chamaecyparis,  211. 
Boursieri  nana,  218. 
decussata,  227. 
ericoides,  213. 
formosensis,  215. 
Lawsoniana,  217;  99. 

var.  albo-spica,  217. 

var.  Alumi,  217. 

var.  argentea,  217. 

var.  Bowleri,  218. 

var.  erecta,  217. 
glauca,  217. 
viridis,  217. 

var.  Fraseri,  217. 

var.  glauca,  217. 

var.  gracilis,  218. 
pendula,  218. 

var.  intertexta,  218. 

var.  lutea,  217. 

var.  minima  glauca,  218. 

var.  nana,  218. 
glauca,  218. 

var.  pendula,  218. 

var.  Silver  Queen,  217. 

var.  Triomphe  de  Boskoop,  217. 
leptoclada,  212. 
nootkatensis,  213;  69,  98. 

var.  compacta,  213. 

var.  glauca,  213. 

var.  lutea,  213. 

var.  pendula,  213. 


INDEX 


417 


ChamEBcyparis  obtusa,  216;  69, 
var.  albo-spicata,  216. 
var.  aurea,  216. 
Youngii,  216. 
var.  breviramca,  216. 
var.  compacta,  216. 
var.  Crippsii,  216. 
var.  erecta,  216. 
var.  ericoides,  216. 
var.  filicoides,  216. 
var.  filifera,  214. 
var.  formosana,  217. 
var.  gracilis,  216. 

aurea,  216. 
var.  lycopioides,  216. 
var.  magnifica,  216. 
var.  nana,  216;  69. 

aurea,  216. 
var.  pygmsea,  216. 
var.  tetragona,  216. 
aurea,  216. 
pisifera,  213;  68,  99,  111. 
var.  aurea,  214. 
var.  filifera,  214;  68,  111. 
aurea,  214. 
aureo-variegata,  214. 
var.  plumosa,  214;  69,  111. 
argentea,  214. 
aurea,  214. 
flavescens,  215. 
var.  squarrosa,  215;  69. 

sulphurea,  215. 
var.  sulphurea,  214. 
sphxroidea,  212. 

var.  andelyensis,  212.- 
var.  glauca,  212. 
thyoidcs,  212;  69,  99. 
var.  andelyensis,  212. 
var.  ericoides,  213. 
var.  glauca,  212. 
var.  kewensis,  212. 
var.  variegata,  212. 
Chamaedaphne  calyculata,  348. 
Chermes  abietis,  131. 

cooleyi,  133. 
'  pinicorticis,  130. 
pinifoliae,  133. 
strobilobius,  137. 
Cherrj^-laurel,  diseases  of,  344. 
China-Fir,  240. 
Chionaspis  pinifolise,  128. 
Christmas  trees,  6. 


Coleophora  laricella,  134. 
Collingwood,  G.  Harris,  cited,  10. 
Collins,  F.  J.,  cited,  164. 
Colymbea,  242. 

Connecticut,  evergreens  for,  78. 
Corticum  vaguni  var.  solani,  140. 
Coryneum  beijerinckii,  342. 

rhododendri,  342. 
Cotoneaster  adpressa,  350. 
buxifolia,  354. 
Dammeri,  350. 
horizontalis,  350. 

var.  perpusilla,  350. 
microphylla,  350,  354. 
rotundifolia,  350. 
salicifolia,  350. 
var.  rugosa,  350. 
Coville,  F.  v..  336. 
Cronartium  cerebrum,  158. 
coleosporioidcs,  158. 
ribicola,  155. 
Crosby,  C.  R.,  124. 
Cr>T)tomeria,  239. 
Cave,  240. 
Common,  239. 
clegans,  240. 
Fortunei,  240. 
japonica,  239;  102. 

var.  araucarioides,  240. 
var.  compacta,  240. 
var.  cristata,  240. 
var.  dacr>dioides,  240. 
var.  elegans,  240;  102. 
var.  Fortunei,  240. 
var.  Lobbii,  240. 

cristata,  240. 
var.  nana,  240. 
var.  pungens,  240. 
var.  sinensis,  240. 
var.  spiralis,  240. 
Prickly,  240. 
Spreading,  240. 
Cryptostictis,  343. 
Cultivation,  26. 
Cunninghamia,  240. 
ciipressoides,  239. 
Konishii,  241. 
lanceolata,  241;  87,  120. 
sclaginoides,  238. 
sinensis,  241. 
Cupressinese,  192. 
Cupressus,  207. 


BB 


418 


INDEX 


Cupressus  arizonica,  210. 

var.  bonita,  210. 

var.  glauca,  210. 
Bakeri,  209. 
Benthami,  210. 

var.  arizonica,  210. 

var.  Knightiana,  210. 
Boursieri,  217. 
californica,  209. 
cashmeriana,  211. 
Corneyana,  211. 
disticha,  233. 
excelsa,  210. 
fastigiata,  208. 
formosensis,  215. 
funebris,  211. 

var.  glauca,  211. 
grZabra,  210. 
glandulosa,  209. 
glauca,  210. 
Goveniana,  209. 

var.  pygmsea,  209. 

var.  Sargentii,  209. 
guadalupensis,  209. 
Hartwegii,  208. 
Hodginsii,  221. 
horizontalis,  208. 
Knightiana,  210. 
Lamberliana,  208. 
Lawsoniana,  217. 

var.  argentea,  217. 
Lindleyi,  210. 
lusitanica,  210. 

var.  Benthami,  210. 

var.  Knightiana,  210. 
Macnabiana,  209. 

var.  sulphurea,  209. 
macrocarpa,  208;  118. 

var.  Crippsii,  209. 

var.  fastigiata,  208. 

var.  guadalupensis,  209. 

var.  lutea,  208. 
nepalensis,  210. 
nevadensis,  209. 
nootkatensis,  213 
nutkaensis,  213. 
obtusa,  216. 

var.  gracilis,  216. 
pendula,  210,  211. 
pisifera,  213. 
pygmsea,  209. 
/Joj/Zei,  208. 


Cupressus  Sargentii,  209. 
sempervirens,  208. 

var.  fastigiata,  208. 

var.  horizontalis,  208. 

var.  indica,  208. 

var.  pyramidalis,  208. 

var.  stricta,  208. 
sinensis,  210. 
thurifera,  210. 
thy  aides,  212. 

var.  variegata,  212. 
torulosa,  210. 

var.  Corneyana,  211. 

var.  kashmiriana,  211. 
Whitleyana,  208. 
Curtis,  Ralph  W.,  71,  375. 
Cuttings,  propagation  by,  41. 
Cypress,  207,  211. 
Arizona,  210. 
Bald-,  233;  66. 

Common,  233. 
Bentham,  210. 
Bhutan,  210. 
Column,  Blue,  217. 

Green,  217. 
Cream,  217. 
Cripps,  209. 
Deciduous,  233. 
Football,  216. 
Formosan,  215. 
Gowen,  209. 
Guadalupe,  209. 
Hinoki,  216;  69,  99, 

Dwarf,  216. 

Golden,  216. 

Pygmy,  216. 

Silvertip,  216. 

Slender,  216. 
Italian,  208. 

Columnar,  208. 

Globecone,  208. 

Spreading,  208. 
Kashmir,  211. 
Knight,  210. 
Lawson,  217;  99. 

Dwarf,  218. 

Fountain,  218. 

Golden,  217. 

Weeping,  218. 
Macnab,  209. 

Yellow,  208. 
Monterey,  208;  118, 


INDEX 


419 


Cypress,  Montezuma,  234. 
Mourning,  211. 
Nootka,  213;  69. 

Blue,  213. 
Pine,  228. 
Pond-,  234. 

Weeping,  234. 
Portuguese,  210. 
Sawara,  213;  68,  <J'J. 

Golden,  214. 
Scarab,  217. 
Smooth,  210. 
Steel,  217. 
Yellow,  98. 

Dacrydium,  178. 
Dammara  alba,  246. 

australis,  246. 

Brovmii,  246. 

ohtusa,  246. 

orientalis,  246. 

robusta,  246. 
Dammar-Pine,  245.- 

Robust,  246. 

White,  246. 
Damping-off,  140. 
Dana,  Charles  A.,  pinetum  of,  40. 
Daphne  Blagayana,  352. 

Cneorum,  352. 
Dickson,  F.,  138,  341. 
Diploxylon,  311. 
Disbudding,  30. 
Diseases,  138. 

of  broad-leaved  evergreens,  341. 
Diselma,  228. 

Archeri,  228. 
Dombeya,  241. 
Dunbar,  John,  28,  30,  31,  45,  345. 

Echinodontium  tinctorium,  152. 
Electrical  injury,  147. 
Ellwanger  &  Barrj',  cited,  60. 
Elwes,  Henry  J.,  cited,  51. 
Erica  carnea,  348. 

vagans,  348. 
Ericaceae,  365. 
Euonymus  radicans,  352,  355. 

var.  acuta,  355. 

var.  Carrierei,  355. 

var.  vegeta,  352,  355. 
Eupicea,  272. 
Eutacta,  242, 


Eutacta  Rulei  polymorpha,  244. 
Eutassa,  242. 
Euthuya,  222. 
Eutsuga,  265. 
Exobasidium,  344. 

Falconer,  William,  cited,  28. 
Fertilizers,  26,  28. 

for  broad-leaved  evergreens,  338. 
Fir,  248. 

Algerian,  257. 

Alpine,  261 ;  92. 

Amabilis,  92. 

Azure,  263. 

Balsam,  260;  65,  92,  108. 

Southern,  260. 
Bristlecone,  263. 
Cascade,  261. 
Ccphalonian,  64. 
China-,  240. 
Cilician,  259;  64. 
Cork,  261. 
Delavay,  254. 
Douglas,  263;  56,  91,  109. 

Blue,  264. 

Frets,  264. 

Silver,  264. 

Weeping,  264. 
Farges,  253. 
Faxon,  253. 
Flaky,  253. 
Eraser,  260. 
Great,  261. 
Greek,  258. 
Himalaya,  256. 
Hudson,  261. 
Korean,  252. 
Lowland,  92. 
Maries,  252. 
Momi,  255;  64. 
Needle,  255. 
Nikko,  255;  63. 
Noble,  262. 

Blue,  262. 
Nordmann,  259;  63,  93,  109. 
Pindrow,  257. 
Red,  262;  65,  263. 
Saghalin,  251. 
Shensi.  254. 
Siberian,  251 ;  64.  93. 
Silver,  259;  64,  92. 

Columnar,  260, 


420 


Index 


Fir,  Silver,  Sentinel,  260. 
Weeping,  260. 

Spanish,  257. 
Blue,  258. 

Veitch,  252;  63,  93. 

White,  261 ;  62,  92,  108. 
Pacific,  262. 
Purplecone,  262. 
Fitzroya,  227. 

Archeri,  228, 

Patagonian,  228. 

patagonica,  228. 
Fokienia,  221. 

Hodginsii,  221. 
Fomes  juniperinus,  152. 

pinicola,  152. 

roseus,  152. 
Forest  background,  2. 

Northern,  3. 
Frenela  Drummondii,  229. 

Endlicheri,  229. 

Gunnii,  229. 

rhomhoidea,  229. 

robusta,  228. 
Frost-cracks,  145. 

-injury,  143,  144. 
Fume  injury,  147. 
Fungi,  148. 
Fungicides,  165. 
Fusarium  spp.,  140. 

Ginkgoaceae,  177. 
Ginkgo  biloba,  177;  77. 

var.  fastigiata,  77. 

var.  laciniata,  178. 

var.  pendula,  178. 

var.  variegata,  178. 
Gipsy  moth,  125. 
Glyptostrobus,  234. 

heterophylla,  235. 

pendulus,  234. 

sinensis,  234,  235. 
Golden-Larch,  288. 

Chinese,  53. 
Grafting,  propagation  by,  42. 
Gymnosporangium,  159. 

Hackmatack,  292. 
Hamblin,  S.  F.,  13. 
Haploxylon,  302. 
Hartley,  C,  cited,  141. 
Heather,  Scotch,  348. 


Heath  Family,  365. 
Helianthemum  Chamaecistus,  352. 
Hemlock,  265;  55. 

Black,  96. 

Canada,  267. 
Dwarf,  268. 
Slender,  268. 

Carolina,  267;  56. 

Chinese,  266. 

Common,  95. 

Ground-,  76. 

Japanese,  266;  56. 

Mountain,  269. 

Sargent  Weeping,  268. 

Siebold,  266;  56. 

Western,  268;  95. 

Whitetip,  268. 

Yunnan,  266. 
Hesperopeuce  Pattoniana,  269. 
Hicks,  Henry,  33. 
Highland  Park.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  pine- 

tum  of,  46. 
Holly,  363. 

American,  364,  348,  355. 

English,  363. 

Japanese,  349. 
Honeysuckle,  Henrys,  351. 
Hoopes,  Josiah,  cited,  55. 
Hoop-Pine,  245. 
Hosmer,  Ralph  S.,  2,  6. 
Hunnewell,  H.  H.,  pinetum  of,  46. 
Hypoderma,  160. 
Hypodermella,  160. 

Ilex,  363. 

Aquifolium,  363. 

crenata,  364;  349. 

Fortunei,  364. 

glabra,  365;  349. 

opaca,  364;  348,  355. 

pedunculosa,  364. 

var.  continentalis,  364. 

yunnanensis,  365. 
var.  gentilis,  365. 
Incense-Cedar,  220. 

California,  220. 

Chilean,  221. 
Injiu-ies,  138. 

of  broad-leaved  evergreens,  341. 
Inkberry,  365;  349. 
Insects,  124. 
International  Rules  of  Nomenclature,  170. 


INDEX 


421 


Jack,  J.  G..  cited,  60. 
Juniper,  194. 
African,  203. 
Alligator,  200. 
Bermuda,  204. 
Calif ornian,  201. 
Cherrystone,  201. 
Chinese,  203;  71,  98. 

Golden,  203. 

Whiteleaf,  203. 
Common,  198;  73,  96. 
Creeping,  206. 
Formosa,  197. 
Golden,  198. 
Greek,  202. 
Horizontal,  73. 
Irish,  199;  74,  97,  115. 
Japanese,  204;  98. 

Golden,  204. 

Variegated,  204. 
Meyer,  200. 
Mountain,  199. 
Needle,  197. 
Pfitzer,  203. 
Phoenician,  201. 
Plum,  197. 
Prickly,  197. 
Prostrate,  199;  97. 
Reeves,  204. 
Sargent,  204. 
Shore,  198. 
Spiny  Greek,  203. 
Swedish,  198;  74,  97,  115. 
Syrian,  196. 
Utah,  200. 
Waukegan,  206;  73. 
Wilson,  200. 
Junipenis,  194. 
alpina,  199. 
auslralis,  204. 
barbadensis,  204. 
bermudiana,  204. 
calif ornica,  201. 

var.  utahensis,  200. 
canadensis,  199. 

var.  aurea,  199. 
Cedrus,  197. 
chinensis,  203;  71,  98. 

var.  albo-variegata,  203;  72,  116. 

var.  argenleo-variegata,  203. 

var.  aurea,  203. 

var.  aureo-globosa,  204. 


Juniperus  chinensis  var.  columnaris,  72. 

var.  foemina,  204. 

var.  globosa,  204;  116. 

var.  japonica,  204;  116. 
aurea,  204. 
aureo-variegata,  204. 

var.  mas,  203;  98. 

var.  mascula,  203. 
aurea,  203. 

var.  neaboriensis,  203. 

var.  pendula,  203;  98. 

var.  Pfitzeriana,  203;  71,  98,  116. 

var.  procumbens,  200,  204. 

var.  pjTamidalis,  203. 

var.  Sargentii,  204;  72. 

var.  struthiacea,  203. 
communis,  198;  73,  79,  96. 

var.  aurea,  198;  73,  97,  114. 

var.  aureo-spica,  199. 

var.  aureo-variegata,  198. 

var.  canadensis,  199. 

var.  depressa,  199;  73,  97,  114. 

var.  fastigiata,  198. 

var.  hibernica,  198;  74,  97,  115. 

var.  Jackii,  199. 

var.  montana,  199;  97. 

var.  nana,  199. 

var.  nipponica,  199. 

var.  oblonga,  73. 

var.  oblongo-pcndula,  199. 

var.  pendula,  199. 

var.  reflexa,  199. 

var.  stricta,  198. 

var.  suecica,  198;  74,  97,  115. 

var.  varicgata  aurea,  198. 
conferta,  198;  75. 
drupacea,  196. 
excelsa,  202. 

var.  Perkinsii,  203. 

var.  stricta,  203. 

var.  venusta,  203. 
flaccida,  201. 
formosana,  197. 
horizontalis,  206;  73,  97,  115. 

var.  Douglasii,  206;  73,  115. 
japonica,  204. 

var.  aurea,  204. 

var.  aureo-variegata,  204. 
litoralis,  198. 
lucayana,  204. 

var.  Bedfordiana,  205. 
macrocarpa,  197. 


422 


INDEX 


Juniperus  megalocarpa,  201. 
mexicana,  202. 
monosperma,  201. 
nana,  199. 

var.  canadensis,  199. 
aurea,  199. 
neaboriensis ,  197,  203. 
nipponica,  199. 
occidentalis,  201. 

var.  monosperma,  201. 
Oxycedrus,  197. 
pachyphlcEa,  200. 
pendula,  197. 
phoenicea,  201. 
Pinchotii,  201. 
procera,  203. 
procumbens,  200. 
prostrata,  206. 
pseudosabina,  202. 
recurva,  200. 

var.  squamata,  199. 
Reevesiana,  204. 
repens,  206. 
rigida,  197;  74,  98. 
Sabina,  206;  72,  96,  115. 

var.  cupressifolia,  206;  96. 

var.  fastigiata,  206. 

var.  humilis,  206. 

var.  procumbens,  206. 

var.  tamariscifolia,  206;  72,  96,  116. 

var.  variegata,  206. 
sabinoides,  202. 
saltuaria,  202. 
Sanderi,  217. 
scopulorum,  205;  98,  115. 

var.  argentea,  206. 

var.  horizontalis,  206. 

var.  viridifolia,  206. 
sibirica,  199. 
sinensis,  203. 
sphaerica,  204. 
squamata,  199;  74. 

var.  Fargesii,  199;  74. 

var.  Meyeri,  200. 

var.  Wilsonii,  200. 
taxifolia,  197. 
tetragona,  202. 
thurifera,  202. 
utahensis,  200. 

var.  megalocarpa,  201. 
venusta,  205. 
virginalis  globosa,  204. 


Juniperus  virginiana,  205;  70,  79,  97,  113. 

var.  albo-spica,  205. 

var.  albo-variegata,  205. 

var.  barbadense,  204. 

var.  Bedfordiana,  205. 

var.  Canaertii,  205;  70,  114. 

var.  Cannartii,  205. 

var.  Chamberlaynii,  205. 

var.  elegantissima,  205. 

var.  filifera,  205. 

var.  glauca,  205;  70,  79,  97,  114. 

var.  globosa,  205. 

var.  gracilis,  205. 

var.  horizontalis,  205. 

var.  Keteleeri,  205. 

var.  Kosteriana,  71. 

var.  nana,  71. 

var.  pendula,  205;  70. 

var.  plumosa,  205. 

alba,  205. 
var.  pyramidalis,  205. 
var.  pyramidiformis,  205. 
var.  reptans,  205. 
var.  Schottii,  205;  70,  97,  114. 
var.  Triomphe  d'Angers,  205. 
var.  tripartita,  205;  70. 
var.  variegata,  205. 
var.  venusta,  205;  70. 
Wallichiana,  202. 

Kalmia,  368. 
diseases  of,  343. 
latifolia,  368;  347. 

var.  alba,  369. 

var.  myrtifolia,  369. 

var.  obtusata,  369. 

var.  rubra,  369. 
polifolia,  347. 
Kauri-Pine,  246. 
Keteleeria,  246. 
aurea,  248. 
Evelyniana,  248. 
Davidiana,  247. 
Fabri,  254. 
formosana,  248. 
Fortunei,  247. 

Lace-fly,  347. 

Landscape,  evergreens  in,  13. 

Larch,  289. 

American,  292;  54. 

China.  290. 


INDEX 


423 


Larch,  Chinese  Golden-,  53. 
Dahuriau,  292;  54. 
Dunkeld,  291. 
European,  291;  53. 

Weeping,  292. 
Golden-,  288. 
Japanese,  291;  54. 
KurUe,  292. 
Lyall,  290. 
Siberian,  292. 
Western,  290. 
Laricopsis  Kaempferi,  288. 
Larix,  289. 

americana,  292. 

var.  pendula,  293. 
Cajanderi,  292. 
chinensis,  290. 
dahiirica,  292;  54. 

var.  japonica,  292. 

var.  Principis  Rupprechtii,  292;  54. 
decidua,  291;  53. 

var.  pendula,  292. 

var.  pendulina,  292. 
eurolepis,  291 ;  53. 
europsea,  291. 

var.  pendula,  292. 

var.  rossica,  292. 

var.  sibirica,  292. 
Griffithiana,  290. 
Griffithii.  290. 
Henryana,  291. 
hybrida,  291. 
japonica,  291. 
Kaempferi,  291;  54,  288. 

var.  minor,  291. 
kamtchatica,  292. 
kurilensis,  292. 
laricina,  292;  54. 
Larix,  291. 
leptolepis,  291. 

var.  minor,  291. 
Lyallii,  290. 
Mastersiana,  290. 
microcarpa,  292. 
occidentalis,  290. 
pendula,  293. 
Potanini,  290. 
Principis  Rupprechtii,  292. 
sibirica,  292. 
thibetica,  290. 
Laurel,  Great,  368. 
American,  368. 


Laurel.  Mountain,  368. 
Leaf-blight,  343. 

-blotch,  342. 

-cast  diseases,  160. 

-spot,  342. 
circular,  342. 
Septoria,  344. 
Leather-leaf,  348. 
Leucothoe  axillaris,  369. 

Catesba?i,  369;  347,  354. 
var.  Rollissonii,  370. 
Libocedrus,  220. 

chilcnsis,  221. 

cupressoides,  221. 

Craigana,  220. 

decurrens,  ^20. 

Doniana,  221. 

macrolepis,  221. 

plumosa,  221. 

tetragona,  221. 
Lime,  milk  of,  165. 

-sulfur,  166. 
Lonicera  Henryi,  351. 

pileata,  351. 
Lophodermium,  160. 
Lophyrus  abbottii,  129. 
Lygoeonematus  erichsonii,  136. 

Macoun,  W.  T.,  83. 
Mahonia,  361. 

Aquifolium,  361 ;  349,  354. 

Bealii,  362;  354. 

japonica,  349. 
var.  Bealii,  362. 

pinnata,  349. 

var.  Wagneri,  362. 

repens,  349. 

Wagneri,  362. 
Maidenhair  Tree,  177;  77. 
Manures,  28. 
Martin,  J.  F.,  cited,  157. 
McCarthy,  Timothy,  cited,  74. 
Melampsorella,  158. 
Meyer.  F.  N.,  cited,  72. 
Michigan   Agricultural    College,    quoted, 

10. 
Microcachrys,  178. 
Middle    West,    broad-leaved    evergreens 

for,  354. 

coniferous  evergreens  for,  102. 
Monkey-Puzzle,  243. 
Morinda,  272. 


424 


INDEX 


Moving  large  evergreens,  33. 
Mulch,  28. 

for  broad-leaved  evergreens,  338. 

injury,  144. 
Myrica  cerifera,  352. 
Myrtle,  Wax-,  352. 

Nageia  japonica,  181. 
Natural  setting  of  evergreens,  11. 
Nomenclature,  170. 
Norfolk-Island-Pine,  244. 
Northeastern  States,  conifers  for,  45. 
Nutmeg,  California-,  184;  119. 

Octoclinis,  228. 

Odostemon  nutkanus,  361. 

Official  Catalogue  of  Standardized  Plant 

Names,  170. 
Oleacese,  371. 
Olea  Aquifolium,  371. 

ilicifolia,  371. 
Olive  Family,  371. 
Omorica,  286. 
Osmanthus,  371. 

Aquifolium,  371. 

var.  myrtifolius,  371. 
var.  rotundifolius,  371. 
Oxycedrus,  197. 

Pachistima  Canbyi,  353. 

Myrsinites,  353. 
Pachysandra  terminalis,  353,  355. 
Pacific  forest,  4. 

slope,  evergreens  for,  116. 
Palmer,  J.  B.,  124. 
Paracembra,  308. 
Parapinaster,  311. 
Parharmonia  pini,  131. 
Peat,  upland,  337. 
Periwinkle,  Common,  353. 
Pestalozzia  guepini,  342. 
Pherosphijera,  178. 
Phomopsis  kalmise,  344. 
Phyllocladus,  181. 

alpinus,  182. 

asplenifolius,  182. 

glaucus,  182. 

hypophylla,  182. 

rhomboidalis,  182. 

trichomanoides,  182. 
Picea,  269. 

Abies,  275;  60,  89,  105. 


Picea  Abies  var.  argentea,  275. 

var.  argenteo-spica,  275;  106. 

var.  aurea,  276;  106. 

var.  Barryi,  276. 

var.  chlorocarpa,  278. 

var.  cincinnata,  276. 

var.  Clanbrasiliana,  277;  61,  90. 

var.  columnaris,  276. 

var.  compacta,  277;  90. 

var.  conica,  276. 

var.  cupressina,  276. 

var.  elegans,  276. 

var.  EUwangeriana,  277;  61. 

var.  erj'throcarpa,  278. 

var.  finedonensis,  276. 

var.  Gregoryana,  277;  61. 

var.  inversa,  276. 

var.  Maxwellii,  278;  61. 

var.  Merkii,  277. 

var.  microsperma,  278;  61. 

var.  monstrosa,  276. 

var.  mucronata,  276. 

var.  nana,  278;  61. 

var.  nigra,  278. 

var.  obovata,  278. 

var.  Parsonsii,  277. 

var.  parviformis,  277. 

var.  pendula,  276. 

var.  procumbens,  278. 

var.  pumila,  277. 
glauca,  277. 

var.  pygmsea,  277;  90. 

var.  pyramidata,  276;  89. 

var.  Remontii,  277;  90. 

var.  tabuliformis,  278. 

var.  Veitchii,  277. 

var.  viminalis,  276. 

var.  virgata,  276. 
ajanensis,  285. 

var.  microsperma,  285. 
alba,  281. 

var.  albertiana,  282. 

var.  argentea,  282. 

var.  aurea,  282. 

var.  cserulea,  282. 

var.  glauca,  282. 
Alcockiana,  280. 

var.  nova,  280. 
albertiana,  282. 
ascendens,  286. 
asperata,  274. 

var.  notabilis,  275. 


INDEX 


425 


Picea  asperata  var.  ponderosa,  275. 
aurantiaca,  273. 
australis,  280. 
Balfouriana,  284. 
bicolor,  280;  59,  81,  274. 
brachytyla,  287. 
brevifolia,  281. 
Breweriana,  287. 
canadensis,  281. 

var.  albcrtiana,  282. 

var.  cxrulea,  282. 
Columbiana,  282. 
commutata,  284. 
complanata,  286. 
P:ngelmanni,  282;  58,  80,  88,  107. 

var.  argentea,  283. 

var.  Fendleri,  283. 

var.  glauca,  283. 
ericoides,  281. 
excelsa,  275. 

var.  alpestris,  279. 

var.  argenteo-spica,  275. 

var.  argenteo-spicata,  275. 

var.  aurea,  276. 

var.  Barryi,  276. 

var.  chlorocarpa,  278. 

var.  cincinnata,  276. 

var.  Clanbrasiliana,  277,  278. 

var.  columnaris,  276. 

var.  compacta,  277. 

var.  conica,  276. 

var.  cupressina,  276. 

var.  denudata,  276. 

var.  elegans,  276. 

var.  Ellwangeriana,  277. 

var.  erecta,  276. 

var.  erythrocarpa,  278. 

var.  fennica,  279. 

var.  finedonensis,  276. 

var.  Gregoryana,  277. 
Parsonsii,  278. 
Veitchii,  277. 

var.  inversa,  276. 

var.  Maxwellii,  278. 

var.  medioxima,  279. 

var.  Merkii,  217. 

var.  microsperma,  278. 

var.  monocaulis,  276. 

var.  monstrosa,  276. 

var.  mucronata,  276. 

var.  Tiana,  278. 

var.  m&ra,  278. 


Picea  excelsa,  var.  obovata,  278. 
japonica,  274. 

var.  parviformis,  277. 

var.  pendula,  276. 

var.  procumbens,  278. 

var.  pumila,  277. 

var.  pygmaea,  277. 

var.  pyramidalis,  276. 

var.  pyramidata,  276. 

var.  rcflexa,  276. 

var.  Remontii,  277. 

var.  tabuliformis,  278. 

var.  variegata,  275. 

var.  viminalis,  276. 

var.  virgata,  276. 
glauca,  281;  59,  88,  105. 

var.  albertiana,  282. 
conica,  60. 

var.  aurea,  282. 

var.  caerulea,  282. 

var.  conica,  282. 
Glehnii,  280. 
heterolepis,  274. 
ho7idoc7isis,  285. 
jezocnsis,  285;  59,  90. 

var.  hondoensis,  285;  91. 
Khutrow,  272. 
Koyamai,  280. 
Zaxa,  281. 
likiangcnsis,  285. 
mariana,  281;  61,  88,  105. 

var.  Beissneriana,  281. 

var.  Doumetii,  281;  61,  80. 

var.  ericoides,  281. 

var.  fastigiata,  281. 

var.  nana,  61. 
Maximowiczii,  274;  61. 
Meyeri,  279. 
montigena,  284. 
Moramomi,  280. 
Morinda,  272. 
morindoides,  288. 
morrisonicola,  273. 
Moseri,  285. 
nigra,  281. 

var.  Doumetii,  281. 

var.  fastigiata,  281. 

var.  mariana,  281. 
obovata,  278;  91. 

var.  alpestris,  279. 

var.  fennica,  279. 

var.  Schrenkiana,  272. 


426 


INDEX 


Picea  Omorika,  287;  59,  90. 
orientalis,  279;  58,  91,  107. 

var.  aureo-spicata,  279. 

var.  compacta,  279. 

var.  nana,  279;  59. 
pachyclada,  287. 
Parryana,  283. 
Picea,  275. 
polita,  274;  61. 
pseudopungens,  282. 
pungens,  283;  58,  80,  90,  106. 

var.  argentea,  284. 

var.  cEerulea,  284. 

var.  compacta,  284;  58. 

var.  glauca,  284;  90. 
pendula,  284;  58. 

var.  Kosteriana,  284;  58,  90. 

var.  pungens  Kosteri,  284. 

var.  viridis,  284. 
purpurea,  284. 
retroflexa,  273. 
rubens,  281. 
rubra,  280;  62,  88,  275. 

var.  virgata,  281. 
Sargentiana,  286. 
Schrenkiana,  272;  62,  91. 
sitchensis,  285;  89. 

var.  speciosa,  286. 
sitkaensis,  285. 
Smithiana,  272. 
spinulosa,  288. 
Thunbergii,  274. 
Torano,  274. 
Tschonoskii,  274. 
Watsoniana,  273. 
Wilsoni,  273. 
Pieris,  370. 

floribunda,  370;  347. 
japonica,  370;  347. 
Pinaceae,  190. 
Pine,  295. 
Aleppo,  324. 
Arizona,  321. 
Armand,  305. 

Austrian,  317;  51,  82,  86,  104. 
Banksian,  85. 
Bhotan  White,  48. 
Bishop,  327. 
Bristle-cone,  310. 
Bull,  320,  330;  49,  102. 
Bush,  316. 
Canary,  311. 


Pine,  Cedar,  322. 
China,  320. 
Cluster,  324. 
Corsican,  317. 
Coulter,  330;  350. 
Crimean,  317;  52. 
Cypress-,  228. 
Dammar-,  245;  121. 
Digger,  330. 
Dwarf  White,  47. 
Field,  Old,  323. 
Foxtail,  310. 
Frankincense,  323. 
Gray,  103. 
Graybark,  316. 
Himalayan,  306. 
Hoop-,  245. 
Italian  Stone,  312. 
Jack,  327;  52. 
Japanese  Black,  319. 

Globe,  313. 

Golden,  313. 

Red,  312;  52. 

Umbrella,  313;  121. 

Weeping,  313. 

White,  306;  47. 
Jeffrey,  322;  49. 
Jersey,  326. 
Kauri-,  246. 
Knob-cone,  329;  50. 
Korean,  303;  87. 

White,  47. 
Lace-Bark,  309;  50. 
Limber,  304;  47,  85,  103. 
Loblolly,  323. 
Lodge-Pole,  327;  85. 
Longleaf,  323. 
Macedonian,  306. 

White,  48. 
Marsh,  329. 
Mexican  Stone,  308. 

White,  305;  48. 
Monterey,  329. 
Moreton  Bay,  245. 
Mountain,  49,  86. 

Swiss,  315, 

Table,  324. 
Mugho,  316;  51. 
Norfolk-Island-,  244. 
Norway,  314;  50. 
Nut,  309. 
Old  Field,  323. 


INDEX 


427 


Pine,  Parry,  309. 
Pinon,  49. 

Pitch,  328;  50,  82,  85,  104,  311. 
Pond,  329. 
Poverty,  324. 
Prickle-cone,  327. 
Pyramidal  White,  47. 
Pyrenean,  52. 
Red,  314;  50,  84,  103. 
Rocky  Mountain  Yellow,  321. 
Sand,  326. 
Scotch,  314;  51,  81,  86,  103. 

Golden,  315. 
Scots,  314. 
Scrub,  326. 
Shore,  327. 
Shortleaf,  322. 
Siberian  Stone,  303. 
Singleleaf,  309;  49. 
Slash,  323. 
Soft,  302. 
Soledad,  331. 
Southern,  323. 
Spruce,  322,  326. 
Stone,  Dwarf,  303. 
Italian,  312. 
Mexican,  308. 
Siberian,  303. 
Swiss,  303. 
Sugar,  305. 
Swamp,  323. 
Swiss  Mountain,  315;  51. 
Stone,  303;  47,  86,  104. 
Table  Mountain,  324;  52. 
Thunberg,  52. 
Torrey,  331. 
Umbrella-,  232;  65. 
Waterer,  315. 
weevil,  82. 

Western  Table  Mountain,  104. 
White,  307;  49,  84. 
Yellow,  320;  84. 
White,  308;  46,  84,  103. 
Dwarf,  308. 
Japanese,  306. 
Mexican,  305. 
Western,  307. 
Whitebark,  303;  86. 
Yellow,  322. 

Rocky  Mountain,  321. 
Western,  320. 
Yunnan,  320. 


Pineries,  Southern,  4. 
Pine-tube  builder,  82. 
Pinus,  295. 
Abies,  275. 
albicaulis,  303;  86. 
alepensis,  324. 
aristata,  310. 
arizonica,  321. 
Armandi,  305. 
attenuata,  329;  50. 
australis,  323. 
austriaca,  317. 
Ayacahuite,  305;  48. 
var.  brach>T)tera,  305. 
var.  Veitchii,  305. 
Balfouriana,  310. 

var.  aristata,  310. 
Banksiana,  326;  52,  85,  103. 
Benthamiana,  320. 
Bolanderi,  327. 
Bonapartea,  305. 
Boursieri,  327. 
brutia,  324. 
Bungeana,  309;  50. 
califomica,  329. 
canariensis,  311;  121. 
caribaea,  323. 
carpatica,  316. 
cebennensis,  319. 
Cembra,  303;  47,  81,  86,  104. 
var.  columnaris,  303. 
var.  pumila,  303. 
var.  sibirica,  303. 
cembroides,  308. 
var.  edulis,  309. 
var.  monophylla,  309;  49. 
var.  Parryana,  309. 
clausa,  326. 
contorta,  327. 

var.  Bolanderi,  327. 
var.  latifolia,  327;  85. 
var.  Murrayana,  327. 
Coulteri,  330;  50. 
cubensis,  323. 
densata,  320. 
densiflora,  312;  52,  105. 
var.  aurea,  313. 
var.  globosa,  313;  105. 
var.  oculus-draconis,  313. 
var.  pendula,  313. 
var.  tabuliformis,  313. 
var.  umbraculifera,  313;  52. 


428 


INDEX 


Pinus  divaricata,  326. 
Don-Pedrii,  305. 
echinata,  322. 
edulis,  309. 
eldarica,  324. 
Elliottii,  323. 
excelsa,  306;  48. 

var.  Pexice,  306. 
flexUis,  304;  47,  85,  103. 

var.  reflexa,  305. 
Fortunei,  247. 
Fremontiana,  309. 
funebris,  320. 
Gerardiana,  310. 
glabra,  322. 
Gordoniana,  321. 
Grenvillex,  321. 
Griffithii,  306. 
halepensis,  324. 

var.  brutia,  324. 
Hartwegii,  322. 
Henryi,  320. 
heterophyUa,  323. 
horizontalis,  319. 
inops,  326. 

var.  ctowsa,  326. 
insignis,  329. 
Jeffreyi,  322;  49. 
Kaempferi,  288. 
koraiensis,  303;  47,  87. 
Lambertiana,  305. 
lapponica,  315. 
Laricio,  317. 

var.  austriaca,  317. 

var.  corsicana,  317. 

var.  leucodermis,  316. 

var.  pendula,  319. 

var.  Poiretiana,  317. 

var.  prostrata,  319. 

var.  pygmxa,  319. 

var.  tenuifolia,  319. 
leucodermis,  316. 
leucosperma,  320. 
longifolia,  311. 
Loudoniana,  305. 
macrocarpa,  330. 
macrophylla,  321. 
mandshurica,  303. 
maritima,  324. 
Massoniana,  313;  312,  319. 
Mastersiana,  305. 
miits,  322, 


Pinus  monophylla,  309. 
monspeliensis,  319. 
montana,  315. 

var.  arborea,  316. 

var.  frutescens  erecta,  316. 

var.  Mughus,  315. 

var.  prostrata^  315. 

var.  pumilio,  316. 

var.  rostrata,  316. 

var.  rotundata,  316. 

var.  uncinata,  316. 
montereyensis,  329. 
Montezumae,  321. 

var.  Hartwegii,  322. 
monticola,  307;  49,  84. 
Mughus,  316. 
Mugo,  315;  51,  104. 

var.  compacta,  316. 

var.  Mughus,  315;  51,  86. 

var.  pumilio,  316. 

var.  rotundata,  316. 

var.  rostrata,  316. 
muricata,  327. 
Murrayana,  327. 
Nelsonii,  309. 
nepalensis,  306. 
nigra,  317;  51. 

var.  austriaca,  317;  52,  86,  104. 

var.  calabrica,  317. 

var.  cebennensis,  319;  52. 

var.  leptophylla,  319. 

var.  leucodermis,  316. 

var.  Pallasiana,  317;  52. 

var.  pendula,  319. 

var.  Poiretiana,  317. 

var.  prostrata,  319. 

var.  pygmsea,  319. 

var.  tenuifolia,  319. 
nigricans,  317. 
Omorika,  287. 
osteosperma,  308. 
Pallasiana,  317. 
palustris,  323. 
Parryana,  309. 
parviflora,  306;  47. 

var.  glauca,  306. 

var.  pentaphylla,  306. 
pentaphylla,  306. 
Peuce,  306;  48,  87. 
Pinaster,  324. 
Pinceana,  309. 
Pinea,  312;  121. 


INDEX 


429 


Pinus  pityusa,  324. 

ponderosa,  320;  49.  82,  84,  102. 

var.  arizonica,  321. 

var.  Jeffreyi,  322. 

var.  pendula,  321;  49. 

var.  scopulorum,  321;  49. 
prominens,  320. 
pumila,  303. 
pumilio,  316. 
pungens,  324;  52,  104. 
pyrenaica,  324. 
quadrifolia,  309. 
radiata,  329;  118. 
reftexa,  305. 
resinosa,  314;  50,  81,  84,  103. 

var.  globosa,  314. 
rigida,  328;  50,  85,  104. 

var.  serotina,  329. 
rolundata,  316. 
Roxburghii,  311. 
Sabiniana,  330. 
Salzmannii,  319. 
scipioniformis,  305. 
scopulorum,  321. 
serotina,  329. 
sibirica,  303. 
sinensis,  320. 

var.  densata,  320. 

var.  yunnanensis,  320. 
strobiforinis,  305. 
Strobus,  308;  46,  84,  103. 

var.  fastigiata,  308;  47. 

var.  glauca,  308. 

var.  nana,  308;  47. 

var.  prostrata,  308. 

var.  pygmaea,  308. 

var.  pyramidalis,  308. 
sylvestris,  314;  51,  86,  103. 

var.  argentea,  315;  51. 

var.  aurea,  315. 

var.  engadinensis,  315. 

var.  fastigiata,  315;  51. 

var.  lapponica,  315. 

var.  pendiila,  315. 

va*.  pumila,  315;  51. 

va  .  pyramidalis,  315. 

var.  rigensis,  315. 

var.  scotica,  315. 

var.  Watereri,  315;  51. 
tabuliformis,  320. 
Tffida,  323. 
Teocote,  322. 


Pinus  Thunbergii,  319;  52. 

var.  Oculus-draconis,  320. 

Torreyana,  331. 

tuberculata,  329. 

uncinata,  316. 

Veitchii,  305. 

virginiana,  326. 

Wateriana,  315. 

Wilsonii,  320. 

yunnanensis,  320. 
Pissodes  strobi,  127. 
PlanUice,  133. 
Plum-Yew,  182. 

Chinese,  183. 

Dwarf,  183. 

Harrington,  183. 

Japanese,  182. 

Spiral,  183. 
Podocarp,  Longleaf,  179. 

Nagi,  181. 
Podocarpus,  179. 

andinus,  180. 

chinensis,  180. 

japonica,  180. 

longifolia,  179. 

macrophylla,  179. 
var.  chinensis,  180. 
var.  Maki,  180. 

Nageia,  181. 

Nagi,  181. 

Totara,  180. 
Polypores,  150. 
Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  152. 
Porthetria  dispar,  125. 
Porluna  floribunda,  370. 
Prinos  glaber,  365. 
Propagation,  37. 
Prumnopitys  elegans,  181. 
Pruning,  30. 

Prunus  Laurocerasus,  diseases  of,  344. 
Pseudolarix  amabilis,  288;  53. 

Fortunei,  288. 

Kaempferi,  288. 
Pseudotsuga,  263. 

Davidiana,  247. 

Douglasii,  263. 

var.  argentea,  264. 
var.  caesia,  264. 
var.  fastigiata,  264. 
var.  Fretsii,  264. 
var.  glauca,  264. 
pendula,  264. 


430 


INDEX 


Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  var.  globosa,  264. 
var.  macrocarpa,  264. 
var.  pendula,  264. 
var.  taxifoUa,  264. 
var.  viridis,  264. 
Forrestii,  265. 
glauca,  264. 
japonica,  265. 
jezoensis,  247. 
Lindleyana,  263. 
macrocarpa,  264. 
mucronata,  263. 
sinensis,  265. 

taxifolia,  263;  56,  91,  109. 
var.  argentea,  264. 
var.  brevibracteata,  264. 
var.  caesia,  264. 
var.  compacta,  264. 
var.  fastigiata,  264;  57. 
var.  Fretsii,  264. 
var.  glauca,  264. 
pendula,  264. 
var.  globosa,  264 ;  57. 
var.  pendula,  264;  57. 
var.  viridis,  264. 
WilsoniaTia,  265. 
Punks,  151. 
Pythium  debaryanum,  140. 

Red-Cedar,  205;  70,  79,  97,  113. 

Canaert,  205. 

Chamberlayn,  205. 

Colorado,  205. 

Creeping,  205. 

Feather,  205. 

Fountain,  205. 

Globe,  205. 

Goldtip,  205. 

Schott,  205. 

SUver,  205. 

Southern,  204. 

Weeping,  205. 

Western,  98. 

Whitetip,  205. 
Redwood,  235. 

Blue,  236. 
Rehder,  Alfred,  170,  357. 
Retinispora,  Andely,  212. 

Cedar,  213. 

Clubmoss,  216. 

dubia,  225. 

ericoides,  213,  225;  100. 


Retinispora,  Fernspray,  216. 
filifera,  214. 
Golden  Plume,  215. 
Heath,  225. 
junipcroides,  227. 
leptoclada,  212,  215. 
Moss,  215. 
obtusa,  216;  112. 
var.  erecta,  216. 
var.  gracilis  compacta,  216. 
pisifera,  213;  68,  99,  111. 
var.  filifera,  99. 
var.  plumosa,  100. 
var.  squarrosa,  100. 
Plume,  214. 
plumosa,  214. 

var.  argentea,  112. 
var.  aurea,  215;  112. 
var.  sulphurea,  215. 
Sander,  217. 
Sanderi,  216. 
Silvertip,  214. 
squarrosa,  215;  112. 
Thread,  214. 
Rhoads,  A.  S.,  cited,  154. 
Rhododendron,  365;  345. 
brachycarpum,  367. 
carolinianum,  366. 
var.'  album,  366. 
var.  Margarettae,  366. 
catawbiense,  367. 
caucasicum,  367. 
Cuthbertii,  366. 
fungous  diseases  of,  342. 
Hymenanthes,  366. 
japonicum,  366. 
maximum,  368. 
var.  album,  368. 
var.  purpureum,  368. 
var.  roseum,  368. 
Metternichii,  366. 

var.  pentamerum,  367. 
minus,  366. 
punctatum,  366. 
Smirnovii,  366. 
Ungernii,  366. 
Rock-rose,  352. 
Rocky  Mountain  forests,  4. 
Root-rot,  153. 

Shoe-string,  343. 
Rust,  154. 

Castilleja,  158. 


INDEX 


431 


Rust,  oak,  158. 
sweet-fern,  158. 

Sabina,  199. 

monosperma,  201. 

pachyphloea,  200. 

scopulorum,  205. 

thurifera,  202. 

utahensis,  200. 
Salisburia  adiantifolia,  177. 
Sandarach-gum  Tree,  230. 
Sargent,  C.  S.,  cited,  54,  73. 
Savin,  206;  72,  96. 

Column,  206. 

Hoarfrost,  206. 

Tamarix,  206. 
Sawdust  as  mulch,  337. 
Sawfiy,  Abbott's,  129. 

imported,  82. 

larch,  136. 

pine,  129. 
Saxegothsea,  178. 
Scale,  pine-leaf,  128. 
Schvbertia  disticha,  233. 
Sciadopitys,  232. 

verticillata,  233;  65,  121. 
Seed,  propagation  by,  37. 
Septoria  azalejE,  344. 
Sequoia,  235. 

Giant,  236. 
Blue,  237. 
Weeping,  237. 

gigantea,  236;  65,  102. 
var.  aurea,  237. 
var.  glauca,  237. 
var.  pendula,  237. 

semper^'irens,  235;  102. 
var.  ddpressa,  236. 
var.  albo-spica,  236. 
1  ar.  glauca,  236. 

Washin^tonia,  236. 

Wellingtonia,  236. 
Sxmonds,  0.  C,  11. 
Smoke  injury,  147. 
Soil,  26,  28,  336. 
Spaulding,  P.,  cited,  157. 
Sphaerotheca  pannosa,  344. 
Sporocybe  azaleae,  342. 
Spruce,  269. 

Alberta,  282. 

Alcock,  280. 

Barry,  276. 


Spruce,  Bigcone,  264. 
Black,  281;  61,  88,  105. 

Hills,  282;  81. 

Pyramidal,  281. 
Colorado,  283;  58,  90,  106. 

Blue,  284. 
Douglas,  263. 
Doumet,  281. 
Engelmann,  282;  58,  88. 
Finedon,  276. 
Oregon,-,  277. 
Hemlock,  265. 
Himalayan,  272. 
Hondo,  285. 
Iramomi,  59. 
Japanese  Bush,  274. 
Knight,  276. 
Merk,  277. 
Norway,  275;  60,  80,  89.  105. 

Arrowhead,  276. 

Globe,  277. 

Golden,  276. 

Prostrate,  278. 

Pygmy,  277. 

Pyramidal,  276. 

Silver,  276. 

Weeping,  276. 
Oriental,  279;  58. 

Yellowtip,  279. 
Red,  281;  62,  88. 
Saghalin,  280. 
Sargent,  286. 
Schrenk,  272. 
Serdan,  287;  59. 
Sitka,  285;  89. 
Tideland,  285. 
Tigertail,  274;  61. 
Watson,  273. 
White,  281;  60,80,88,  105. 

Golden,  282. 

Silver,  282. 
Wilson,  273. 
Yeddo,  285;  59. 
Spurge,  Japanese,  355. 
Stachycarpus,  179. 
Standard     Cyclopedia     of     Horticulture 

quoted,  33. 
Strobus  Strobus,  308. 
Sulfate,  copper,  165. 
Sulflar  as  fungicide,  166. 
Sun-scorch,  142,  146. 
Surgery,  tree,  161. 


432 


INDEX 


Taiwania,  237. 

cryptomerioides,  237. 
Tamarack,  292;  54. 
Tanbark,  spent,  as  mulch,  337. 
Tanyosho,  313. 
Taxacese,  178. 
Taxodinea;,  193. 
Taxodium,  233. 
adscendens,  234. 
distichum,  233;  66. 
var.  erectifrons,  234. 
var.  imbricarium,  234. 
var.  mexicanum,  234. 
var.  mucronatum,  234. 
var.  nutans,  234. 
var.  pendulum,  234. 
var.  pyramidalis,  234. 
var.  sinense  pendulum,  234. 
heterophyllum,  235. 
imbricarium,  234. 
mexicanum,  234. 
microphyllum,  234. 
mucronatum,  234. 
Taxus,  185. 

baccata,  186;  76,  101. 
var.  adpressa,  187;  76. 
erecta,  187. 
stricta,  187. 
var.  argentea,  186. 
var.  argenteo-marginala,  187. 
var.  aurea,  186;  113. 
elegantissima,  186. 
var.  brevifolia,  190. 
var.  canadensis,  189. 
var.  cheshuntensis,  187. 
var.  chinensis,  187. 
var.  cuspidata,  188. 
var.  Dovastoni,  187. 
aurea,  187. 
aureo-variegata,  187. 
pendula,  187. 
var.  elegantissima,  186. 
var.  elvastonensis  aurea,  186. 
var.  erecta,  187;  76. 
semperaurea,  186. 
var.  fastigiata,  187;  113. 
aurea,  187. 
variegata,  187. 
var.  fructu  luteo,  186. 
var.  glauca,  186. 
var.  hibernica,  187. 
var.  Jacksonii,  187. 


Taxus  baccata  var.  lutea,  186. 

var.  luteo-baccata,  186. 

var.  minor,  189. 

var.  procumbens,  187. 

var.  repandens,  187;  76,  113. 

var.  semperaurea,  186. 

var.  stricta,  187. 

var.  tardiva,  187. 

var.  variegata,  186;  101. 

var.  Washington!,  186;  76. 
aurea,  186. 
brevifolia,  190;  101,  113,  187. 
canadensis,  189;  76,  101,  112. 
chinensis,  187. 
cuspidata,  188;  75,  101,  112. 

var.  aurescens,  188. 

var.  brevifolia,  188;  75. 

var.  capitata,  188. 

var.  chinensis,  187. 

var.  compacta,  188. 

var.  densa,  188;  76. 

var.  Hicksii,  189. 

var.  nana,  188;  76,  101. 
floridana,  185. 
globosa,  185. 
Hicksii,  76. 
media,  189. 

var.  Hatfieldii,  189. 

var.  Hicksii,  189. 
minor,  189. 
parvifolia,  187. 
tardiva,  187. 

var.  aurea,  188. 
Wailichiana,  185. 
Tetraclinis,  230. 

articulata,  230. 
Thuja,  221. 
articulata,  230. 
beverleyensis,  227. 
caucasica,  223. 
Craigana,  220. 
dolobrata,  219. 
filiformis,  227. 
gigantea,  220,  225. 

var.  atrovirens,  226. 

var.  fastigiata,  226. 

var.  pendula,  226. 

var.  pyramidalis,  226. 
japonica,  226. 
koraiensis,  226. 
Lobbii,  225. 

var.  atrovirens,  226. 


INDEX 


433 


Thuja  Memiesii,  225. 

occidentalis,  222;  66,  93,  109. 
var.  alba,  223;  110. 
var.  albo-spica,  223. 
var.  albo-variegata,  223. 
var.  argentea,  223 
var.  aurea,  223. 

maculata,  223. 
var.  aureo-variegata,  223. 
var.  Biichanaiii,  224. 
var.  Buchononi,  224. 
var.  Columbia,  223. 
var.  columnaris,  223. 
var.  compacta,  224. 

globosa,  224. 
var.  Douglasii,  224. 

aurea,  223;  109. 

pjTamidalis,  223;  67,  94,  110. 
var.  elegantissima,  223. 
Ellwangeriana,  225;  67,  94. 

aurea,  225. 
var.  erecta  viridis,  223. 
var.  ericoides,  225;  100. 
var.  fastigiata,  223;  94. 
var.  filicoides,  223. 
var.  filiformis,  224. 
var.  Froebelii,  224. 
var.  George  Peabody  Cloklon,  22.]. 
var.  globosa,  224;  94. 
var.  globularis,  224. 
var.  Hoveyi,  224;  67,  110. 
var.  intermedia,  224. 
var.  Little  Gem,  224;  67. 
var.  lutea,  223;  110. 
var.  lutescens,  223. 
var.  magnifica,  223. 
var.  Ohlendorffi,  224. 
var.  pendula,  224. 
var.  plicata,  223. 
var.  pyramidalis,  223. 
var.  Queen  Victoria,  223. 
var.  Reidii,  67. 
var.  Riversi,  223. 
var.  robusta,  223;  67,  94,  110. 
var.  Rosenthali,  223. 
var.  semperaurea,  223. 
var.  Smithiana,  111. 
var.  Spacthii,  224. 
var.  spiralis,  224. 
var.  thcodonensis,  223. 
var.  Tom  Thumb,  225. 
var.  umbraculifera,  224. 


Thuja  occidentalis  var.  Vervseneana.  223; 
67,  94. 
atrovirens,  226. 

var.  viridis,  223. 

var.  Warcana,  223. 
aurea,  223. 
lutescens,  223. 

var.  Woodwardii,  224;  110. 
orientalis,  226;  68. 

var.  aiu-ea,  227. 
conspicua,  227. 

var.  beverleyensis,  227. 

var.  compacta,  227. 

var.  conspicua,  227. 

var.  decussata,  227. 

var.  elegantissima,  227. 

var.  flagelliformis,  227. 

var.  funiculata,  227. 

var.  intermedia,  227. 

var.  japonica,  227. 

var.  meldensis,  227. 

var.  nana,  227. 

var.  pendula,  227. 

var.  semperaurescens,  227. 

var.  Sieboldii,  227. 

var.  stricta,  227. 

var.  Zuccariniana,  227. 
pendula,  227. 
pyramidalis.  111 . 
plicata,  225;  67,  93,  94,  223. 

var.  atrovirens,  226. 

var.  fastigiata,  226. 

var.  pendula,  226. 
sibirica,  223. 
Standishii,  226;  68. 
sutchuenensis,  222. 
tatarica,  223. 
Wareana,  223. 
Thujopsis,  218. 
borealis,  213. 

var.  glauca,  213, 
dolobrata,  219. 

var.  australis,  219. 

var.  Hondai,  219. 

var.  nana,  219. 

var.  variegata,  219. 
hetevirens,  219. 
Hondai,  219. 
Standishii,  226. 
Thuya,  see  Thuja,  221. 
Thuyopsis,  see  Thujopsis,  218. 
Thyopsis,  see  Thuyopsis,  218. 


cc 


434 


INDEX 


Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis,  124. 

Tillage.  27. 

Timber  from  conifers,  3. 

Torreya,  183. 

calif  ornica,  184;  119. 
Fargesii,  184. 
Florida,  184. 
Japanese,  185. 
grandis,  184. 
Myristica,  184. 
nucifera,  185;  75. 
taxifolia,  184. 
Tortrix  fumiferana,  134. 
Trametes  pini,  152. 
Transplanting,  31. 
Tree  surgery,  161. 
Tsuga,  265. 

Albertiana,  268. 
americana,  267. 
Araragi,  266. 
Brunoniana,  268. 
canadensis,  267;  55,  78,  95,  107. 
var.  albo-spica,  268. 
var.  atrovirens,  56. 
var.  compacta,  268. 

nana,  268. 
var.  globosa,  56. 
var.  gracilis,  268;  95. 
var.  microphylla,  268.' 
var.  nana,  268. 
var.  parvifolia,  268. 
var.  pendula,  268;  55. 
var.  Sargentiana,  268. 
pendula,  268. 
caroliniana,  267;  56. 
chinensis,  266. 
diversifolia,  266;  56. 
dumosa,  268. 
heterophylla,  268;  95. 
Hookeriana,  269. 
japonica,  265. 
Jeffreyi,  269. 

Mertensiana,  269;  96,  268. 
var.  argentea,  269. 
var.  Jeffreyi,  269. 
Pattoniana,  269. 
Roezlii,  269. 
Sieboldii,  266;  56. 
var.  nana,  266. 
yunnanensis,  266. 
Tumion  califomicum,  184. 
grande,  184. 


Tumion  nv^dferum,  185. 
taxifolium,  184. 

Umbrella-Pine,  232. 

Vibvimum  rhytidophyllum,  351. 
Vinca  minor,  353. 

Washingtonia  califomica,  236. 
Wax-myrtle,  352. 
Weevil,  white  pine,  127. 
Wellingtonia  gigantea,  236. 
White-Cedar,  212;  69,  99,  109. 

Blue,  212. 

Variegated,  212. 
Whitespot,  142. 
Widdringtonia,  230. 

cupressoides,  232. 

Whytei,  231. 
Wilson,  E.  H.,  cited,  56. 
Winterberry,  365. 
Winter-injury,  341. 

-killing,  143,  144. 
Witches-broom,  158. 
Wood-rots,  148. 

Yew,  185;  82. 
American,  112. 
Broom,  187. 
Canada,  189;  76,  101. 
Cheshunt,  187. 
Chinese,  187. 
Common,  101. 
Dovaston,  187. 

Yellow,  187. 
English,  186;  76,  113. 

Golden,  186. 

Prostrate,  187. 

Shortleaf,  187. 

Spreading,  187. 

Variegated,  186. 
Irish,  187. 

Golden,  187. 

Variegated,  187. 
Jackson,  187. 
Japanese,  188;  75,  101,  112. 

Dwarf,  188. 
Plum-,  182. 
Washington,  187. 
Western,  190;  101. 
Yellowberry,  186. 
Yucca  filamentosa,  353. 
flaccida,  353. 
glauca,  353. 


*1  C  Stakt  College 


